{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:09:00Z","timestamp":1770354540780,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Edge caching is a promising approach to alleviate the burden on the backhaul of network links. It has a significant role in the Internet of Vehicle (IoV) networks performance by providing cached data at the edge and reduce the burden of the core network caused by the number of participating vehicles and data volume. However, due to the limited computing and storage capabilities of edge devices, it is hard to guarantee that all contents are cached and every requirement of the device are satisfied for all users. In this paper, we design an Information-Centric Network (ICN) with mobility-aware proactive caching scheme to provide delay-sensitive services on IoV networks. The real-time status and interaction of vehicles with other vehicles and Roadside Units (RSU) is modeled using a Markov process. Mobility aware proactive edge caching decision that maximize network performance while minimizing transmission delay is applied. Our numerical simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms related caching schemes in terms of latency by 20\u201325% in terms of latency and by 15\u201323% in cache hits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T03:46:00Z","timestamp":1644810360000},"page":"1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mobility-Aware Proactive Edge Caching Optimization Scheme in Information-Centric IoV Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0743-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salahadin Seid","family":"Musa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0578-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STI Unit, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mulugeta","family":"Libsie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-5319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermanno","family":"Pietrosemoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STI Unit, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2603219","article-title":"Internet of Vehicles: Motivation, Layered Architecture, Network Model, Challenges, and Future Aspects","volume":"4","author":"Kaiwartya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jacobson, V., Smetters, D.K., Thornton, J.D., Plass, M.F., Briggs, N.H., and Braynard, R.L. (2019, January 9\u201312). Networking Named Content. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT \u201909), Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfender, J., Valera, A., and Seah, W.K.G. (2018, January 21\u201323). Performance Comparison of Caching Strategies for Information-Centric IoT. Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking (ICN \u201918), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3267955.3267966"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7537180","article-title":"Mobility-aware caching for content-centric wireless networks: Modeling and methodology","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3005361","article-title":"Caching in Vehicular Named Data Networking: Architecture, Schemes and Future Directions","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahangary, S., Chitsaz, H., Sobouti, M.J., Mohajerzadeh, A.H., Yaghmaee, M.H., and Ahmadi, H. (2020, January 4\u20136). Reactive caching of viral content in 5G networks. Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/CommNet49926.2020.9199636"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2875978","article-title":"Bringing Deep Learning at the Edge of Information-Centric Internet of Things","volume":"23","author":"Khelifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100351","article-title":"QoSA-ICN: An information-centric approach to QoS in vehicular environments","volume":"30","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, S., Bouzefrane, S., and M\u00fchlethaler, P. (2017, January 29\u201330). Mobility Prediction in Vehicular Networks: An Approach through Hybrid Neural Network under Uncertainty. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Secure and Programmable Networking (MSPN 2017), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67807-8_14"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.07.002","article-title":"From content delivery today to information centric networking","volume":"57","author":"Carofiglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Afanasyev, A., Shi, J., Zhang, B. (2021). NFD Developer\u2019s Guide, NDN. NDN Project, Tech. Rep. Tech. Report NDN-0021."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amadeo, M., Ruggeri, G., Campolo, C., Molinaro, A., and Mangiullo, G. (2020, January 6\u20139). Caching Popular and Fresh IoT Contents at the Edge via Named Data Networking. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2020\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS50562.2020.9162741"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Oh, S., Nam, Y., Bang, J., and Lee, E. (2019, January 11\u201313). Mobility-aware Distributed Proactive Caching in Content-Centric Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 12th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/WMNC.2019.8881585"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abani, N., Braun, T., and Gerla, M. (2017, January 26\u201328). Proactive Caching with Mobility Prediction under Uncertainty in Information-Centric Networks. Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking (ICN \u201917), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3125719.3125728"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambs, S., Killijian, M.O., and del Prado Cortez, M.N.N. (2012, January 10). Next Place Prediction Using Mobility Markov Chains. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Measurement, Privacy, and Mobility (MPM \u201912), Bern, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2181196.2181199"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2899923","article-title":"A Mobility-Aware Vehicular Caching Scheme in Content Centric Networks: Model and Optimization","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2969466","article-title":"Optimal Probabilistic Caching in Heterogeneous IoT Networks","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, J., and Liu, D. (2018, January 8\u201313). MAPCaching: A novel mobility aware proactive caching over C-RAN. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292503"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, M.E., Hosny, S., Mokhtar, B., and El-Sherif, A.A. (2019, January 28\u201330). Hierarchical proactive caching for vehicular ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES 2019), Giza, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NILES.2019.8909331"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00182-x","article-title":"A joint optimization scheme of content caching and resource allocation for internet of vehicles in mobile edge computing","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10911","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051290","article-title":"Delay-Aware Caching in Internet-of-Vehicles Networks","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, M., Li, S., Chan, C.A., Shen, Y., and Yu, Y. (2021). Mobility Prediction Using a Weighted Markov Model Based on Mobile User Classification. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051740"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breslau, L., Cao, P., Fan, L., Phillips, G., and Shenker, S. (1999, January 21\u201325). Web caching and Zipf-like distributions: Evidence and implications. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM \u201999. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No.99CH36320), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.1999.749260"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6118","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2578922","article-title":"Content-Centric Sparse Multicast Beamforming for Cache-Enabled Cloud RAN","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9667","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2801246","article-title":"Throughput and Delay Analysis of Wireless Caching Helper Systems with Random Availability","volume":"6","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avgouleas, I., and Angelakis, P.N. (2021). A wireless caching helper system with heterogeneous traffic and random availability. J. Wirel. Commun. Netw., 69.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-021-01935-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivaldova, V., Paier, A., Smely, D., and Mecklenbr\u00e4uker, C.F. (2012, January 9\u201312). On roadside unit antenna measurements for vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2012.6362546"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2094632","article-title":"Path Loss Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications","volume":"60","author":"Karedal","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., Lee, M., Park, K., Kwon, T.T., Choi, Y., and Pack, S. (2012, January 25\u201330). WAVE: Popularity-based and collaborative in-network caching for content-oriented networks. Proceedings of the 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM Workshops, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2012.6193512"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.05.001","article-title":"Greedy Caching: An optimized content placement strategy for information-centric networks","volume":"140","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12532-011-0026-8","article-title":"Pyomo: Modeling and solving mathematical programs in Python","volume":"3","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Program. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, J., Qi, W., Westphal, C., Wang, J., Lu, K., Liu, S., and Wang, S. (May, January 27). MAGIC: A distributed MAx-Gain In-network Caching strategy in information-centric networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2014.6849277"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"40","article-title":"Mobility Prediction via Markov Model in LTE Femtocell","volume":"65","author":"Amirrudin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:17:25Z","timestamp":1760134645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22041387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22041387","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]}}}