{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T06:11:32Z","timestamp":1758089492466,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003600","name":"Korean National Police Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220222M01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220222M01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Network Mgmt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bitcoin is the first decentralized digital currency built upon blockchain technology and has facilitated financial innovation and technological advancement. However, the growth in its popularity has uncovered the limitations of the blockchain technology, leading to issues such as transaction congestion, high transaction fees, and delayed confirmations. This has motivated the exploration of the Lightning Network, a payment channel network designed to enhance Bitcoin's scalability and transaction efficiency. Serving as a layer\u20102 protocol, the Lightning Network supports off\u2010chain transactions, significantly reducing fees and enabling swift and cost\u2010effective micro payments. This paper comprehensively examines the technology, open source implementations, and relevant research of the Bitcoin Lightning Network, covering key categories such as \u201cnetwork analysis,\u201d \u201cnetwork security,\u201d \u201cpayment routing,\u201d \u201crebalancing,\u201d and \u201cnetwork design and applications.\u201d With the Lightning Network's increasing importance in the blockchain and financial domains, this survey provides a valuable resource for researchers seeking to explore this technology in greater depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T23:18:31Z","timestamp":1754867911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of Lightning Network Technology and 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