Analytic Geometry

Plotting of points

X - abscissa

Y - ordinates

*E(-4,3) Given 2pts=(x1,x2) and (y1,y2)

Distance=√(x 2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2

1. Find the distance between D and E.

D. (-1,0) E. (-4,2)

D= √(-4+2) 2+(2-0)2

D=√9+4

D=√13

[Link] vertices of line base of an isosceles are at (1,2) and (4,-1). Find the ordinate of the 3rd vertex
if its abscissa of 6.

2
(√(6-1)2+(y-2)2=√(6-4)2+(y+1)2)2

25+y 2-2y+4=4+y2+2y+1

Vertex y2+y2-2y+2y

(1,2)

(9,-1)
Directed Line Segment

A line segment measure in a definite sense on directed.

A B

☻ ☻

AB(+)

A B

☻ ☻

BA(-)

Division of line segment

A line segment may be divided internally or externally.

P(x2,y2)

P(x1,y1)

X1

X2
 P1P2(-)

P1P/PP2 = r1/r2
r1/r2 = x-x1/x2-x

Slope (m)-is a measure of steepness of a line or a curve. It is also equal the angle if indication.

Angle of Indication (ө) of a straight line is the smallest angle from the positive x- axis of a line.

m=tan ө

slope of a line parallel to x- axis is zero.

slope of a line parallel to y- axis is a undefined.

 Slope terms of coordinates

P2(x2,y2)

Y2-Y1

P1(x1y1)

X2-N

M=y2-y2/y2x1

M= tan

If given is coordinates of two points

Ex
1. Determine the slope (m) and angle of indication (ө) of the line joining (-3,8) and (6,7).

m=Y2 –Y1
X2-X1
m = 7-2 = 5

6+2 9

m= tan ө

5 = tan ө

Ө =tan-1(5)
9

2. Find m and ө (-1,-5) and (7,-4)

m= y2-y1
x2-x1

X1=-1 Y1=-5
X2=-7 Y2=-4

m= -4+5 = 1
7+1 8

1 = tan ө
8
Ө=tan-1(1)
8

Slope of parallel lines

If 2 lines L1 and L2 are parallel then their slopes are equal m1=m2

Slope of perpendicular lines

If 2 lines L1and L2 are perpendicular then their slope are negative reciprocal of each other m1=1
M2
Example:
Find the value of x if a line segment drawn from (x,7) to (-2,1) is perpendicular to the segment drawn
(5,1) to (3,5).
m1 = 1/m2
m1 from the line(x,7) and (-2,1)
m1= y2-y1/x2-x1
m1=1-7/3-5
m1=-6/-2-x
m1=6/x+2
m2 from the line (5,-1) and (3,5)
m2=y2-y1/x2-x1
m2=5+1/3-5
m2=6/-2
m2=-3
x+2=18
x=18-2
x=16
Area of a triangle by coordinates. P3(x2y3) A=1/2bh

P1(x1y1)

P2(x1y2) Trapezoid
P1P3P4P5
1/2(b 1+b2)h
= ½ (y 1+y3) (x3-x1)
P4 P6 P5

Trapezoid
P1P3P4P5=½(b1+b2)h
P1P3P4P5=1/2(y1+y3)(x3-x1)
Trapezoid (s2)
P2P6P5P3=1/2(b1+b2)h
P2P6P5P3=1/2(y2+y3)(x3-x2)
A▲=Tb(Ts1+Ts2)

A▲=1/2(y1+y3)(x3-x1)-((1/2(y1+y2)(x2-x1)+1/2(y2+y3)(x3-x2))

A▲=1/2(x3y1-x1y1+x3y3-x1y3-x2y1+x1y1-x2y2+x1y2-x3y2+x2y2-x3y3+x2y3)

A=1/2(x3y1-x1y3-x2y1+x1y2-x3y2+x2y3)

A=1/2 x1 y1 1 x1 y1

x2 y2 1 x2 y2

x3 y3 1 x3 y3
A=1/2(x1y2+x3y1+x2y3-x3y2-x1y3-x2y1)

Find the are of the triangle ▲ABC who`s vertices are (-6,-4)(-1,3)(5,-3)

A=1/2 -6 -4 1 -6 -4

-1 3 1 -1 3

5 -3 1 5 -3

A=1/2(-18-20+3-15-18-4) =-36

General equation of a line

Ax+ By +C=0 where ABC is real nos.

If the line is parallel to and at a directed distance x, from y-axis, its equation is x=x1

X=X1

X1

If the line is parallel to end at a directed distance y1 from the axis, its equation is y=y1

Y1
Standard equation of a line

1. 2 points from y-y1=y2-y1/x2-x1(x-x1)

2. Point - slope from y-y1=m(x-x1)

3. Slope – intercept mx+b

Where: m=slope
b=y – intercept
4. Intercept Form
x/a + y/b = 1
Where : a = x interest and b =y – intercept
Equations of Parallel lines
Ax + By + C1= 0
Ax + By + C2 =0
Slope = - A/B
equations of Perpendicular lines
Ax + By + C1 = 0
+ Bx + + Ay + C2 = 0
Slopes: -A/B and B/A
1. Find the equation of a line
Passes through (3,4) and (-2,1)
y-y1= y2-y1/x2-x1 (x-x1) y-4=3/5+ -9/5
y-42 1-4/-2-3 (x-3) y=3/5x -9/5-+4
y-4 = 3/5 (x-3) y=3/5x+11/5
5[y=3/5x+4/3]5

5y=3x+11
0=3x-5y+11
What is the equation of the line passing through (6,-3) and the origin?
(6,-3) (0,0)
y+3=3/-6 (x-6)
y+3=3/6x+3
y=-3/6x+3,-3
y=-3/6x
3. A line passing through (2,1)has a slope of -2/3 Find its equation of (2,1)
m=-2/3 y-y1=m(x-x1)
y-1=-2/3(x-2)
y-1=-2/3x+4/3
y=-2/3x+4/3+1
y=-2/3x+7/3 3y=-2x+7
4. Find the equation of line whose slope and y- intercept are -3/2 and -2 respectively
m=-3/2 y=mx+b
b=-2 y=-3/2x-2

5. Find the equa. Of the line whose x and y – intercept are 2 and -3/2 respectively
a=2 b=-3/2 x/a + y/b = 1
x/2+y/-3/2=1
x/2-2y/3=1
Equations of Parallel lines / I lines
L1 eq1n(1) Ax+ By + C1 = 0 Ax + By + C1 = 0
1
L2 eq n(2) Ax+ By + C2 = 0 + Bx + Ay + C2 = 0

M=-1/m2 m=-1/m2

C2

C1

Example
1. Find the equation of a line passing through (-3,8) || to the line 6x-5y + 15 =0
L1 6x – 5y + 15=0
L2 6x – 5y +___=0
6x-5y=6(-3)-5(8)
6x-5y=-18-40
6x-5y=-58
6x-5y+58=0

[Link] the eq1n of the line passing through (6m,-7) I to the line x + 3y – 6=0
L1: x+ 3y – 6 = 0
L2: 3x-y+____=0
3x-y=3(6)-(-7) 3x-y=18+7
3x-y-25=0

3. A right triangle has its right angle at (5,7) and the eq1n of one of its leg is 2x-y-3=0
Find the equation of the other leg
L1 = 2x – y -3 =0
L2 = -x – 2y+ ___=0
-x-2y=-5-2(7)
-x-2y=-5-14
-x-2y+19=0
x+2y-19=0

Distance From a line to a point let the given line have the equation Ax+ By + C=0 and the given Pt. be
P(x1y1)

d= Ax1+By1+C/+√A2+B2
Note: The ambiguous sign should follow the sign of B d is (+) when P(x1y) in above the line of the
line is // to y-axis P(x1y) is to the right
line is // to y-axis P(x1y) is below the line of x
the line is // to y-axis P(x1y) is to the left

Example
1. Find the distance of the pt(6,3)
From line 2x-y+4=0
y1=6 A=2 C=4
y1=3 B=-1

d=2(6)+(-1)(-3)+4/-√22+(-1)2
d=12+3+9/-√4+1
d=19/-√5
The Circle
r=√(x-h)2+(y-k)2
Y r2=(x-h)2+(y-k)2

P(x1y) eq1n of the circle at C (h,k) if C (0,0)

R2=X2+Y2

C(h,k)

R2-2xh+h2+y2-2yk+k2

r2=x2+y2-2xh-2yk+k2+h2
Ax2+Bxy+Cy2+Px+Ey+F=0
X2+Y2+dx+ey+f=0 General Form

Sample
1. Reduce to standard form and draw the circle
4x2+4y2-20x+4y-55=0/4
x2+y2-5x+y-55/4=0
middle : x2-5x+_______+y2+y+=55/4
x2-5x+25/4+y2+y+1/4=55/4 + 25/4+1/4
C(5/2,-1/2)
r=4/2
2. Reduce to general form
(x+4)2+(y-2)2=8
X2+8x+16+y2=4y+4=8
X2+8x+42-4y=-12
X2+y2+8x-4y=-12
x2+y2+8x-4y+12=0
3. Find the equation of a circle w/ pts(6,-1) and (-2,3) as ends of diameter X=X1+X2/2 Y=Y1+Y2/2
X=6-2/2 Y=-1+3/2
X=2=h Y=1-k
C(-2,1)
R=?
R=√(6-2)2+(-1-1)2
R=√16+4
R=√2-
R2=20
(X-h)2+(y-k)2=r2
(x-2)2+(y-1)2=20-P SF
x2-4x+4+y2-2y+1=20
x2+y2-4x-2y=20-4-1
x2+y2-4x-2y-15=0 – PGF