Papers by Dr. G. YOGANANDHAM
Science, Technology and Development Volume XV Issue III MARCH 2026 ISSN : 0950-0707, 2026
This study explores the economic and social challenges faced by gig workers in Tamil Nadu amidst ... more This study explores the economic and social challenges faced by gig workers in Tamil Nadu amidst rapid growth in the gig economy. It highlights issues such as income instability, limited social security, and financial exclusion, with nearly 40% earning below ₹15,000 monthly. Despite government initiatives like welfare schemes, electric vehicle subsidies, and accident insurance, low registration and administrative gaps limit their effectiveness. Employing empirical analysis and econometric models, the research assesses income dynamics, financial behaviors, and institutional barriers, revealing significant links between income stability, digital literacy, and financial inclusion. The findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance income security, expand formal financial access, and strengthen social protection. Promoting sustainable entrepreneurship through skill development, digital literacy, and green subsidies offers pathways for gig workers to transition into micro-enterprises, fostering long-term livelihood resilience. The study advocates for improved data sharing, awareness campaigns, and technological tools like AI for personalized upskilling and fair work practices. A comprehensive approach integrating financial literacy, policy reforms, and innovative support systems is essential to empower gig workers, ensuring their livelihoods are resilient, inclusive, and aligned with Tamil Nadu's broader developmental goals. Ultimately, strengthening institutional frameworks and leveraging digital platforms can transform Tamil Nadu's gig economy into a more equitable, productive, and sustainable component of the state's socioeconomic landscape. In this context, the research analyses the significant and evolving issues that increasingly influence today's integrated global environment.
Mukt Shabd Journal Volume XV, Issue II, FEBRUARY/2026 ISSN NO : 2347-3150, 2026
The Tamil Puthalvan Welfare Scheme, launched in 2024 by the Tamil Nadu government, aims to suppor... more The Tamil Puthalvan Welfare Scheme, launched in 2024 by the Tamil Nadu government, aims to support low-income male students from government and aided Tamil-medium schools pursuing higher education. It provides a monthly cash transfer of ₹1,000 directly into students' bank accounts, helping to reduce financial barriers like tuition, books, and transportation costs. The scheme targets around 3.28 lakh beneficiaries in its initial phase, with an annual budget of approximately ₹360-₹400 crore. Its primary goal is to increase access to higher education, lower dropout rates, and promote skill development, including vocational, digital, and soft skills. The scheme employs digital tools such as Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) and Aadhaar verification to ensure transparency and prevent leakages. Research findings show that most students are aware of the scheme, and many perceive it as positively impacting their college enrollment, motivation, access to study materials, and employment readiness. The scheme has contributed to increased internship opportunities and improved job prospects, thereby supporting long-term economic growth and social mobility. Financially, the scheme is sustainable within Tamil Nadu's large social welfare budget and may generate significant future economic benefits through higher lifetime earnings and productivity. Administratively, the program's digital approach enhances efficiency and accountability. Politically, it reinforces the state's welfare model and helps build electoral support. Overall, the Tamil Puthalvan Welfare Scheme is a strategic human capital investment that promotes inclusive growth, reduces socioeconomic disparities, and has the potential to yield long-term economic and social benefits for Tamil Nadu. Seen in this light, the research examines critical and evolving challenges that are increasingly defining the modern, globally integrated world.
The Union Budget 2026-27 presents a calibrated fiscal strategy designed to sustain economic growt... more The Union Budget 2026-27 presents a calibrated fiscal strategy designed to sustain economic growth while strengthening fiscal discipline and governance reforms. It projects real GDP growth of about 7.4% and nominal growth near 10%, with the fiscal deficit contained at 4.3% of GDP. The government aims to gradually reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio from 55.6% to around 50%, signaling a commitment to medium-term fiscal consolidation alongside growth support. Significant allocations to infrastructure, renewable energy, and digital expansion are intended to boost productivity, employment, and long-term competitiveness. The budget advances structural reforms, particularly in MSME support, rural employment, and infrastructure development, to address regional disparities. Emphasis on renewable energy and green technologies aligns with the 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity target by 2030 and the net-zero goal for 2070. Fiscal management shifts toward debt sustainability, supported by prudent borrowing and coordinated monetary measures. Moderate tax policies, sector-specific incentives, disinvestment, asset monetization, and financial sector consolidation aim to enhance revenue and stability. While social sector spending rises modestly, it targets health, education, food security, and marginalized groups. Overall, the budget's success depends on effective implementation, institutional reforms, and adaptability to evolving domestic and global economic conditions. Seen in this context, the research explores the major and continuously changing challenges that are shaping the modern, globally integrated world.
GIS SCIENCE JOURNAL ISSN NO : 1869-9391, 2026
This study evaluates the impact of the Nan-Muthalvan Scheme, a government initiative by Tamil Nad... more This study evaluates the impact of the Nan-Muthalvan Scheme, a government initiative by Tamil Nadu aimed at fostering skill development, employment, and entrepreneurship among youth. Utilizing primary data from 60 respondents across six colleges, along with secondary government reports, the research analyzes outcomes related to skill enhancement, employability, income generation, and sustainable employment. Findings reveal that approximately 80% of participants experienced significant skill improvement, with 75% reporting enhanced employability. Income opportunities such as part-time work, internships, and self-employment were accessed by over 83%, contributing to economic empowerment. Statistical tests confirm a strong, significant relationship between skill development and employability, emphasizing the scheme's effectiveness in improving employment prospects. Overall satisfaction levels are high, with over 83% of respondents expressing positive feedback. Large-scale data indicate that over 41 lakh students have been trained, with more than 1.48 lakh placements achieved, reflecting substantial industry linkage and human capital development. However, challenges such as infrastructural disparities, sectoral mismatches, low placement rates in rural areas, and declining enrolment in short-term courses highlight areas for improvement. The scheme's economic impact includes increased income, entrepreneurship, and regional development, contributing to Tamil Nadu's growth. The research underscores the scheme's potential to reduce youth unemployment, promote inclusive growth, and enhance long-term income mobility. Strategic reforms focusing on industry alignment, infrastructure, and outcome monitoring are recommended to maximize its sustainability and overall economic benefits. From this standpoint, the research examines significant and rapidly changing challenges that are increasingly defining the modern, interconnected global landscape.
Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341, 2026
The Second Backward Classes Commission and related policies have significantly shaped social and ... more The Second Backward Classes Commission and related policies have significantly shaped social and political development in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The Mandal Commission (1979) identified OBCs as about 52% of the population and recommended 27% reservation, a move supported by judicial rulings like the 1992 Indra Sawhney case, which capped reservations at 50% and introduced the creamy layer concept. At the state level, Tamil Nadu estimated that 67% of its population belonged to backward communities and implemented reservation policies reaching 69%, along with welfare schemes, land reforms, and affirmative action to promote social justice. These policies have led to notable improvements in education, literacy, and employment for marginalized groups. Tamil Nadu's Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) is around 47%, with literacy near 80%, surpassing many other states. Welfare programs, scholarships, hostels, financial inclusion, have reduced poverty, with less than 3% of the population living below the poverty line. Politically, OBC communities have gained increased representation, fostering caste-based mobilization and participation in governance. However, intra-group disparities remain, with occupational segregation and wage gaps persisting, especially in private sectors. The broad reservation policies often mask inequalities within castes, highlighting the need for updated caste data and internal sub-categorization. Despite progress, challenges such as outdated data, implementation delays, and social discrimination continue. Tamil Nadu's experience demonstrates that targeted policies and community participation can drive social change, but sustained efforts are necessary to address lingering disparities and promote truly inclusive growth. Seen in this light, the research examines significant and continually developing challenges that are reshaping the modern, globally integrated world.
Journal For Basic Sciences, 2026
Tamil Nadu's transition beyond the middle-income trap depends on strong institutions, transparent... more Tamil Nadu's transition beyond the middle-income trap depends on strong institutions, transparent governance, and stable policies. Innovation-driven growth through Research and Development, digitalisation, skills, and industry-academia collaboration should raise productivity. Strengthening MSMEs, green technologies, and fiscally balanced welfare policies is essential for sustainable, investment-led income growth. Post-2030 development success will depend on aligning inclusive social policies with competitiveness and technological dynamism. The document explores Tamil Nadu's development trajectory beyond 2030, focusing on how the state can escape the middle-income trap through institutional reforms, innovation, and sustainable growth. It identifies key challenges such as institutional inefficiencies, regional disparities, skills gaps, environmental concerns, external risks, and fiscal constraints. The analysis emphasizes the importance of structural transformation towards high-value, technologyintensive industries, improving governance, fostering an innovation ecosystem, and investing in education and skills development. It highlights Tamil Nadu's progress in sectors like manufacturing, renewable energy, and Research and Development but notes persistent regional inequalities that require targeted policies. The report underscores the need for disciplined fiscal management, attracting FDI, and deepening capital markets to support growth. It also stresses integrating environmental sustainability into development plans, promoting renewable energy, and building climate resilience. Political stability and policy continuity are viewed as vital for long-term planning, while external shocks remain a concern, though diversification and good governance enhance resilience. The overall message advocates for a holistic and inclusive approach that aligns institutional quality, innovation, regional equity, fiscal discipline, and sustainability to ensure Tamil Nadu's sustainable and resilient transition to a high-income economy beyond 2030. Viewed through this lens, the study investigates key and dynamically evolving issues that are increasingly shaping the contemporary globally interconnected landscape.
Global Journal of International Business Research (GJIBR) ISSN (Online) 1933-3471 ISSN (Print) 1933-3412 2026, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2026
This study examines the profound socioeconomic transformation of Tamil Nadu under the leadership ... more This study examines the profound socioeconomic transformation of Tamil Nadu under the leadership of Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi, emphasizing his visionary inclusive development model rooted in Dravidian ideology. It analyzes his multifaceted policies spanning social justice, education, health, rural and urban infrastructure, industrial growth, environmental sustainability, and cultural preservation. Key initiatives such as extensive reservation policies, universal midday meal schemes, rural irrigation, urban infrastructure projects, and industrial promotion have significantly improved literacy, reduced poverty, and enhanced social equity, particularly for marginalized communities. His governance fostered participatory democracy, strengthened institutions, and promoted linguistic and cultural pride, transforming Tamil Nadu into a model of inclusive growth and social justice.
Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341, 2026
This study examines the profound impacts of geopolitics, conflicts, and trade wars in 2025 on Ind... more This study examines the profound impacts of geopolitics, conflicts, and trade wars in 2025 on India and the global economy. Characterized by escalating regional tensions, protectionist trade policies, and strategic realignments, the global landscape faces heightened vulnerabilities in supply chains, resource access, and financial stability. Major conflicts, such as U.S.-China tensions, Middle Eastern instability, and ongoing regional disputes, have disrupted trade routes, increased energy prices, and slowed global growth, projected at around 2.9%, with a potential GDP decline of up to 7%. India, as a rapidly growing emerging market, has responded through trade diversification, policy reforms, and strengthening international partnerships, notably with the EU, UK, ASEAN, and BRICS. Despite facing challenges like rising energy costs, sectoral vulnerabilities in manufacturing, agriculture, and energy, India has leveraged strategic trade agreements, domestic reforms, and FDI inflows, which surged by approximately 73% to $47 billion. Geopolitical conflicts have also prompted global supply chain realignments, with companies adopting regionalized production strategies, favoring India as a key beneficiary. Furthermore, currency volatility, capital outflows, and rising energy prices have tested India's financial stability, but proactive measures by the Reserve Bank of India have mitigated deeper disruptions. Overall, the research underscores the importance of strategic resilience, policy innovation, and regional cooperation in navigating an increasingly multipolar and uncertain global environment. The findings highlight India's evolving strategic role and the necessity for adaptive policy responses to sustain growth amid global turbulence. From this perspective, the study examines key and rapidly evolving issues that are becoming increasingly significant in today's highly interconnected global landscape.
Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-834, 2026
This analysis explores the socioeconomic , cultural, and market dynamics of Toda and Kota handicr... more This analysis explores the socioeconomic , cultural, and market dynamics of Toda and Kota handicrafts in Nilgiris district, highlighting their significance as repositories of tradition and potential drivers of sustainable livelihoods. Toda embroidery, GI-registered and rich in mythological motifs, symbolizes community identity and spiritual beliefs but faces challenges such as declining youth participation, limited market reach, and dependence on tourism. Similarly, Kota crafts, comprising pottery, metalwork, and musical instruments, are integral to ritual and social cohesion but are increasingly threatened by mechanization, changing demand, and limited access to formal markets and finance. Both communities rely heavily on intermediaries, resulting in low profit margins and economic vulnerability, compounded by high production costs, seasonal fluctuations, and limited savings or insurance. Women dominate craft production, yet often earn only a fraction of retail prices, with limited control over income. Government schemes, GI protections, and cooperative models offer opportunities for strengthening livelihoods, but their impact remains uneven. The rising penetration of digital platforms presents significant potential for direct market access, branding, and export expansion, which can enhance artisans' bargaining power and income. Addressing challenges such as youth disengagement, cultural commodification, and financial exclusion through targeted skill development, entrepreneurship promotion, and policy support is essential for ensuring sustainability. By leveraging traditional knowledge, fostering innovation, and expanding market linkages, Toda and Kota crafts can be transformed into resilient, high-value niche products that preserve cultural heritage while contributing to socioeconomic development in the region. From this standpoint, the study explores important and swiftly changing issues that are gaining greater relevance in today's globally interconnected environment.
GIS SCIENCE JOURNAL ISSN NO : 1869-9391, 2026
This study explores how microfinance helps empower rural women in Tamil Nadu by improving their a... more This study explores how microfinance helps empower rural women in Tamil Nadu by improving their access to financial services, increasing their income, and reducing poverty. Microfinance provides small, collateral-free loans that women can use to start businesses, buy household items, or improve their homes. Through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and government support, many women have gained confidence, decision-making power, and economic independence. Microfinance also encourages women to save, participate in community activities, and take leadership roles in local governance. Despite these positive changes, challenges remain, such as over-indebtedness, high interest rates, social barriers, and low financial literacy. Many women face difficulties in fully using banking services due to cultural norms, limited mobility, and lack of awareness. The study highlights the progress made in Tamil Nadu and suggests that combining microfinance with training, skill development, and responsible lending can lead to more sustainable benefits. Strengthening policies, promoting digital banking, and involving community organizations can help overcome existing problems. Overall, microfinance has the potential to significantly improve the socioeconomic status of rural women and contribute to overall rural development. To achieve lasting progress, it is important to address challenges and create an inclusive financial environment that supports women's empowerment and community growth. From this standpoint, the study investigates important and swiftly changing issues that are gaining prominence in the modern, globally connected world.
Journal For Basic Sciences, 2026
The Naan-Muthalvan Scheme, launched by the Tamil Nadu government in March 2022, is a comprehensiv... more The Naan-Muthalvan Scheme, launched by the Tamil Nadu government in March 2022, is a comprehensive initiative aimed at enhancing youth employability through skill development, industry linkage, and career guidance. Targeting students across arts, science, engineering, polytechnic, and ITI institutions, the scheme emphasizes technical, digital, and soft skills to bridge the gap between education and rapidly evolving labor market demands. Since its inception, the scheme has trained over 41 lakh students and engaged numerous industry partners, resulting in substantial employment placements and increased income opportunities, especially for women and rural youth. Key components include industry-relevant courses, certifications, internships, job fairs, and digital skill platforms, all designed to foster sustainable employment and socioeconomic upliftment. Despite significant achievements, challenges such as disparities in digital infrastructure, regional variations in training quality, and gaps between training content and industry needs persist. The decline in participation in short-term courses and concerns over long-term job retention highlight the necessity for continuous curriculum updates, enhanced industry collaboration, and targeted support for marginalized groups. This study evaluates the scheme's effectiveness in achieving its objectives, analyzes participation and employment outcomes, and identifies critical gaps and policy implications. The findings suggest that strengthening industry partnerships, expanding digital access, and focusing on future-oriented skill areas can significantly improve the scheme's impact. Ultimately, Naan-Muthalvan has the potential to serve as a model for scalable youth employment programs, contributing to Tamil Nadu's socioeconomic development by creating a resilient, skilled, and adaptable workforce aligned with global labor market trends. From this viewpoint, the study explores key and fast-changing issues that are gaining growing importance in the contemporary, interconnected global environment.
This study evaluates the Tamil Puthalvan Welfare Scheme in Tamil Nadu and its effect on higher ed... more This study evaluates the Tamil Puthalvan Welfare Scheme in Tamil Nadu and its effect on higher education students. The scheme aims to improve access to college, support skill development, and increase employment opportunities for students from poor and rural backgrounds. Using data from 70 students in government colleges in Vellore, the study finds that most students are aware of the scheme and credit it with helping them enroll in college and stay in education. The scheme provides monthly financial aid of ₹1,000, which reduces financial barriers and encourages students to continue their studies. It also promotes skill development in areas like digital literacy, vocational training, soft skills, and entrepreneurship, making students more job-ready.
Science, Technology and Development Volume XV Issue I JANUARY 2026 ISSN : 0950-0707, 2026
This study assesses the economic and educational impact of the Puthumaipen Welfare Scheme on wome... more This study assesses the economic and educational impact of the Puthumaipen Welfare Scheme on women students in higher education institutions in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu. Launched in September 2022, the scheme provides a monthly financial assistance of ₹1,000 to girl students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, aiming to promote access, academic continuity, skill development, and employment opportunities. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 80 women students across selected Government Arts Colleges through structured questionnaires and secondary sources. The analysis revealed that the scheme has significantly contributed to increasing female enrollment, reducing dropout rates, and improving access to higher education, especially among marginalized groups such as Backward Classes and Scheduled Castes. Awareness levels among beneficiaries are relatively high, primarily through institutional channels like college administration and teachers, which positively influence scheme utilization. The findings indicate that financial support has helped alleviate economic barriers, enabling students to focus on their academic and skill development pursuits. Statistical tests, including Chi-square and ANOVA, confirmed strong associations between awareness, institutional factors, and positive outcomes like academic continuity, skill acquisition, and employment prospects. The scheme's impact is also reflected in higher satisfaction levels and community support, despite challenges related to bureaucratic delays and procedural complexities. Overall, the Puthumaipen Welfare Scheme has played a vital role in empowering women through education, fostering human capital development, and promoting socioeconomic upliftment in Vellore District. The study recommends strengthening awareness campaigns, streamlining administrative processes, and expanding skill-oriented programs to enhance its long-term effectiveness. From this viewpoint, the study explores pressing and fast-changing challenges that are gaining growing importance in the context of today's globally connected world.
Mukt Shabd Journal - ISSN NO : 2347-3150, 2026
This empirical study explores India's strategic adaptation within a rapidly shifting global order... more This empirical study explores India's strategic adaptation within a rapidly shifting global order characterized by trade transformations, geopolitical tensions, and economic uncertainties. Utilizing secondary data from credible sources such as RBI, IMF, UNDP, and government reports, the research assesses India's resilience through trade diversification, policy innovations, and international diplomacy. Key areas include trade performance, manufacturing growth driven by schemes like PLI, energy security, and digital infrastructure development. The study evaluates India's balancing act in geopolitics, energy dependence, and foreign investment inflows amid global conflicts and protectionist trends. It also examines India's commitment to inclusive growth via social protection, renewable energy, and SDG progress, alongside governance reforms and innovation. Findings highlight India's strengths in export growth, strategic partnerships, and sustainable development, while identifying challenges such as trade imbalances, high energy reliance, and climate finance needs. The paper underscores the importance of continued policy reforms, technological advancement, and international cooperation for fostering resilient, inclusive, and sustainable growth in India's evolving global context.The study investigates the increasing relevance of emerging and critical challenges within a rapidly evolving and globally interconnected world, underscoring their vital role in shaping the contemporary global scenario.
Journal For Basic Sciences, 2026
India's economy has undergone a significant structural transformation over the past seventy years... more India's economy has undergone a significant structural transformation over the past seventy years, evolving from an agriculture-dependent society to a diverse economy driven by manufacturing and services. This shift has been facilitated by policy reforms such as GST, FDI liberalization, and digital initiatives like Digital India, which have enhanced productivity, investment, and ease of doing business. Despite notable progress, regional disparities persist, with southern and western states experiencing faster growth compared to eastern and northern regions. Employment patterns reveal a slow transition, with agriculture still employing a large share of the workforce amid declining output contribution, indicating productivity gaps. Social welfare schemes and inclusive policies have contributed to poverty reduction and social equity, though benefits remain unevenly distributed. The labor market is increasingly characterized by digital and informal sector activities, with challenges such as low female participation and youth unemployment requiring targeted interventions. Human capital development has advanced through higher education enrollment and digital learning, but low R&D investment and vocational training outcomes highlight ongoing gaps. Governance reforms emphasizing decentralization and e-governance have improved transparency and service delivery, fostering inclusive participation. Moving forward, balanced regional development, skill enhancement, innovation, and strengthened governance are critical for sustainable and inclusive growth. Addressing these interconnected challenges will be vital for translating India's economic gains into equitable development, ensuring long-term prosperity and social cohesion. The study explores the increasing importance of major and emerging challenges in today's rapidly evolving and interconnected world, highlighting their significance within the contemporary global context.
GIS SCIENCE JOURNAL, 2025
This empirical study examines the substantial economic and financial burdens of diabetes in Tamil... more This empirical study examines the substantial economic and financial burdens of diabetes in Tamil Nadu, highlighting its impact on households, labor markets, and socioeconomic stability. Despite relatively better health financing, households bear significant out-of-pocket expenses for medicines, diagnostics, and hospitalization, leading to catastrophic expenditures, debt, and asset depletion, especially among low-income and rural populations. The analysis reveals that direct costs such as inpatient care and long-term medication, coupled with indirect costs like reduced productivity, absenteeism, and premature workforce exit, severely diminish household income and labor resilience. Gender disparities in unpaid caregiving further restrict women's economic participation, reinforcing social inequalities. The study employs secondary data, ANOVA, and regression models to demonstrate significant disparities across economic parameters, with macroeconomic estimates indicating substantial GDP losses and millions of productive life years lost due to diabetes-related morbidity. It underscores the critical role of Tamil Nadu's public health infrastructure, including primary care and community health programs, in mitigating these burdens. Policy recommendations emphasize expanding insurance coverage, strengthening primary healthcare, implementing social protection schemes, and promoting preventive measures such as health education and fiscal policies to reduce disease incidence. Addressing these multifaceted challenges is essential for fostering inclusive socioeconomic development, enhancing labor market resilience, and reducing long-term economic vulnerabilities associated with diabetes in Tamil Nadu. The study investigates key and rapidly evolving challenges that are becoming increasingly significant in the contemporary global landscape.
This study empirically analyzes the socioeconomic impacts, parental well-being, economic burdens,... more This study empirically analyzes the socioeconomic impacts, parental well-being, economic burdens, labor market challenges, and policy solutions for families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Tamil Nadu. ASD prevalence shows hospital-based rates of 6.1% among pediatric outpatients, with higher diagnosis in males (8.3%) and urban/higherincome families due to better access, while rural and low-income groups face under-diagnosis and delays averaging 4-5 years. Families endure direct costs of ₹1,000-5,000 monthly for therapies and ₹10,000-30,000 for special education, plus indirect costs from parental workforce withdrawal (30-40% reduction in hours or exit), leading to 21-28% lower household earnings and heightened poverty risk. Caregivers experience elevated stress, anxiety, and depression from caregiving demands, compounded by stigma, limited rural services, and inadequate infrastructure like trained professionals and early intervention centers. Labor market effects include career stagnation, informal employment shifts (35-45% of caregivers), and lost productivity, with national projections estimating rising fiscal burdens. Education gaps persist, with low teacher training leading to exclusion. The study uses descriptive analysis based on secondary data from government sources, World Health Organization (WHO) / United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and academic journals to recommend integrated reforms, including compulsory early screening through Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK), affordable therapies under the Niramaya scheme, specialized teacher training, caregiver support such as respite care and flexible work options, and the creation of district-level registries. Cost-benefit evidence shows early intervention yields 3:1 returns by reducing lifetime costs. These measures aim to enhance inclusion, cut economic strain, and boost human capital in Tamil Nadu. The research examines critical and continually emerging challenges that aare gaining growing importance in today's global context.
This research analyzes the complex external and internal factors affecting India's macroeconomic ... more This research analyzes the complex external and internal factors affecting India's macroeconomic stability amid the rupee's record depreciation near ₹90 per dollar in 2025. It examines global headwinds such as rising U.S. interest rates, trade tensions, and geopolitical frictions, alongside domestic vulnerabilities including trade deficits, capital outflows, and high import dependence. The study explores how U.S. policies, visa restrictions, tariffs, and outsourcing taxes, exacerbate pressure on India's currency, trade margins, and foreign investment, particularly impacting the IT sector and export competitiveness. Via qualitative and quantitative methods, it assesses the short-and long-term economic impacts, emphasizing inflationary pressures, rising external debt, and reduced policy flexibility. The analysis underscores the importance of strategic reforms such as export diversification, domestic manufacturing expansion, strengthening foreign reserves, and trade negotiations to mitigate external shocks. The findings highlight that sustained currency weakness risks undermining growth, increasing inflation, and heightening external vulnerabilities unless balanced with structural reforms and resilience-building measures. The paper concludes with policy recommendations focused on diversification, self-reliance, and external buffers to safeguard India's economic future. Future research should explore export diversification strategies, technological innovation, digital trade, currency risk management, and social impacts of currency fluctuations to enhance India's economic resilience and sustainable growth. The research investigates urgent and rapidly evolving challenges that are gaining significance in the contemporary global environment.
This empirical study investigates Tamil Nadu's rural credit crisis, emphasizing its structural, s... more This empirical study investigates Tamil Nadu's rural credit crisis, emphasizing its structural, social, and institutional causes. Despite extensive banking infrastructure and microfinance networks, a significant portion of rural households, especially small and marginal farmers, remain excluded from affordable formal credit due to land fragmentation, insecure tenancy, and stringent collateral norms. Social discrimination based on caste and gender further limits access, with marginalized groups facing higher rejection rates and smaller loan amounts. Dependence on informal sources like moneylenders and chit funds charging exorbitant interest rates exacerbates debt burdens and cycles of over-indebtedness. Procedural barriers, low financial literacy, and limited outreach hinder effective utilization of formal banking services, especially in remote areas. The economic impact includes reduced productivity, limited diversification, and increased poverty among rural communities. To address these issues, the study advocates for reimagining inclusive banking models leveraging digital technology, simplifying procedures, recognizing diverse collateral, and promoting social inclusion. Strengthening cooperative banks, expanding micro-credit schemes, and deploying community-based digital financial services are vital reforms. A comprehensive approach integrating institutional reforms, technological innovation, and targeted social measures can foster financial resilience, reduce reliance on exploitative informal credit, and promote sustainable rural development in Tamil Nadu. This reform-oriented strategy aims to bridge the gap between formal financial institutions and rural households, ensuring equitable access and fostering inclusive growth. This study examines urgent and relevant issues that are gaining prominence in our rapidly evolving and interconnected world, underscoring their importance within the present global landscape.
This study explores the emerging challenges impacting Tamil Nadu's social, economic, and politica... more This study explores the emerging challenges impacting Tamil Nadu's social, economic, and political stability in a rapidly transforming environment. Focusing on issues such as organized crime, caste violence, political patronage, resource conflicts, and judicial delays, it examines their effects on growth, social cohesion, and sustainable development. The research synthesizes secondary data, official reports, and case studies to analyze how these multifaceted challenges hinder investment, disrupt infrastructure projects, and deepen social inequalities, particularly among marginalized groups. It highlights the colonial legacies, modern criminal networks, and political dynamics fueling violence, resource exploitation, and lawlessness. The study emphasizes the importance of integrated strategies, strengthening law enforcement, judicial reforms, social inclusion, and community-based conflict resolution, to mitigate violence, curb criminalization, and foster inclusive growth. It underscores the need for data-driven policing, transparency, and policy reforms to promote stability, economic resilience, and social justice. Ultimately, addressing these interconnected challenges is essential for Tamil Nadu to achieve long-term sustainable development, equitable growth, and social harmony. This study examines emerging contemporary challenges that have become increasingly critical in our rapidly transforming and globally connected environment, emphasizing their importance in today's world.
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Papers by Dr. G. YOGANANDHAM