{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:50:32Z","timestamp":1762624232527,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1827652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1827652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The linearity of soft robotic sensors (SRS) was recently validated for movement angle assessment using a rigid body structure that accurately depicted critical movements of the foot\u2013ankle complex. The purpose of this study was to continue the validation of SRS for joint angle movement capture on 10 participants (five male and five female) performing ankle movements in a non-weight bearing, high-seated, sitting position. The four basic ankle movements\u2014plantar flexion (PF), dorsiflexion (DF), inversion (INV), and eversion (EVR)\u2014were assessed individually in order to select good placement and orientation configurations (POCs) for four SRS positioned to capture each movement type. PF, INV, and EVR each had three POCs identified based on bony landmarks of the foot and ankle while the DF location was only tested for one POC. Each participant wore a specialized compression sock where the SRS could be consistently tested from all POCs for each participant. The movement data collected from each sensor was then compared against 3D motion capture data. R-squared and root-mean-squared error averages were used to assess relative and absolute measures of fit to motion capture output. Participant robustness, opposing movements, and gender were also used to identify good SRS POC placement for foot\u2013ankle movement capture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"3509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Closing the Wearable Gap\u2014Part II: Sensor Orientation and Placement for Foot and Ankle Joint Kinematic Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0555-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Saucier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Luczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Phuoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Davarzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Preston","family":"Peranich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"V","given":"Reuben F.","family":"Burch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Chander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6348-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11556","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211556","article-title":"The use of wearable inertial motion sensors in human lower limb biomechanics studies: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Fong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2012.09.003","article-title":"Smart wearable systems: Current status and future challenges","volume":"56","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luczak, T., Saucier, D., Burch, V., Ball, J., Chander, H., Knight, A., Wei, P., and Iftekhar, T. (2018). 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