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1.3 Mass and-weight

ever eerre FCCC SSCS SSS SSS SSS SST SCS SSCS SST SSS SST TTS SST TSS SC SCC STS SCS CT CSCS CSCC CSC SC SC Ce CSCC TCC eC ee ee eC CeCe eee ee eee

1.3 Mass and weight EE

Key objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
e define mass and weight and know that weights @ describe how the weight of an object
(and masses) can be compared using a balance depends on the gravitational field it is in
e@ define gravitational field strength, g, and use
the equation relating g, weight and mass

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The unit of mass is the

kilogram, kg.
Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object that has mass. As it
is a force, the unit of weight is the newton, N.
Weight, W, and mass, m, are related. The weight depends on the strength
of the gravitational field the mass is in. Gravitational field strength is
defined as the force acting per unit mass and is given by the equation:
g=—W
m

Gravitational field strength has the same symbol g as the acceleration of

free fall as they are equivalent. The units are different. Near the surface of
the Earth, gravitational field strength is 9.8N/kg and acceleration of free
fall is 9.8 m/s?.
A balance such as the one shown in Figure 1.12 compares an unknown
weight with a known weight.

A
mass 1
mass 2

v v
weight 1 weight 2

A Figure 1.12 Balanced weights

As mass determines weight, a balance also compares masses. In Figure

1.12, mass 1 = mass 2 because weight 1 = weight 2.

The mass of an object at rest is always the same as it depends on the

matter in the object. However, the weight depends on the gravitational
| It is illegal to photocopy this 7

field the mass is in. A 1kg mass has a weight of 9.8N on Earth. Jupiter
has a gravitational field strength of 25N/kg. The same 1kg mass would
have a weight of 25N on Jupiter.

Exam-style questions
Revision activity
Answers available at: [Link]/cambridgeextras
Create flashcards for
7 Arover used to explore planets weighs 8820N on Earth. On Mars the
the definitions of the key
rover weighs 3330N.
a Calculate the mass of the rover. [2] oS “ ae
b Calculate the gravitational field strength on Mars. [1] the equation g = a

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1 Motion, forces and energy

(PoP PP PPR RRR RRR Pee eee eee Pee eee eee eee eee Pee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee Pe Pee Pee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee ee)

1.4 Density EE

Key objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
@ define density, and recall and use the equation @ usedensity data to determine whether an
relating density, mass and volume object will float or sink in a liquid
@ describe how to determine the density of
a liquid, a regularly shaped solid and an @ use density data to determine whether one
irregularly shaped solid, including appropriate liquid will float on another liquid
calculations

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

For a mass m with volume V the densityp is given by the equation:
m

V
The units of density are kg/m?.

Measuring the density of different substances

To find the density of a substance you must make measuring cylinder {see Figure 1.13a). In method
accurate measurements of the mass andvolume: 2, where a displacement can is used, the volume
For a regularly shaped solid, measure the of the solid is the volume of liquid displaced [see
dimensions and work out the volume, then find the Figure 1.13b).
mass on a balance. For a liquid, measure the volume in a measuring
volume of a rectangular block = length x breadth x _ cylinder. To find the mass of the liquid, first find
height the mass of an empty beaker. Pour the liquid into
volume of a cylinder = ar2h the beaker and then find the total mass of the
beaker and the liquid. Work out the mass of the
For an irregularly shaped solid, use a
liquid by subtraction of the mass of the beaker
displacement method where the solid is placed
from the mass of the total.
in water (Figure 1.13). In method 1, the volume
of the solid is the increase in the reading on the
water

displacement can
HITT |

(filled to over-
measuring cylinder
flowing before
solid inserted)

measuring —
2nd reading
cylinder
| =’ ____ 1st reading solid

water =
siy} Adodojoud 0} }e68)}! S! }|

solid C=) water

A Figure 1.13a Measuring the volume A Figure : 1.13b Measuring

’ the volume
of an irregular solid method 1 of an irregular solid method 2
.

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Sampte question
SPSS SSCS SSC SCC SSS SC SCS SC SSCS SC SCC CTC SC See Cee ee eee eee eee FSCS SST SSCS SSS STS TST SCT STS SCC CCST SC STC CC Ce Te SC SC TCC ee ee eC eC ee Cee ee eee .

Converting units
In your experiment, you probably measured the Both substances need to be in the same units of
mass in grams and the volume in cm‘*. This gives kg/m? so that you can compare them.
you a density in g/cm®. To convert this to kg/m? you , _ _ 5
multiply by 1000. density of A= 0.8 x 1000 = 800kg/m

For example, state which has the higher density: HN EGE scabies ate Hiss ae GES UERT elit
substance A at 0.8g/cm* or substance B at 750kg/m*.

Floating and sinking

An object will sink in a liquid if it has density greater than the density of
the liquid.

When two liquids do not mix, the liquid with the lower density will float
on top of the liquid with higher density.

Sample question EE
7 The mass of an empty measuring cylinder is 185g. When the measuring
cylinder contains 400 cm? of a liquid, the total mass is 465g. Find the
density of the liquid. [4]

Student’s answer Teacher’s comments

465 ‘ ‘ The student put the

density = 408 =1.16g/cm~ =1.2g/cm to2 sf. [2] appropriate quantities
into the correct equation
and gave the correct
units, but used the total
Correct answer mass instead of working
mass of liquid = 465 - 185 = 280g out and using the mass of
4 280 . the liquid itself.
ensity Y= = ——
70 = 0.70g/cm
g/ [4]4

Exam-style questions Revision activity

Answers available at: [Link]/cambridgeextras Create a mind map on
8 a Copy and complete the table by filling in the missing values. [3] density. Include how to
Vv Table 1.2 calculate density, how to
: measure the density of a
Substance Mass/g OTe TAA Tlie substance and how you
A 540 200 | use density to determine
| It is illegal to photocopy this 7

5 | 675 | 15 whether objects float.

C 250 | 0.5
b State which of the substances would float in a liquid with a
density of 1.2g/cm°. [1]

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1 Motion, forces and energy

(PoP PP PPR RRR RRR Pee eee eee Pee eee eee eee eee Pee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee Pe Pee Pee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee ee)

9 Ameasuring cylinder containing 20cmé° of liquid is placed ona

top-pan balance. The top-pan balance reads 150g. More liquid is
poured into the cylinder up to the 140cm% mark and the top-pan
balance now reads 246g. A solid is gently lowered into the cylinder;
the liquid rises to the 200 cm? mark and the top-pan balance
reads 411g. Calculate:
a the density of the liquid [3]
b the density of the solid [3]
10 A student has the same mass, 85g, of two different liquids. Liquid
A has a volume of 80cm® and liquid B has a volume of 92cm°.
Determine which liquid will float on top assuming the liquids do
not mix. [3]

1.5 Forces Ee
1.5.1 Effects of forces

Key objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
e@ know that forces may produce changes in the @ recall and use the equation F = ma to
size and shape of an object calculate the resultant force, F, and the
e@ describe an experiment to collect data fora acceleration, a, and know that the force and
load-extension graph and plot, sketch and acceleration are in the same direction
understand the features of a load-extension
graph pees f
@ state how solid friction opposes motion
e@ define the spring constant, and recall and between two surfaces and produces heating
use the equation and define the limit of @ understand there is friction acting on an object
proportionality as it moves through gas [air resistance] ora
liquid (drag)
e@ determine the resultant force when two or e describe the motion of an object ina
more forces are acting along the same line
circular path and how the force is affected
@ understand that an object will remain at rest as the speed, radius of the circle and mass
or continue at a constant speed in a straight of the object change
line unless a resultant force acts on it
@ understand that a resultant force may change
the velocity of an object by changing its speed
or direction

Forces
Forces can change the size and shape of a body. You must be able to
siy} Adodojoud 0} }e68)}! S! }|

describe an experiment to measure the extension of an elastic solid, such

as a spring, a piece of rubber or another object, with increasing load. The
extension is the change in length of the object being stretched. For some
materials, the load-extension graph is a straight-line graph through the
origin. This means the load is directly proportional to the extension. This
means doubling the force, doubles the extension. Not all load-extension
graphs are linear, which means the force required to stretch the material
changes as the material is stretched.
.

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1.5 Forces
PSCC SCT CST SSC CCT TTT CC CTT eee eee FFE TTS ee EE EES TTT TTT TTT eee

Spring constant
The spring constant, k, is defined as the force per unit extension. The
units are N/m. The spring constant can be calculated using the equation:

x
For a linear load-extension graph, the spring constant stays the same.
The spring constant will be the gradient of the graph. On a load-
extension graph the limit of proportionality is the point at which the
graph is no longer linear.

Measuring extension of an object with increasing load

To investigate the load-extension graph for a
spring, set up the apparatus shown in Figure 1.14.
steel
Place a 100g mass carefully onto the hanger and spring
record the position on the ruler of the bottom
of the hanger. To help you read this accurately,
attach a piece of card to the bottom of the hanger
so that it lines up with the ruler. Record this
measurement. Add another 100g mass to the
hanger and read the new reading on the ruler for
the position of the hanger. The extension is the
difference between the initial reading and this new
reading. Repeat to a maximum of 500g. A Figure 1.14 Measuring the
extension of a spring with
increasing force

Forces and resultants

Force has both magnitude and direction. It is represented using an arrow
to show the magnitude and direction the force acts. If more than one
force acts on an object, you can find the resultant force. This is a single
force which has exactly the same effect as all the forces added together.
Figure 1.15 shows how to find the resultant of forces acting along the
same line. If a question simply describes forces, it will help to sketch a
force diagram showing the direction of each of the forces.
3N
>

1N 2N
| It is illegal to photocopy this 7

2N 3N

A Figure 1.15 Use addition or subtraction to find the resultant of forces acting ina
straight line

If the resultant force acting on an object is zero, then the object will stay
at rest or keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed.
If there is a resultant force acting on an object, then it changes velocity.
This can mean a change in speed or/and a change in direction. Remember
velocity is speed with direction.

Cambridge IGCSE Physics Study and Revision Guide Third Edition