UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY
College of Engineering
Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2012
COURSE:
MSE C212 - ME C225
TITLE:
DEFORMATION & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
UNITS:
LECTURES:
Tuesday, Thursday 9 - 11 am, 348 HMMB
OFFICE HOURS: Tuesday, Thursday 11 - 12 noon, 324 HMMB
LECTURER:
Professor R. O. Ritchie, MSE & ME Departments
Campus: Rm. 324 Hearst Mining Memorial Bldg.,
LBL: Materials Sciences Division, Bldg. 62, Rm. 239, 486-5798
e-mail: roritchie@[Link]
WEB PAGE:
[Link]
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
A survey course of the mechanics and microstructural aspects of deformation
and fracture in structural metallic, ceramic and composite materials, including
linear elastic, nonlinear elastic/plastic and creep deformation from a continuum
viewpoint, fracture mechanics of linear elastic, nonlinear elastic and creeping
materials, physical basis of intrinsic and extrinsic toughening, environmentallyassisted fracture, cyclic fatigue failure, fatigue-crack propagation, stressstrain/life and damage-tolerant design, creep-crack growth, and fracture
statistics.
PRERQUISITES:
Undergraduate level understanding of mechanics; MSE 113, ME 108 or
equivalent
PROJECT:
Students will be selected into groups of three and chose, or be assigned, an
individual project on a topic distinct from his or her research work; the topic could
be based on a published paper or a series of papers, or be an in-depth study of a
particular top. At the end of the semester, a full write-up on each project will be
required, plus a 10-minute oral presentation by each group to the class.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
1) Mechanical Behavior of Materials:
F. A. McClintock and A. S. Argon: Mechanical Behavior of Materials (AddisonWesley, 1966)
M. A. Meyers and K. K. Chawla: Mechanical Metallurgy: Principles and
Applications (Prentice-Hall, 1984)
2) Fracture Mechanics:
D. Broek: Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics (3rd ed., Sijthoff Noordhoff,
1982)
J. F. Knott: Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics (Halstead Press, 1973)
S. T. Rolfe and J. M. Barson: Fracture and Fatigue Control in Structures (2nd ed.,
Prentice-Hall, 1987)
H. L. Ewalds and R. J. Wanhill: Fracture Mechanics (Arnold, 1984)
T. L. Anderson: Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (3rd ed., CRC
Press, 2005)
B. R. Lawn: Fracture of Brittle Solids (2nd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993)
3) Handbooks on K and J Solutions:
Akram Zahoor: Ductile Fracture Handbook (Electric Power Research Inst., 1989)
H. Tada, P. C. Paris, and G. R. Irwin: Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook (Del/Paris
Publ., 1985)
3) Fatigue:
S. Suresh: Fatigue of Materials (Cambridge, 1998, 2nd ed.)
F. Ellyin: Fatigue Damage, Crack Growth and Life Prediction (Chapman&Hall, 1997)
4) Environmentally-Influenced Failure:
J. C. Scully: Fundamentals of Corrosion (Pergamon, 1975, 2nd ed.)
5) Mechanical Testing:
Metals Handbook, 9th ed., vol. 8 (American Society for Metals)
6) Failure Analysis/Fractography:
Metals Handbook, 9th ed., vol. 12 (American Society for Metals)
7) Continuum Mechanics/Elasticity (simple treatments):
E. P. Popov: Introduction to Mechanics of Solids (Prentice-Hall, 1968)
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl and T. J. Lardner: An Introduction to the Mechanics of
Solids (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1978)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY
College of Engineering
Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Mechanical Engineering
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
MSE C212 ME C225
Prof. R. O. Ritchie
COURSE OUTLINE
PART I: DEFORMATION
Jan. T
Th
T
Th
T
Feb. Th
T
Th
T
17
19
24
26
31
2
7
9
14
Introduction. Continuum Mechanics: stress, strain
Linear Elasticity: beam theory, invariants, etc.
constitutive laws
Plasticity: yield criteria, deformation and flow theories
constitutive laws, Prandtl-Reuss equations
limit analysis (lower bounds)
limit analysis upper bounds)
deformation processing
Rate-Dependent Plasticity: creep deformation, creep rupture
PART II: FRACTURE MECHANICS
Th
T
Th
T
Mar Th
T
16
21
23
28
1
6
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: KI singularity
plasticity considerations, KIc, CTOD
resistance curves, plane-stress analyses
Nonlinear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: HRR singularity
JIc, JR(a) resistance curves, TR, CTOA
Non-stationary crack-growth analysis
PART III: SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH
Th
T
Th
T
Th
Apr. T
Th
T
Th
8
13
15
20
22
3
5
10
12
Environmentally-Assisted Fracture: stress corrosion
hydrogen embrittlement
corrosion fatigue
Cyclic Fatigue Failure: mechanistic aspects
crack propagation, damage-tolerant analysis
variable-amplitude loading, small cracks, crack closure
stress-strain/life analysis
ceramics, intermetallics
biological materials, e.g., bone
PART IV: MODELING, STATISTICS, ETC
T
Th
T
Th
17
19
24
26
Physical Basis of Toughness: intrinsic toughening - metals
extrinsic toughening ceramics, composites
fracture statistics
****** Presentation of project reports ******
College of Engineering
Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
MSE 212 - ME 225
Prof. R. O. Ritchie
PART I: DEFORMATION
(CONTINUUM ASPECTS)
1.
CONTINUUM MECHANICS/ LINEAR ELASTICITY
Linear elastic beam in bending
Composite beam in bending
Transformation of stresses, strains
Invariants
Geometric compatibility
Phenomenological description of elasticity
Elastic constitutive relationships
Pressurized cylinders, spheres
Torsion of cylinders, tubes
Castiglianos theorem
Stress concentration
Elastic instabilities
2.
Hookes law
buckling
PLASTICITY
Phenomenological description
Uniaxial tensile test
Plastic constitutive relationships
Criteria for initial yielding
Plastic flow under multiaxial loading
Plastic instabilities
Limit load analysis
3.
equilibrium of stresses
elastic strain energy
superposition principle
Mohrs circle
principal stresses and strains
hydrostatic stress, dilation
equivalentstress and strain
RATE-DEPENDENT INELASTICITY
Phenomenological description of creep
Creep constitutive equations
Evaluation of creep data in design
Correlation of creep-rupture data
Creep under multiaxial stress states
true stress, incremental strain
deviatoric stresses and strains
Ramberg-Osgood
Tresca, Mises criteria
Prandtl-Reuss equations
necking
upper and lower bounds
PART II: FRACTURE MECHANICS
1.
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS
Atomically brittle fracture
Strain energy release rate, G
Linear elastic crack-tip fields
K singularity
Stress-intensity factor, K
Crack-tip plasticity
K as a failure criterion
Mixed-mode fracture
Plane-stress resistance curves
2.
Large strain analyses
Crack-tip opening displacement,
Relationship between J and
J and as failure criteria
J-contolled crack growth
Non-stationary cracks
T stress
HRR singularity, path-independent integral
nonlinear energy release rate
crack-tip fields, blunting solutions
measurement
Measurement of JIc, i
JR(a) resistance curve, tearing modulus
Rice-Drugan-Sham analysis
crack stability
PHYSICAL BASIS FOR FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
Intrinsic and extrinsic toughening
Intrinsic toughening in metals
Extrinsic toughening in ceramics
4.
Airy stress function, biharmonic equation
Williams soln., Westergaard function
Modes I, II, III
notch solution
K solutions, superposition
equivalence of G and K
plastic-zone size solutions
effective stress-intensity factor
crack-tip opening displacement
plane stress v. plane strain
plane-strain fracture toughness, KIc
crack-deflection equations
NONLINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS
Fully plastic (slip-line) fields
J contour integral
3.
theoretical cohesive strength
Orowan (stressconcentration) approach
Griffith (energy balance) approach
Griffith multiaxial stress criterion
metals, ceramics, polymers, composites
RKR critical- criterion for cleavage
stress-modified critical-strain criterion
statistical considerations
transformation/microcrack toughening
fiber/ligament toughening
INTERFACIAL FRACTURE MECHANICS
Crack-tip fields
Crack-path analysis
Crack stability
Interfacial toughness
Subcritical crack growth
interfacial and near-interfacial cracks
Dundurs parameters, phase angle
crack deflection at interfaces
Gmax, KII=0 criteria, crack-path diagrams
role of T stress
test specimens, toughening strategies
stress corrosion, cyclic fatigue
PART III: SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH
1.
ENVIRONMENTALLY-ASSISTED FRACTURE
Introduction
Active-path corrosion
Hydrogen-assisted cracking
Liquid-metal embrittlement
Test techniques
Corrosion fatigue
2.
test specimens
v-K curves, da/dt= AKn
KIscc, KTH thresholds
Mode I vs. Mode III behavior
Superposition models
(CYCLIC) FATIGUE FAILURE
Mechanistic aspects
Crack initiation
Crack propagation
Damage-tolerant design
Models for crack growth
Crack closure
Variable-amplitude loading
Small cracks
Cyclic fatigue of ceramics
Stress-strain/life analysis
Multiaxial fatigue
3.
mechanisms
stress-corrosion cracking
hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen attack
models, K/ approach
Paris law (da/dN = CKm)
cyclic plastic-zone size
load-ratio effects, KTH thresholds
life prediction
striation growth
plasticity-, oxide- and roughness-induced
Wheeler, Willenborg, closure models
Continuum, LEFM, shielding limitations
mechanisms
role of mean stress, notches, etc.
Miners rule
equivalent stress models
mixed-mode crack growth
CREEP CRACK GROWTH
Crack-tip fields
C(t) integral, transition time
steady-state creep parameter C*
v-C (v-K) curves
