{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T01:10:15Z","timestamp":1771290615611,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Wearable antennas are essential for the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) applications in the fields of smart textiles, e\u2010healthcare, and wireless body area networks (WBANs). This study presents the design, fabrication, and performance analysis of a microstrip patch antenna with an overall physical size of 42\u2009\u00d7\u200940\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\u22480.34\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009\u00d7\u20090.32\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 2.4\u2009GHz) utilizing four flexible substrates: leather, cotton, denim, and Dyneema, with a focus on 2.4\u2010GHz ISM band applications. The methodology involves both simulation and experimentation using CST Studio Suite to evaluate parameters such as reflection coefficient, operational bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. Among the investigated substrates, the leather\u2010based antenna exhibits the best overall performance, achieving a measured operational bandwidth of 2.26\u20132.63\u2009GHz (370\u2009MHz) with a minimum reflection coefficient of \u221236\u2009dB at 2.41\u2009GHz, along with a simulated radiation efficiency of 90% and a simulated gain of 2\u2009dBi. Parametric optimization of leather further enhanced its characteristics. Furthermore, low detuning and reliable impedance matching are observed during bending analysis performed both in free space (off\u2010body) and on\u2010body (including the author's arm, leg, and chest), demonstrating the robustness of the design for real\u2010world applications. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis with values (1\u2009g avg: 0.393\u2009W\/kg on the arm; 10\u2009g avg: 0.0619\u2009W\/kg on the chest) confirms compliance with IEEE and ICNIRP safety standards. The link budget analysis (LBA) for data rates (0.5, 1, and 10\u2009Mbps) confirms the reliable connectivity for short\u2010range wearable smart applications. As compared with state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art designs, the leather substrate antenna exhibits enhanced flexibility, efficiency, and durability, making it an ideal candidate for deploying high\u2010performance, safety\u2010compliant wearable systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.70433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T06:12:07Z","timestamp":1770444727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design, Optimization, and Validation of a Compact Wearable Antenna for Internet of Things Applications in Smart Textile"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering HITEC University  Taxila Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8958-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.\u00a0Nizam","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering HITEC University  Taxila Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Quddus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering University of Chakwal  Chakwal Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed\u00a0Rizwan","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering Gachon University  Seongnam\u2010si South 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