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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005
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6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications
Fall 2005
Lecture 10 - Transmission Lines
Prof. Markus Zahn
October 13, 2005
I. Transmission Line Equations
A. Parallel Plate Transmission Line
must be perpendicular to the electrodes and H
must be tangential, so
E
= Ex (z, t)ix
E
= Hy (z, t)iy
H
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
= H Ex = Hy
E
t
z
t
H
E
E
y
x
=
H
=
t
z
t
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach,
by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
1
v(z, t) =
dl = Ex (z, t)d
E
1
z = constant
i(z, t) = Kz (z, t)w = Hy (z, t)w
v
i
= L
z
t
i
v
= C
z
t
d
henries / meter Inductance per unit length
w
w
C=
farads / meter Capacitance per unit length
d
d
w
1
LC =
= = 2
w d
c
L=
B. Transmission Line Structures
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
C. Distributed Circuit Representation with Losses
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
v(z, t)
+ Gz v(z, t)
t
i(z + z, t)
+ i(z + z, t)Rz
v(z, t) v(z + z, t) = Lz
t
i(z + z, t) i(z, t)
i
v
Gv
lim
=
= C
z 0
z
z
t
v(z + z, t) v(z, t)
v
i
lim
=
= L iR
z 0
z
z
t
i(z, t) i(z + z, t) = Cz
R is the series resistance per unit length, measured in ohms/meter, and G is the shunt
conductance per unit length, measured in siemens/meter.
If the line is lossless (R = G = 0), we have the Telegraphers equations:
i
v
= C
z
t
v
i
= L
z
t
Including loss, Poyntings theorem for the circuit equivalent form is:
i
v
v
= C
Gv
v
i
= L iR
1
2 1
2
i
v
(vi)
Add: v
+ i
=
=
Cv + Li Gv 2 i2 R
z
z
z
t 2
D. Wave Equation (Lossless, R = 0, G = 0)
i
v
= C
v
i
= L
t
2v
1 2v
=
C
L
z 2
t2
2i
2 v
= C 2
zt
t
2i
1 2 v
=
zt
L z 2
2v
2v
1 2v
=
LC
=
2
2
t
c2 t2
z
Wave equation
II. Sinusoidal Steady State
A. Complex Amplitude Notation
v(z, t) = Re
v(z)ejt
i(z, t) = Re i(z)ejt
Substitute into the wave equation:
2v
1 2v
d2 v
2
v(z), let k =
2
2
2
2
2
z
c t
c
dz
c
d2 v
+ k 2 v = 0 v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz
dz 2
dv
1
= Lji i(z) =
jk V+ ejkz + jk V e+jkz
dz
Lj
k
LC
C
=
= LC
= Y0 is the Line Admittance
L
L
1
L
Z0 =
=
is the Line Impedance
Y0
C
i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V e+jkz
4
v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz
v(z, t) = Re V+ ej(tkz) + V ej(t+kz)
j(tkz)
j(t+kz)
i(z, t) = Re Y0 V+ e
V e
k = = LC =
c
B. Short Circuited Line (v(z = 0, t) = 0, v(z = l, t) = V0 cos(t))
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz v(z = 0) = 0 = V+ + V V+ = V
v(z = l) = V0 = V+ e+jkl + V ejkl = V+ ejkl ejkl
5
= 2j sin(kl)V+
V0
V+ = V =
2j sin(kl)
V (2j) sin(kz)
V0
0
ejkz e+jkz =
2j sin(kl)
2j sin(kl)
V0 sin(kz)
=
sin(kl)
Y
0 V0
i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V ejkz =
ejkz + e+jkz
2j sin(kl)
2Y0 V0 cos(kz)
=
2j sin(kl)
jY0 V0 cos(kz)
=
sin(kl)
V0 sin(kz) jt
V0 sin(kz) cos(t)
v(z, t) = Re v(z)ejt = Re
e
=
sin(kl)
sin(kl)
Y0 V0 cos(kz) sin(t)
jY0 V0 cos(kz) jt
i(z, t) = Re i(z)ejt = Re
e
=
sin(kl)
sin(kl)
v(z) =
We have resonance when sin(kl) = 0 kl = n =
Complex impedance: Z(z) =
v(z)
i(z)
l
c
= n
nc
l ,n
= 1, 2, 3, . . .
= jZ0 tan(kz)
Z(z = l) = +jZ0 tan(kl)
In the following, take n = 1, 2, 3, . . .:
kl = n
kl = (2n 1)
2
(n 1) < kl < (2n 1)
2
1
(n ) < kl < n
2
kl 1
|kz| 1
Z(z = l) = 0
short circuit
Z(z = l) =
open circuit
Z(z = l) = +jX, X > 0
(positive reactance, inductive)
Z(z = l) = jX, X > 0
(negative reactance, capacitive)
Z(z) = jZ0 k
L
= j
L
C
C
= jLZ
Z(z = l) = j(Ll) inductive
V0 z
v(z, t) =
cos(t) v(z = l, t) = V0 cos(t)
l
di
= (Ll) (z = l, t)
dt
V0 Y0
V0 sin(t)
i(z, t) =
sin(t)
i(z = l, t) =
kl
(Ll)
6
C. Open Circuited Line (i(z = 0, t) = 0)
v(z = l, t) = V0 sin(t)
i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V e+jkz i(z = 0) = 0 = Y0 V+ V V+ = V
v(z = l) = jV0 = V+ e+jkl + V ejkl = V+ ejkl + ejkl = 2V+ cos(kl)
jV0
2 cos(kl)
jV0 jkz
v(z) =
e
+ e+jkz
2 cos(kl)
jV0 2 cos(kz)
=
2 cos(kl)
jV0 cos(kz)
=
cos(kl)
i(z) = jY0 V0 ejkz e+jkz
2 cos(kl)
(jY0 V0 )(2j) sin(kz)
=
2 cos(kl)
Y0 V0 sin(kz)
=
cos(kl)
V+ = V =
V0 cos(kz)
v(z, t) = Re v(z)ejt =
sin(t)
cos(kl)
V0 Y0
i(z, t) = Re i(z)ejt =
sin(kz) cos(t)
cos(kl)
Resonance: cos(kl) = 0 (kl) = (2n 1) , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2
(2n 1) 2
n =
2l
Complex Impedance
v(z)
= Z0 j cot(kz)
i(z)
Z(z = l) = jZ0 cot(kl)
Z(z) =
kl 1 v(z, t) = V0 sin(t)
i(z, t) = V0 Y0 kz cos(t)
i(z = l, t) = (Cl)V0 cos(t) = (Cl)
dv
(z = l, t)
dt
Open circuited line
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
Impedance for short and open circuited wires
