{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T20:33:35Z","timestamp":1772397215749,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>E-textiles reveal a new and hybrid sector of the industry that is created by the integration of electronic components or textile-based electronics in our daily life textile products. They are facing problems in terms of washability, reliability, and user acceptance. This manuscript explains the mechanical stresses acting during the washing process and their impact on e-textile systems. Different washing programs were investigated in terms of total process duration. This washing process duration is mainly divided into three diverse washing actions: low-speed rotation, high-speed rotation, and stop time. This investigation was performed to highlight the importance of the washing actions and their percentages in the total washing process. A piece of fabric with a flexible PCB (printed circuit board), equipped with an accelerometer with a Bluetooth communication device and a microcontroller, was placed in the washing machine to analyze the movement of fabric provoked by washing stresses. The PCB was used for fabric movements recording to determine the impact of mechanical stress on e-textile systems during the washing process. From the video analysis, it was concluded that the duration of the low-speed and high-speed rotation actions should be privileged comparing to the duration of the whole washing process. A power spectral density (PSD) analysis based on the accelerometer outputs was realized. Mechanical stresses at different frequencies were identified. Based on this analysis, it could be possible to improve the protocols of mechanical tests (Martindale and pilling box) used to simulate the mechanical stress applied to e-textile systems during the washing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["E-Textile Systems Reliability Assessment\u2014A Miniaturized Accelerometer Used to Investigate Damage during Their Washing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahood uz","family":"Zaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, University of Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, University of Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4363-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, University of Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan","family":"Koncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Arts et Industries Textiles\/G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles laboratory (ENSAIT\/GEMTEX), 2 All\u00e9e Louis et Victor Champier, F-59100 Roubaix, France"},{"name":"Cit\u00e9 Scientifique, University of Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901971","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901971","article-title":"Application Challenges in Fiber and Textile Electronics","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mecnika, V., Scheulen, K., Anderson, C.F., H\u00f6rr, M., and Breckenfelder, C. (2015). Joining technologies for electronic textiles. Electronic Textiles, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100201-8.00008-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uz Zaman, S., Tao, X., Cochrane, C., and Koncar, V. (2020). Understanding the Washing Damage to Textile ECG Dry Skin Electrodes, Embroidered and Fabric-Based; Set up of Equivalent Laboratory Tests. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051272"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3018759","article-title":"Towards Embroidered Circuit Board From Conductive Yarns for E-Textiles","volume":"8","author":"Ismar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"S964","article-title":"Design Thinking for Textiles: Let\u2019s Make It Meaningful","volume":"20","author":"Valentine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Des. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, September 03). Smart Textiles Market to 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.ameriresearch.com\/product\/smart-textiles-market\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012014","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/827\/1\/012014","article-title":"Applications of Smart Textiles in Occupational Health and Safety","volume":"827","author":"Dolez","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen, K.M.B. (2019). How to Shape the Future of Smart Clothing. 2019 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers-UbiComp\/ISWC \u201919, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/3341162.3349571"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirstein, T. (2013). The future of smart-textiles development: New enabling technologies, commercialization and market trends. Multidisciplinary Know-How for Smart-Textiles Developers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093530"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085017","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab8a6d","article-title":"Textile NFC Antenna for Power and Data Transmission across Clothes","volume":"29","author":"Garnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900092","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201900092","article-title":"Futuristic Clothes: Electronic Textiles and Wearable Technologies","volume":"4","author":"Ismar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2020, December 21). IP Rating Chart. Available online: http:\/\/enviromed.ca\/documents\/IP%20Rating%20Chart.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00530","article-title":"Machine-Washable PEDOT: PSS Dyed Silk Yarns for Electronic Textiles","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G., Vu, C.C., and Kim, J. (2020). Single-Layer Pressure Textile Sensors with Woven Conductive Yarn Circuit. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10082877"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaubert, V., Gidik, H., and Koncar, V. (2020). Boxer Underwear Incorporating Textile Moisture Sensor to Prevent Nocturnal Enuresis. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123546"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02477","article-title":"Screen-Printed Washable Electronic Textiles as Self-Powered Touch\/Gesture Tribo-Sensors for Intelligent Human\u2013Machine Interaction","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000293","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202000293","article-title":"Highly Conductive, Scalable, and Machine Washable Graphene-Based E-Textiles for Multifunctional Wearable Electronic Applications","volume":"30","author":"Afroj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605848","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201605848","article-title":"Enhancing the Performance of Stretchable Conductors for E-Textiles by Controlled Ink Permeation","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardy, D.A., Rahemtulla, Z., Satharasinghe, A., Shahidi, A., Oliveira, C., Anastasopoulos, I., Nashed, M.N., Kgatuke, M., Komolafe, A., and Torah, R. (2020). Wash Testing of Electronic Yarn. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13051228"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085018","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab8c25","article-title":"Direct-Write Printing Process of Conductive Paste on Fiber Bulks for Wearable Textile Heaters","volume":"29","author":"Shahariar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04316","article-title":"Machine-Washable Conductive Silk Yarns with a Composite Coating of Ag Nanowires and PEDOT:PSS","volume":"12","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.05.108","article-title":"Scalable Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Coatings for Flexible and Washable Conductive Textiles","volume":"167","author":"Salavagione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012033","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/827\/1\/012033","article-title":"Quantification of the Silver Content of a Silver-Plated Nylon Electrode According to the Nature of the Laundering Detergent","volume":"827","author":"Gaubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-020-0076-y","article-title":"Reliability of R2R-Printed, Flexible Electrodes for e-Clothing Applications","volume":"4","author":"Sliz","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7774","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2981262","article-title":"Optimization of Reduced GO-Based Cotton Electrodes for Wearable Electrocardiography","volume":"20","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, September 11). ISO 6330:2012(En), Textiles\u2014Domestic Washing and Drying Procedures for Textile Testing. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui#iso:std:iso:6330:ed-3:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, September 11). AATCC-AATCC. Available online: https:\/\/members.aatcc.org\/store\/tm135\/543\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, September 11). ISO 105-C06:2010(En), Textiles\u2014Tests for Colour Fastness\u2014Part C06: Colour Fastness to Domestic and Commercial Laundering. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui#iso:std:iso:105:-C06:ed-4:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, September 11). ISO 105-C10:2006(En), Textiles\u2014Tests for Colour Fastness\u2014Part C10: Colour Fastness to Washing with Soap or Soap and Soda. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui#iso:std:iso:105:-C10:ed-1:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, September 11). AATCC-AATCC. Available online: https:\/\/members.aatcc.org\/store\/lp001\/2212\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-019-9325-x","article-title":"Launderability of Conductive Polymer Yarns Used for Connections of E-Textile Modules: Mechanical Stresses","volume":"20","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-019-9266-4","article-title":"Effect of Water and Chemical Stresses on the Silver Coated Polyamide Yarns","volume":"20","author":"Ismar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517519835757","article-title":"Fabric Movement and Washing Performance in a Front-Loading Washer with a Built-in Pulsator","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517517743741","article-title":"The Effect of Fabric Movement on Washing Performance in a Front-Loading Washer V: Focusing on the Role and Shape of the Lifter","volume":"89","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Li, Y., and Ding, X. (2020). Dynamics of Cotton Textile Motion in a Domestic Tumble Dryer and Its Effect on Drying Performance. Text. Res. J.","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517520960751"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaubert, V., Gidik, H., Bodart, N., and Koncar, V. (2020). Investigating the Impact of Washing Cycles on Silver-Plated Textile Electrodes: A Complete Study. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061739"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotzler, S., Kallmayer, C., Dils, C., von Krshiwoblozki, M., Bauer, U., and Schneider-Ramelow, M. (2020). Improving the Washability of Smart Textiles: Influence of Different Washing Conditions on Textile Integrated Conductor Tracks. J. Text. Inst., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2020.1729056"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, W., Shen, J., and Ding, X. (2020). The Influence of Mechanical Action on Felting Shrinkage of Wool Fabric in the Tumble Dryer. Text. Res. J.","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517520918665"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11995","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2938333","article-title":"How to Connect Conductive Flexible Textile Tracks to Skin Electrocardiography Electrodes and Protect Them Against Washing","volume":"19","author":"Ankhili","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:00Z","timestamp":1760159520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21020605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21020605","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]}}}