{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308520886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3216711","title":"Gamification of Cybersecurity for Workforce Development in Critical Infrastructure","display_name":"Gamification of Cybersecurity for Workforce Development in Critical Infrastructure","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308520886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3216711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3216711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3216711","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09927426.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09927426.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064058642","display_name":"Travis Ashley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3234-8621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Travis D. Ashley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078916374","display_name":"Roger Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054862599","display_name":"Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-8623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054016248","display_name":"Charalampos Katsis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charalampos Katsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038711359","display_name":"Christopher A. Bonebrake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5097-5258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher A. Bonebrake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033748096","display_name":"Paul A. Boyd","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Boyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064058642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.8666,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98155702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"112487","last_page":"112501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9506000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7550922632217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.6711854338645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6277252435684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5871067047119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5391049981117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.46825915575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4659726619720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce","display_name":"Workforce","score":0.46088242530822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.44437968730926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.4395730197429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.42578500509262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3228444755077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1742006540298462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7550922632217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.6711854338645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6277252435684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5871067047119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5391049981117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.46825915575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4659726619720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.46088242530822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.44437968730926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.4395730197429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.42578500509262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3228444755077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1742006540298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3216711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3216711","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09927426.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0783f47f38c64ca38780c02d846cdc8f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0783f47f38c64ca38780c02d846cdc8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 112487-112501 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1896924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1896924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1896925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1896925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1901803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1901803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3216711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3216711","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09927426.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7395534295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-75RL01830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338354","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308520886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308520886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2614996178","https://openalex.org/W3147872107","https://openalex.org/W2358245908","https://openalex.org/W2289521417","https://openalex.org/W4242728933","https://openalex.org/W2237732271","https://openalex.org/W2974890647","https://openalex.org/W2783141896","https://openalex.org/W2493430149","https://openalex.org/W3123953333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Critical":[0],"infrastructure":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,58,110,116,187],"focal":[5],"point":[6],"of":[7,57,98,118,178,194],"cyberattacks,":[8],"as":[9],"previously":[10],"isolated":[11],"operational":[12],"technology":[13,30],"networks":[14],"that":[15,79,114,121,151],"were":[16],"once":[17],"perceived":[18],"to":[19,37,66,128,132,157,163,169],"be":[20,94],"air-gapped":[21],"are":[22],"becoming":[23],"Internet-exposed":[24],"through":[25,96],"increased":[26],"connectivity":[27],"with":[28],"informational":[29],"networks.":[31],"Recent":[32],"adversarial":[33],"tendencies":[34],"have":[35,77],"led":[36],"an":[38,82],"increase":[39],"in":[40,200],"targeted":[41],"cyberattacks":[42],"against":[43],"both":[44],"industrial":[45],"control":[46],"systems":[47],"(ICS)":[48],"and":[49,75,101,126,161,168,174,182,191,196],"building":[50],"automation":[51],"systems.":[52,69],"Furthermore,":[53],"the":[54,62,122,130,134,138,176,202],"insufficient":[55],"supply":[56],"cyber":[59,149,180],"workforce":[60],"exacerbates":[61],"challenges":[63],"for":[64,90],"organizations":[65],"defend":[67,133],"their":[68,165],"Game-based":[70],"learning":[71],"is":[72,81,109,155],"gaining":[73],"traction":[74],"studies":[76],"shown":[78],"it":[80],"effective":[83],"educational":[84],"element.":[85],"Training":[86,106],"facility":[87,159],"operators":[88,162],"responsible":[89],"critical":[91],"services":[92],"can":[93],"achieved":[95],"gamification":[97],"security":[99],"policies":[100],"controls.":[102],"The":[103,141],"Network":[104],"Defense":[105],"Game":[107],"(NDTG)":[108],"cybersecurity":[111,119,166,171,204],"training":[112],"platform":[113],"encompasses":[115],"series":[117],"events":[120,181],"player":[123],"must":[124],"assess":[125],"react":[127],"throughout":[129],"scenario":[131,144],"network":[135],"by":[136],"thwarting":[137],"adversary\u2019s":[139],"attack.":[140],"NDTG":[142,195],"uses":[143],"narratives":[145],"based":[146],"on":[147],"historical":[148],"incidents":[150],"affect":[152],"ICS.":[153],"It":[154],"designed":[156],"train":[158],"owners":[160],"evaluate":[164],"posture":[167],"apply":[170],"frameworks":[172],"before":[173],"during":[175],"process":[177],"addressing":[179],"incidents.":[183],"This":[184],"study":[185],"provides":[186],"detailed":[188],"technical":[189],"overview":[190],"design":[192],"architecture":[193],"demonstrates":[197],"its":[198],"capability":[199],"advancing":[201],"ICS":[203],"workforce.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
