{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:30Z","timestamp":1760147970686,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A successful high-level gymnastics performance is the result of the coordination and inter-relation of body segments to produce movement prototypes. In this context, the exploration of different movement prototypes, as well as their relations with judges\u2019 scores, can aid coaches to design better learning and practice methodologies. Therefore, we investigate if there are different movement prototypes of the technique of the handspring tucked somersault with a half twist (HTB) on a mini trampoline with a vaulting table and its relations with judges\u2019 scores. We assessed flexion\/extension angles of five joints during fifty trials, using an inertial measurement unit system. All trials were scored by international judges for execution. A multivariate time series cluster analysis was performed to identify movement prototypes and their differential association with judges\u2019 scores was statistically assessed. Nine different movement prototypes were identified for the HTB technique, with two of them associated with higher scores. Statistically strong associations were found between scores and movement phases one (i.e., from the last step on the carpet to the initial contact of both feet with the mini trampoline), two (i.e., from the initial contact to the take-off on the mini trampoline) and four (i.e., from the initial contact of both hands with the vaulting table to take-off on the vaulting table) and moderate associations with movement phase six (i.e., from the tucked body position to landing with both feet on the landing mat). Our findings suggest (a) the presence of multiple movement prototypes yielding successful scoring and (b) the moderate-to-strong association of movement variations along phases one, two, four and six with judges\u2019 scores. We suggest and provide guidelines for coaches to encourage movement variability that can lead their gymnasts to functionally adapt their performance and succeed when facing different constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:30:31Z","timestamp":1679283031000},"page":"3240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Movement Prototypes in a Complex Teamgym Gymnastics Technique on the Vaulting Table and Their Relationship with Judges\u2019 Scores"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEFES, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Per\u00edcia no Desporto, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schmidt, R., and Lee, T. (2020). Motor Learning and Performance, 6th ed, Human Kinetics Publishers."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, D., Woods, C., McCosker, C., Carvalho, J., Renshaw, I., and Davids, K. (2022). The Psychology of Closed Self-Paced Motor Tasks in Sports, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5604\/965480","article-title":"Target-directed running in gymnastics: The role of the springboard position as an informational source to regulate handsprings on vault","volume":"28","author":"Heinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522834","article-title":"Gymnastics: Target-directed running in gymnastics: A preliminary exploration of vaulting","volume":"3","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, J., and Farrow, D. (2015). Rotledge Handbook of Sport Expertise, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315776675"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"112","article-title":"Ecological dynamics and motor learning design in sport","volume":"25","author":"Davids","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ski. Acquis. Sport"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.08.006","article-title":"The dynamics of expertise acquisition in sport: The role of affective learning design","volume":"16","author":"Headrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"21","article-title":"An ecological dynamics approach to skill acquisition: Implications for development of talent in sport","volume":"5","author":"Davids","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talent. Dev. Excell."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Newell, M.M. (1986). Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Co-Ordination and Control, Martinus Nijhoff."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080130","article-title":"Movement Variability and the Use of Nonlinear Tools: Principles to Guide Physical Therapist Practice","volume":"89","author":"Harbourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, K., Zhang, Z., and Wen, H. (2021). Intra-Subject and Inter-Subject Movement Variability Quantified with Muscle Synergies in Upper-Limb Reaching Movements. Biomimetics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics6040063"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.02.007","article-title":"Relationship between postural control and muscle activity during a handstand in young and adult gymnasts","volume":"58","author":"Kochanowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140902745027","article-title":"The influence of the vaulting table on the handspring front somersault","volume":"8","author":"Irwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2010.488298","article-title":"Reliability and variability of day-to-day vault training measures in artistic gymnastics","volume":"9","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.52165\/sgj.12.1.61-73","article-title":"The regulatory influence of the visual system: An exploratory study in gymnastics vaulting","volume":"12","author":"Haigis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Gymnast. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2013.762300","article-title":"Movement Regulation of Handsprings on Vault","volume":"84","author":"Heinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6strand, P. (2022). 2022\u20132024 Teamgym Code of Points Seniors and Juniors, European Gymnastics. Available online: https:\/\/backend.europeangymnastics.com\/sites\/default\/files\/paragraph\/document\/2022TeamGymCodeofPoints.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Schollhorn, W., Chow, J., Glazier, P., and Button, C. (2014). Complex Systems in Sport, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davids, K., Hristovski, R., Ara\u00fajo, D., Balagu\u00e9 Serre, N., Button, C., and Passos, P. (2014). Complex systems in Sport, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203134610"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hughes, K., Lemmetty, H., Sjostrand, P., Dvoracek, R., and Gryga, P. (2022, April 01). Directives for Equipment (European Union of Gymnastics). Available online: https:\/\/www.british-gymnastics.org\/technical-information\/discipline-updates\/teamgym\/4298-2013-2016-teamgym-equipment-directives\/file."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto, J., Peixoto, C., Cabral, S., Williams, A., Casanova, F., Pedro, B., and Veloso, A. (2021). Concurrent Validation of 3D Joint Angles during Gymnastics Techniques Using Inertial Measurement Units. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111251"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.10.009","article-title":"Accuracy of three methods in gait event detection during overground running","volume":"59","author":"Mo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.09.013","article-title":"A global averaging method for dynamic time warping, with applications to clustering","volume":"44","author":"Petitjean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keogh, E.J., and Pazzani, M.J. (2000, January 20\u201323). Scaling up Dynamic Time Warping for Datamining Applications. Proceedings of Sixth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Irvine, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/347090.347153"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petitjean, F., Forestier, G., Webb, G.I., Nicholson, A.E., Chen, Y., and Keogh, E. (2014, January 14\u201317). Dynamic Time Warping Averaging of Time Series Allows Faster and More Accurate Classification. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2014.27"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306419","article-title":"Stride Segmentation during Free Walk Movements Using Multi-Dimensional Subsequence Dynamic Time Warping on Inertial Sensor Data","volume":"15","author":"Barth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adistambha, K., Ritz, C.H., and Burnett, I.S. (2008, January 8\u201310). Motion Classification Using Dynamic Time Warping. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Cairns, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP.2008.4665151"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-021-03355-6","article-title":"Metastable attunement and real-life skilled behavior","volume":"199","author":"Bruineberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mack, M., Federbusch, S., Ferber, M., and Heinen, T. (2020). Movement prototypes and their relationship in the performance of a gymnastics floor routine. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 15.","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2020.152.06"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, D., Davids, K., Chow, J., Passos, P., and Raab, M. (2009). Perspectives on Cognition and Action in Sport, Nova Science Publishers. Available online: http:\/\/eprints.qut.edu.au\/28514%5Cnfile:\/\/\/Users\/tehrandavis\/Dropbox\/Papers2\/Files\/Ara?jo2009_The_development_of_decision_making_skill_in_sport_An_ecological_dynamics_perspective.pdf%5Cnpapers2:\/\/publication\/uuid\/D95EDAD5-F932-4CA9-822B-38C8B20C29C5."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ecological cognition: Expert decision-making behaviour in sport","volume":"12","author":"Hristovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-012-0011-z","article-title":"Key Properties of Expert Movement Systems in Sport","volume":"43","author":"Seifert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000281949.48193.d9","article-title":"Optimal Movement Variability: A New Theoretical Perspective for Neurologic Physical Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Stergiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5507\/ag.2012.012","article-title":"The effect of biomechanical variables on the assessment of vaulting in top-level artistic female gymnasts in world cup competitions","volume":"42","author":"Farana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Gymnica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2016-0008","article-title":"Maximal Power of the Lower Limbs of Youth Gymnasts and Biomechanical Indicators of the Forward Handspring Vault Versus the Sports Result","volume":"53","author":"Kochanowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-55092016000100097","article-title":"Kinematic variables of table vault on artistic gymnastics","volume":"30","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Educ. F\u00edsica Esporte"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140608522878","article-title":"Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics: A review","volume":"5","author":"Prassas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4rer, C., Lehmann, T., Naundorf, F., Taube, W., and H\u00fcbner, K. (2019). The faster, the better? Relationships between run-up speed, the degree of difficulty (D-score), height and length of flight on vault in artistic gymnastics. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213310"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"25","article-title":"Estimation correlation of biome-chanical parameters and vault start value in men\u2019 s artistic gymnastics","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Pract. Asp.-Int. Sci. J. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4rer, C., Haller, N., Taube, W., and H\u00fcbner, K. (2019). Physical determinants of vault performance and their age-related differences across male junior and elite top-level gymnasts. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225975"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto, J., Casanova, F., Peixoto, C., Fawver, B., and Williams, A. (2021). How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136941"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.05.006","article-title":"Optimal technique for maximal forward rotating vaults in men\u2019s gymnastics","volume":"42","author":"Hiley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-012-0085-6","article-title":"New Regression Models to Evaluate the Relationship between Biomechanics of Gymnastic Vault and Initial Vault Difficulty Values","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.14.2.190","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of handspring with full turn vault: Deterministic model, coaches\u2019 beliefs, and judges\u2019 scores","volume":"14","author":"Takei","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"25","article-title":"A case study about differences in characteristics of the run-up approach on the vault between top-class and middle-class","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Gymnast. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renshaw, I., Davids, K., Newcombe, D., and Roberts, W. (2019). The Constraints-Led Approach: Principles for Sports Coaching and Practice Design, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315102351"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Ramos, A., Afonso, J., Coutinho, P., Bessa, C., Farias, C., and Mesquita, I. (2022). Learner-Oriented Teaching and Assessment in Youth Sport, Routledge."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:58:30Z","timestamp":1760122710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23063240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23063240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]}}}