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Caches in particular are vulnerable due to their relatively large area, yet are often omitted from fault injection testing because many processors do not provide direct access to cache contents and they are often not fully modeled by simulators. The performance benefits of caches make disabling them undesirable, and the presence of error correcting codes is insufficient to correct for increasingly common multiple bit upsets.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This work explores building a program\u2019s cache profile by collecting cache usage information at an instruction granularity via commonly available on-chip debugging interfaces. The profile provides a tighter bound than cache utilization for cache vulnerability estimates (50% for several benchmarks). This can be applied to reduce the number of fault injections required to characterize behavior by at least two-thirds for the benchmarks we examine. The profile enables future work in hardware fault injection for caches that avoids the biases of existing techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3442339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T16:05:47Z","timestamp":1616861147000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Precise Cache Profiling for Studying Radiation Effects"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1128-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gedare","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Parmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Simha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Premkishore Shivakumar Michael Kistler Stephen W. 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