A hybrid proximal policy optimization and particle swarm algorithm for highway alignment optimization.

Taoran Song https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-2042

Hao Pu Qingxin Zeng Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Guanghui Wang Wei Li 0129 Lihui Peng Jianping Hu A hybrid proximal policy optimization and particle swarm algorithm for highway alignment optimization. 103959 2026 69 Adv. Eng. Informatics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103959 db/journals/aei/aei69.html#PuZSSWLPH26 streams/journals/aei

Taoran Song Hao Pu Hong Zhang 0045 Paul M. Schonfeld Lihui Peng Two-stage automated design of railway vertical alignments with topography-driven Fourier transform and constrained A-Star search. 2026 114061 169 Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114061 db/journals/eaai/eaai169.html#SongPZSP26 streams/journals/eaai

Xinjie Wan Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Yang Ran Taoran Song Lihui Peng Transformer-guided optimization of railway alignments using an adaptive rapidly-exploring random tree algorithm. 113977 2025 185 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2025.113977 db/journals/asc/asc185.html#WanPSRSP25 streams/journals/asc

Lu Zhao Linmu Zou Zijia Wang Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Feng Chen Rui Li Pengcheng Li Multi-task graph-based model for metro flow prediction under dynamic urban conditions. 3239-3258 2025 40 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 21 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.13505 db/journals/cacie/cacie40.html#ZhaoZWSSCLL25 streams/journals/cacie

Taoran Song Hao Pu Tony T. Y. Yang Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Guo Xiao Pan Jianping Hu Data-driven distributionally robust optimization of railway alignments in earthquake-prone regions considering active fault zone risks. 4321-4341 2025 40 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 25 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.70054 db/journals/cacie/cacie40.html#SongPYSGPH25 streams/journals/cacie

Xinjie Wan Hao Pu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Yang Ran Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu An event tree-based distance transform algorithm for simultaneously determining mountain railway alignments and station locations. 125575 2025 261 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125575 db/journals/eswa/eswa261.html#WanPSSRLH25 streams/journals/eswa

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Tony T. Y. Yang Jianping Hu Many-Objective Optimization of Railway Alignments With Strengthened Pareto Dominance Analysis. 11372-11387 2025 August 26 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 8 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2025.3559058 db/journals/tits/tits26.html#SongPSYH25 streams/journals/tits

Guanghui Wang Hao Pu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Li 0129 Hong Zhang 0045 Lihui Peng Jianping Hu Junfei Qiao 0002 A 3D Monte Carlo tree search method for railway alignment optimization. 111158 2024 January 151 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2023.111158 db/journals/asc/asc151.html#WangPSSLZPHQ24

Hao Pu Ting Hu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Li 0129 Lihui Peng Knowledge graph-driven mountain railway alignment optimization integrating karst hazard assessment. 112421 2024 167 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2024.112421 db/journals/asc/asc167.html#PuHSSLP24 streams/journals/asc

Xinjie Wan Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Taoran Song Wei Li 0129 Lihui Peng Jianping Hu Ming Zhang Mountain railway alignment optimization based on landform recognition and presetting of dominating structures. 242-263 2024 January 39 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.13073 db/journals/cacie/cacie39.html#WanPSSLPHZ24

Taoran Song Hao Pu Tony T. Y. Yang Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Optimizing net present values of risk avoidance for mountain railway alignments with seismic performance evaluation. 944-962 2024 April 39 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.13125 db/journals/cacie/cacie39.html#SongPYSLH24

Hao Pu Huidan Fu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Xianbao Peng Recreating horizontal alignments of existing railways with a hybrid analytic and harmony search algorithm. 107354 2024 128 Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107354 db/journals/eaai/eaai128.html#PuFSSP24

Hao Pu Xinjie Wan Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Lihui Peng A 3D-RRT-star algorithm for optimizing constrained mountain railway alignments. 107770 2024 130 Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107770 db/journals/eaai/eaai130.html#PuWSSP24

Hao Pu Ting Hu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Xinjie Wan Wei Li 0129 Lihui Peng Modeling and application of a customized knowledge graph for railway alignment optimization. 122999 2024 244 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122999 db/journals/eswa/eswa244.html#PuHSSWLP24

Xinjie Wan Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Taoran Song Wei Li 0129 Lihui Peng Railway alignment optimization in regions with densely-distributed obstacles based on semantic topological maps. 421-437 2024 31 Integr. Comput. Aided Eng. 4 https://doi.org/10.3233/ICA-240739 db/journals/icae/icae31.html#WanPSSLP24 streams/journals/icae

Hao Pu Guanghui Wang Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Hong Zhang 0045 Multi-Task Deep Learning Methods for Determining Railway Major Technical Standards. 5904-5918 2024 June 25 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3338146 db/journals/tits/tits25.html#PuWSSZ24

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Zhu Liang Ming Zhang Jianping Hu Yuhui Zhou Zhanjun Xu Mountain railway alignment optimization integrating layouts of large-scale auxiliary construction projects. 433-453 2023 March 38 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12839 db/journals/cacie/cacie38.html#SongPSLZHZX23

Hong Zhang 0045 Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Hao Pu Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Linya Liu Vertical alignment optimization of mountain railways with terrain-driven greedy algorithm improved by Monte Carlo tree search. 873-891 2023 38 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12923 db/journals/cacie/cacie38.html#ZhangSSPLHL23

Hao Pu Xinjie Wan Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu A geographic information model for 3-D environmental suitability analysis in railway alignment optimization. 67-88 2023 30 Integr. Comput. Aided Eng. 1 https://doi.org/10.3233/ICA-220692 db/journals/icae/icae30.html#PuWSSLH23

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Jianping Hu Railway Alignment Optimization Under Uncertainty With a Minimax Robust Method. 333-346 2023 15 IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2022.3146143 db/journals/itsm/itsm15.html#SongPSH23

Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Hao Pu A Review of Alignment Optimization Research for Roads, Railways and Rail Transit Lines. 4738-4757 2023 May 24 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3235685 db/journals/tits/tits24.html#SongSP23

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Hong Zhang 0045 Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Simultaneous optimization of 3D alignments and station locations for dedicated high-speed railways. 405-426 2022 37 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12739 db/journals/cacie/cacie37.html#SongPSZLH22

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Hong Zhang 0045 Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Response to discussion on "Simultaneous Optimization of 3-D Alignments and Station Locations for Dedicated High-Speed Railways, " Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 37: 4, March 2022. 534-536 2022 37 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12801 db/journals/cacie/cacie37.html#SongPSZLH22a

Hong Zhang 0045 Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Taoran Song Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Railway Alignment Optimization Considering Lifecycle Costs. 22-40 2022 14 IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2021.3071032 db/journals/itsm/itsm14.html#ZhangPSSLH22

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Hong Zhang 0045 Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Jie Wang 0023 Jianxi Wang Bi-objective mountain railway alignment optimization incorporating seismic risk assessment. 143-163 2021 36 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12607 db/journals/cacie/cacie36.html#SongPSZLHWW21

Hong Zhang 0045 Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Taoran Song Wei Li 0129 Jie Wang 0023 Xianbao Peng Jianping Hu Multi-objective railway alignment optimization considering costs and environmental impacts. 106105 2020 89 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106105 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q126328721 db/journals/asc/asc89.html#ZhangPSSLWPH20

Taoran Song Hao Pu Paul M. Schonfeld Hong Zhang 0045 Wei Li 0129 Jianping Hu Jie Wang 0023 Mountain railway alignment optimization considering geological impacts: A cost-hazard bi-objective model. 1365-1386 2020 35 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12571 db/journals/cacie/cacie35.html#SongPSZLHW20

Hao Pu Lu Zhao Wei Li 0129 Jian Zhang 0048 Zhenya Zhang Jiaxuan Liang Taoran Song A Global Iterations Method for Recreating Railway Vertical Alignment Considering Multiple Constraints. 121199-121211 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2937658 db/journals/access/access7.html#PuZLZZLS19

Hao Pu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Li 0129 Hong Zhang 0045 Jianping Hu Xianbao Peng Jie Wang 0023 Mountain railway alignment optimization using stepwise & hybrid particle swarm optimization incorporating genetic operators. 41-57 2019 78 Appl. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.01.051 db/journals/asc/asc78.html#PuSSLZHPW19

Hao Pu Taoran Song Paul M. Schonfeld Wei Li 0129 Hong Zhang 0045 Jie Wang 0023 Jianping Hu Xianbao Peng A three-dimensional distance transform for optimizing constrained mountain railway alignments. 972-990 2019 34 Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng. 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12475 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127729882 db/journals/cacie/cacie34.html#PuSSLZWHP19

Feng Chen Huidan Fu Wei Guo Jianping Hu Ting Hu Pengcheng Li Rui Li Wei Li 0129 Jiaxuan Liang Zhu Liang Linya Liu Xiao Pan Lihui Peng Xianbao Peng Hao Pu Junfei Qiao 0002 Yang Ran Paul M. Schonfeld Xinjie Wan Guanghui Wang Jianxi Wang Jie Wang 0023 Zijia Wang Zhanjun Xu Tony T. Y. Yang Qingxin Zeng Hong Zhang 0045 Jian Zhang 0048 Ming Zhang Zhenya Zhang Lu Zhao Yuhui Zhou Linmu Zou