{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117659522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lnet.2025.3649892","title":"UE Localization and UAV-BS Placement via GPR-Aided RSSI-TOA Fusion With a Lightweight Q-Learning Controller","display_name":"UE Localization and UAV-BS Placement via GPR-Aided RSSI-TOA Fusion With a Lightweight Q-Learning Controller","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117659522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lnet.2025.3649892"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lnet.2025.3649892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lnet.2025.3649892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234060","display_name":"IEEE Networking Letters","issn_l":"2576-3156","issn":["2576-3156"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Networking Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024992497","display_name":"Pushpak Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3095-4695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152869788","display_name":"Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dp7tp96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pushpak Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003203645","display_name":"Jitendra Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-579X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152869788","display_name":"Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dp7tp96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jitendra Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037311962","display_name":"Shailendra Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8316-8460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152869788","display_name":"Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dp7tp96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shailendra Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024992497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70274696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"59","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9083999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9083999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.037700001150369644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipsoid","display_name":"Ellipsoid","score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"Trilateration","score":0.38040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6572999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57489055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190046","display_name":"Ellipsoid","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943505","display_name":"Fusion center","level":4,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lnet.2025.3649892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lnet.2025.3649892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234060","display_name":"IEEE Networking Letters","issn_l":"2576-3156","issn":["2576-3156"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Networking Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.8242005705833435,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"letter,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,75,96],"lightweight":[6],"framework":[7],"for":[8,142],"rapid":[9],"Unmanned":[10],"Aerial":[11],"Vehicle":[12],"Base-Station":[13],"(UAV-BS)":[14],"deployment":[15,72],"that":[16],"couples":[17],"noise-resilient":[18],"User":[19],"Equipment":[20],"(UE)":[21],"localization":[22],"with":[23,67,88,100],"adaptive":[24],"power-position":[25],"control.":[26],"Localization":[27],"fuses":[28],"Received":[29],"Signal":[30],"Strength":[31],"Indicator":[32],"(RSSI)":[33],"and":[34,52,64,125,132],"Time":[35],"of":[36],"Arrival":[37],"(TOA)":[38],"using":[39],"Gaussian":[40],"process":[41],"regression":[42],"(GPR)":[43],"aided,":[44],"inverse-variance":[45],"weighting,":[46],"GPR":[47],"corrects":[48],"RSSI":[49],"residual":[50],"bias":[51],"supplies":[53],"uncertainty,":[54],"while":[55],"TOA":[56],"provides":[57],"geometric":[58],"anchoring,":[59],"yielding":[60],"robustness":[61],"to":[62],"multipath":[63],"Non-Line-of-Sight":[65],"(NLOS)":[66],"modest":[68],"added":[69],"complexity.":[70],"The":[71],"module":[73],"employs":[74],"compute-efficient,":[76],"discrete-action":[77],"controller":[78,129],"based":[79],"on":[80],"Paired":[81],"Whale":[82],"Optimization":[83],"Q-Learning":[84],"Agent":[85],"(PWOQLA)":[86],"initialization":[87],"logistic":[89],"exploration,":[90],"enabling":[91],"edge-friendly,":[92],"CPU-only":[93],"operation.":[94],"On":[95],"1":[97],"km":[98],"scenario":[99],"1000":[101],"devices,":[102],"the":[103,128],"fusion":[104],"pipeline":[105],"attains":[106],"sub-meter":[107],"accuracy":[108],"(\u22480.33":[109],"m":[110],"mean":[111],"error),":[112],"reducing":[113],"error":[114],"by":[115],"~94.5%":[116],"versus":[117],"weighted/iterative":[118],"trilateration":[119],"(~6":[120],"m).":[121],"Under":[122],"LOS/NLOS,":[123],"energy,":[124],"QoS":[126],"constraints,":[127],"converges":[130],"faster":[131],"achieves":[133],"tighter":[134],"placement":[135],"than":[136],"DRL":[137],"baselines,":[138],"showing":[139],"its":[140],"suitability":[141],"time-critical,":[143],"resource-limited":[144],"disaster":[145],"recovery.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-26T06:29:33.603293","created_date":"2025-12-31T00:00:00"}
