International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124
Scope and challenges of Internet of Things: an Emerging Future
1
[Link], [Link]
1
Assistant professor, NARSIMHA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Hyderabad
2
Assistant professor, NARSIMHA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Hyderabad
Abstract:
Discrete applications electrical and electronic, digital and analog can be integrated via the internet. This
framework of technology is called the internet of things (IoT). This integration of different modules such
as smart phones, tablets, laptops using cloud computing platforms for faster, effective and ease of
information exchange. This technology finds its application in various fields such as education, business,
medicinal, entertainment and nowadays even in defense and military fields. A technology can make
living easy by implementing concepts such as smart houses, smart garbage disposal and in case of
medical fields it can implement heart rate monitoring and blood pressure monitoring by using wearable
sensors connected to a IoT network , it improves military services such as soldier tracking and soldier aid.
Agricultural industries implement IoT technology for smart farming and irrigation systems, to get better
crop yield and effective water management.
KEYWORDS: Internet of Things(IoT),Sensors,Smart,Cloud, Arduino.
1. Introduction
The internet is a dynamic global network of networks connecting millions of users worldwide. It
carries an infinite amount of data which is widely accessible. A thing can be interpreted as an
object. In today’s world we can connect these objects to the internet giving rise to the technology
commonly called as Smart Things or Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is defined as the extensive
network obtained when these intelligent objects connect to the internet. It can be described as a
wireless network of distributed [Link] network allows the objects to perform certain actions
and tasks on their own like automatic sharing and organization of information, data and resources
between two or more parties.
Usually machines work on human interactions,but machine-to-machine(M2M) communication
unveiled by IoT. M2M i.e.,machine-to-machine communication is nothing but connecting various
machine to each other. It performs tasks like manages and connects the cloud and the device and
also the data is collected. It is the foundation and hence connectivity to IoT is enabled by it. This is
developed to the further levels where billions of smart devices connect other devices as well as
people and shares data also by the sensor network.
Devices can make decisions on their own with minimal human [Link] this paper, we
discuss the basic definition, architecture of IoT,implementation and applications. IoT has
applications in various fields like agricultural, military, medical and domestic. Sensors play a very
important role in constructingIoT networks as they are responsible for recording the required data.
Arduino is an open source platform which can be used to develop electronic projects. Arduino Uno
is a board which can be used as a microcontroller which handles the processing in an IoT network.
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Programs can be written on this board using Arduino IDE.A combination of these components can
be used to develop an IoT network for any necessary application.
2. Literature Survey
SomayyaMadakam presented a paper “Internet of Things: Smart Things”; This paper focusses on
the idea of smart things and their active role in our everyday [Link] has a methodic outline
exploring the scope and applications of Internet of Things in various fields like education,
business, management and recreational [Link] also stresses upon the need to concentrate on
network protocols to ensure security of devices in the virtual world[1].
Suchitra.C et al presented a paper “Internet of Things and Security Issues”;This paper presents
the architecture of IoT and the security issues that may arise .It describes the framework of IoT in
the form of layers and the security issues can be inscribed using certain communication protocol It
also mentions the necessary security requirements for the wide use of IoT in the future[2].
JayavardhanaGubbi et al presented a paper “Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural
Elements, and Future Directions”; This paper talks about the need for Radio Frequency
IDentification (RFIDs) and sensor network technologies to facilitate the process of transferring
data in IoT. Cloud implementing, expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet is
discussed[3].
Jaehak Byun et al presented a paper “Smart City Implementation Models Based On IoT
Technology”; This paper discusses the possible business models that can be implemented in a city
to make it a smart [Link] methods can be applied by the governments to improve the
lifestyle[4].Sushma P et al presented a paper “Wi-Fi Based Home Automation Using Android &
Arduino Platform”;This paper talks about smart home automation. Home automation is the fastest
growing IoT application. It comprises of several domains like mobile applications,cloud,
embedded technology and IoT[5].
Ajay et al presented a paper “IOT Based Smart Environmental Monitoring Using Arduino”;This
paper discusses the possibility and feasibility of constructing an environmental monitoring device
using Arduino board. This device can monitor the surrounding environmental conditions using a
set of sensors and uploads the findings to an internet database from which the data is [Link]
also explains the advantages of installing such devices in remote [Link] would help in detecting
natural disasters and it also has a long life cycle [6].
Siddharth Wadhwani et al presented a paper “Smart Home Automation and Security System using
Arduino and IOT”;IoT can be used to control domestic and industrial applications. Various sensors
can be used with a Arduino board to which helps implement home automation and [Link]
status of the appliances are stored in a cloud platform .The user should be able to enable or disable
the sensors [Link] can be achieved by using flex sensor,accelerometer sensor, magnetic sensor
etc. This increases the standard of living[7].
Stephanie B. Baker et al presented a paper “Internet of Things for Smart Healthcare:
Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities”; IoT can be used to relieve the burden on healthcare
institutions by offering new, modern and effective ideas. Wearable IoT devices can be used to
keep track of every patient. The advantages, disadvantages, security issues etc are discussed for
every model. Recommendations are made for the future[8].Manikandan Shanmugam et al
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presented a paper “Arduino Based IOT Platform for Remote Monitoring of Heart Attacks and
Patients Falls”; IoT devices can be used to detect heart attacks and falls using pulse and
accelerometer sensors. Patients can be monitored from time to time. This system can also send
notifications. It can also help predict heart attacks. It can help save lives[9].
Anand Nayyar et al presented a paper “Smart Farming: IoT Based Smart Sensors Agriculture Stick
for Live Temperature and Moisture Monitoring using Arduino, Cloud Computing & Solar
Technology”;This paper discusses the possibility of using IoT enabled devices in agriculture to
enhance production in a cost effective [Link] data can be obtained by the farmers which can
be used to decide the amount of water,fertilizer etc to [Link] will improve the yield and increase
the crop quality[10].
Narendra Khatri et al presented a paper “An IoT based Innovative Real Time pH Monitoring and
Control of Municipal Waste Water for Agriculture and Gardening”,Over the past few decades, the
demand for water has rapidly increased due to the Green Revolution. Municipal waste water
usually contains a number of harmful pollutants. Using IoT an electronic system can be developed
which monitors the quality of the waste water. The treated water can be used for agricultural and
gardening purposes. This would also help the country meet the water demands [11].
Andrea Zanella et al presented a paper “Internet of Things for Smart Cities”;This paper discusses
the possibility of a general architecture connecting a large variety of [Link]
communication technologies can be used to improve the services provided to the people of a
city[12].Jose-Luis Bayo-Monton et al presented a paper” Wearable Sensors Integrated with
Internet of Things for Advancing eHealth Care”;Life expectancy is increasing day by day and
many patients have to live with chronic diseases and pain. A wearable healthcare device can be
made by combining sensors with computing components like Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The
sensors transmit data to a display unit where the measurements can be viewed. This will help
medical staff remotely monitor patients and also allow patients to self-manage their
conditions[13].
Swarnabh Agrawal et al presented a paper “Multiple Motion Control System Of Robotic Car
Based On IoT”; The paper discusses the viability of a robotic car whose movements can be
controlled from a remote location or far [Link] is done using an Arduino uno [Link]
controller gives the commands which the car [Link] are stored in a local server from
which they reach the device[14].
Lalit Mohan Satapathy et al presented a paper” Arduino based home automation using Internet of
things (IoT)”; This paper presents a low cost ,extensible and steady home automation system with
additional security provided by an Arduino microcontroller. IP connectivity is established through
local [Link] allows the user to access and control the devices [Link] mobile
applications, web applications can be created for this [Link] IoT framework can be applied
everywhere from consumer applications at home to industrial [Link] has many
advantages as it reduces power consumptionless [Link]-Fi is also available everywhere which
makes this easy to apply on a wide scale[15].
Nikesh Gondchawar et al presented a paper “IoT based Smart Agriculture”;This paper discusses
the possibility of modernizing the traditional agricultural practices in India by applying Smart
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Agriculture using IoT. Remote controlled robots can be used to perform operations like
weeding,spraying,scarecrows,security [Link] also includes smart irrigation of crops. Sensors can be
used to detect temperature and humidity in warehouses which are useful during warehouse
maintenance[16].
Ms. Sakshi S. Budhlani et al presented a paper “IoT Based Soldier Navigation & Health Indication
System”.This paper discusses the construction of a soldier navigation device. Safety of the soldiers
needs to be assured .IoT devices enabled with sensors can be used to track soldiers and know their
real time position .It can also measure the pulse of the soldier. This can help the commanders in
the army to provide medical assistance immediately. This project uses temperature sensors and
heartbeat sensors.A Wi-Fi module is used to create a network with the base station where the
information is stored [17].
Heena M. Sangtrash et al presented a paper “Review on IoT for Indian Farmers”. This paper
discusses the agricultural conditions in India and how farmers are unaware about the structure of
soil,the optimal crop to be planted. So IoT can help in designing devices which records data, stores
the data in a server, analyses the recorded data and informs the farmer .This system has numerous
applications in the rural areas of the country [18].
Abhirup Khanna et al presented a paper “IoT based Smart Parking System”. This paper presents a
system which can improve the overall effectiveness of our present parking facilities. It consists of
an IoT module thatmonitors the availability of empty parking spots and allows the user to book
their spot through a mobile application interface. Ultrasonic sensors are used to determine the
presence of a car in the parking spot These sensors are connected to a raspberry pi.A cloud keeps
track of all the users currently using the [Link] user also gets to select the amount of time they
want the parking space for[19].
Prashant Salunke et al presented a paper “IoT Driven Healthcare System for Remote Monitoring of
Patients”; This paper discusses the way in which the current healthcare system all around the
world can be drastically improved using an IoT driven healthcare system. This can increase the life
quality [Link]-medicalsensors(pulse sensor, temperature sensor, ECG sensor)
,microcontroller which is the processing unit and cloud which provides services over a remote
[Link] this project, we use Intel Edison board which consumes less power[20].
Shivani Raina et al presented a paper “IoT Based Smart Garbage and Waste Collection Bin”; This
paper discusses a smart garbage disposal.A microcontroller is used for processing.A UV sensor is
used to indicate the level of garbage in the waste bin.A GPRS module is used to send the details
obtained by the sensor to the receiver[21].Sarang Joshiet al presented a paper “Automated Parking
System using IoT”;A lot of time is spent in searching for a free parking spot in many populous
places. A phototransistor is used to find out whether the parking spot is empty or occupied. Optical
sensors give output depending on the incident light. Output is given to a microcontroller[22].
M. Kabilasree et al presented a paper “IoT Based on Garbage Monitoring System”;This paper
discusses a futuristic garbage disposal system. The bins are connected to a Arduino based system
which can sense the garbage level.A Wi-Fi module is required to display the current level of
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garbage in the bin. A load cell is a sensor that converts force into electrical signals.A database is
created for garbage collection and specifies the amount of garbage present at each location[23].
Tanish Sehgal et al presented a paper “Home Automation using IOT and Mobile App”;This paper
presents a system for home automation which works based on voice [Link] paper targets
cost effective and wireless home automations which can be controlled through a simple user
interface like an Android app. The app would be responsible for receiving the voice commands
which controls the home appliances through an Arduino microcontroller. Relays and sensors are
connected to the microcontroller[24].
Yuichi Kawamoto et al presented a paper “Internet of Things (IoT): Present State and Future
Prospects”; This paper discusses the concept of IoT being associated with various communication
[Link] applications can be created using [Link] can be integrated into our daily lives
with ease. IoT has many practical [Link] examples aretsunami detector, earthquake
detector,home automation etc [25].
AelitaSkaržauskienė et al presented a paper “The Future Potential Of Internet Of Things”;This
paper also mentions that relying on IoT will open up a brand new market for new [Link]
will invent a new service experience. IoT can completely transform the future[26].Dr. M L Sharma
et al presented a paper “Internet Of Things Application, Challenges And Future Scope”;This paper
discusses the importance and potential of IoT .There has been a drastic increase in the amount of
sensor technologies. Almost everything can be connected to the [Link] opens up a plethora
of possibilities[27].
[Link]
3.1 Architecture of IoT
A flexible layered architecture for IoT is designed for better interconnection of heterogeneous
objects. Itcan consist of a basic three layered model or five layers.
[Link] layer: This is the top most layer in the framework which provides the requested
services to adhere to customers .Large scale development of IoT networks is done using this layer.
Examples include smart home and smart transportation applications.
2. Networklayer :It collects information from the perception layer and transfers the data to the
application layer using various technologies and networks like LAN, Wi-Fi, JSM. Cloud
computing is a new technology used for this purpose.
3. Perception layer: This layer is also called object layer .It consists of data sensors and actuators
which perform different functions such as checking temperature ,humidity etc. It converts the
information to digital signals. It transfers and initiates the big data through secure mediums.
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3.2 Security Issues
As IoT relies heavily on the Internet there may be security issues occurring at each [Link] can
be broadly categorized as
1. Security issues in Application Layer:- Due to the close proximity of communication technology
with various networks, chances of tampering and eavesdropping is very [Link] attacks can
increase the traffic in the route making it difficult to provide the requested services on time.
2. Security issues in Network layer:- In this layer,attacks like confidentiality, virus, probity etc are
prone as this data is multi sourced making attacks easy. Network security issues leading to network
congestion are also observed.
3. Security issues in Perception layer:-This includes physical security of IoT devices like sensors
which cannot be guaranteed. It also includes security of information [Link] attacks
observed at this layer include information leakage information tracking, tampering, replay attacks,
captcha gateway node, node replication attack etc.
3.3 Sensors and Components
Sensors are devices which can detect electrical or optical [Link] have numerous
applications.
Some types of sensors and components are DHT22 Sensor, Vibration Sensors, Light Dependent
Resistor,Arduino UNO,Relays, D.C Motors, Flex Sensors, Reed Relay, Flame Sensor,
Accelerometer, NodeMcU, Relays, Wi-Fi module, WSNs and RFIDs.
1.DHT22 sensor: It checks the humidity and temperature.
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Figure 2.DHT22 Sensor
[Link] sensor: These seismic sensors convert ground motion into electronic signals.
Figure [Link] Sensor
[Link] Dependent Resistor (LDR): In a resistor, as resistance decreases intensity of light
[Link] are light-sensitive devices.
Figure [Link]
4. NodeMcU (ESP8266) Sensor: It is a microcontroller which is connected to IOT server through
internet. The sensor receives the ON OFF packets from server and switches appliances with
respect to server signal ;It can be used to host the application or to offload Wi-Fi networking
functions from another application processor. It basically connects the local Wi-Fi network and the
server. Then it uploads the data to server.
5. Adafruit server:It is a general purpose library used by Arduino which uses minute resources and
embedded programming Sensor values and graphs shown are from the Adafruit server.
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6. Arduino UNO board: This board was invented as a cost-effective hardware to make designing
complex circuits simple .It is one of the most common boards used while implementing IoT
applications. Programs can be written as per our [Link] basically acts as a control unit in smart
home automation systems.
Figure [Link] Uno
7. Relays: They are electrically operated switches. They are used when one switch or signal is
required to control several circuits.
Figure [Link]
[Link] motor: Geared DC motors are used.
Figure [Link] DC motor
[Link] sensor: This sensor is measures the deflection. The resistance increases as the bending of
the component increases. Commonly used in automatic lights.
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Figure [Link] sensor
[Link]-Fi module: It provides any microcontroller access to a Wi-Fi network.
Figure [Link]-Fi module
[Link] relay sensor: Electric switch controlled by a magnetic field. It can be used to prevent door
break-ins.
Figure [Link] Relay Sensor
[Link] sensor: It can detect fires in the house by receiving a weak DC signal when AC power is
sent to the ignitor.
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Figure [Link] Sensor
[Link]:This device measures the rate of change in velocity and thereby is used to
control the geared DC motor connected in the system.
Figure [Link]
14. Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN): WSNs are small ,efficient and cost effective devices which
can be used in remote sensing applications. A number of sensors can be connected together to
form a sensor network. This sensor network collects, analyses and transfers [Link] have
immense potential.
15. Radio Frequency IDentifications (RFIDs):These devices are mostly used for identification of
signals. The ID scanned is read by a RFID reader. This allows automatic identification of signals
and therefore RFIDs are widely used in the retail and business sectors. They can be referred to as
electronic barcodes.
[Link]
Internet of things as a technology is an evolution of the internet. Thus giving a great promise for a
better automated future and moreeffective lifestyle. Although great care needs to be taken towards
data security as this maybe sensitive consumer information. Other issues this may pose are the
growing need and demand for internet of things and services as it has high potential for business,
industrial and co operations. Once these issues are addressed this technology has a radiant future
[Link]
[1]SomayyaMadakam,“Internet Of Things:Smart Things”, International Journal of Future Computer and
Communication, Volume 4, No. 4, (2015) August.
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[2] Suchitra.C and Vandana C.P, “Internet of Things and Security Issues”, International Journal of Computer Science
and Mobile Computing, Volume 5, Issue 1, (2016) January, pp. 133-139.
[3] JayavardhanaGubbi, RajkumarBuyya, SlavenMarusic, MarimuthuPalaniswami, “Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision,
Architectural Elements, and Future Directions” ,Future Generation Computer Systems, Volume 29,Issue 7,(2013)
September, pp. 1645-1660.
[4] Jaehak Byun, Sooyeop Kim, Jaehun Sa, Sangphil Kim, Yong-Tae Shin, Jong-Bae Kim, “Smart City Implementation
Models Based on IoT Technology”, Advanced Science and Technology Letters, Volume 129, pp. 209-212.
[5] Sushma P, Roopa M, “Wi-Fi Based Home Automation Using Android & Arduino Platform”, International Journal
for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 5, Issue VI, (2017) June, pp. 942-945.
[6] Ajay, Dr. BaswarajGadgay, Veeresh Pujari, Pallavi B.V, “IOT Based Smart Environmental Monitoring Using
Arduino”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 5,
Issue VI, (2017) June, pp. 1146-1150.
[7] Siddharth Wadhwani, Uday Singh, Prakarsh Singh, Shraddha Dwivedi, “Smart Home Automation and Security
System using Arduino and IOT”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 05,
Issue 02, (2018) February, pp. 1357-1359.
[8] Stephanie B. Baker, Wei Xiang, Ian Atkinson, “Internet of Things for Smart Healthcare: Technologies, Challenges,
and Opportunities”, IEEE Access, Volume 5, (2017) November, pp. 26521-26544.
[9]ManikandanShanmugam, Monisha Singh, “Arduino Based IOT Platform for Remote Monitoring of Heart Attacks and
Patients Falls”,Journal of Computer Science, Volume 14, Issue 4,(2018) April, pp. 574-584.
[10]AnandNayyar, Er. VikramPuri, “Smart Farming: IoT Based Smart Sensors Agriculture Stick for Live Temperature
and Moisture Monitoring using Arduino, Cloud Computing & Solar Technology”,The International Conference on
Communication and Computing Systems(ICCCS), (2016) November.
[11] Narendra Khatri,Dr. Abhishek Sharma, Dr. Kamal Kishore Khatri, Prof. Ganesh D. Sharma, “An IoT based
Innovative Real Time pH Monitoring and Control of Municipal Waste Water for Agriculture and
Gardening”,Proceedings of First International Conference on Smart System, Innovations and Computing, (2018)
January, pp. 353-362.
[12] Andrea Zanella, Lorenzo Vangelista, “Internet of Things for Smart Cities”, IEEE Internet Of Things Journal,
Volume 1, No.1, (2014) February, pp. 22-32.
[13] Jose-Luis Bayo-Monton, Antonio Martinez-Millana, Weisi Han, Carlos Fernandez-Llatas, Yan Sun, Vicente Traver,
“Wearable Sensors Integrated with Internet of Things for Advancing eHealth Care”, MDPI,(2018) June.
[14]Swarnabh Agrawal, Boominathan P, “Multiple Motion Control System Of Robotic Car Based On IoT”, International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 05, (2018) April, pp. 907-909.
[15] Lalit Mohan Satapathy, Samir Kumar Bastia, NiharMohanty, “Arduino based home automation using Internet of
things (IoT)”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 118, No.17, (2018), pp. 769-778.
[16] Nikesh Gondchawar, Prof. Dr. R. S. Kawitkar, “IoT based Smart Agriculture”, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer and Communication Engineering(IJARCCE), Volume 5, Issue 6, (2016) June, pp. 838-842.
[17] Ms. Sakshi S. Budhlani, Ms. Simran S. Budhlani, Ms. Monika V. Bhivarkar, Ms. Anuja G. Asole, Prof. P. B.
Domkondwar, “IOT Based Soldier Navigation & Health Indication System”, IJSTE - International Journal of Science
Technology & Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 7, (2018) January, pp. 90-94.
[18] Heena M. Sangtrash, Anand S. Hiremath, “Review on IoT for Indian Farmers”, International Journal of Scientific
Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 236-239.
[19] Abhirup Khanna, Rishi Anand, “IoT based Smart Parking System”, International Conference on Internet of Things
and Applications (IOTA), (2016) January, pp. 266-270.
[20] Prashant Salunke, RasikaNerkar, “IoT Driven Healthcare System for Remote Monitoring of Patients”, International
Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, Volume 03, Issue No. 06, (2017)June, pp. 100-103.
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[21] Shivani Raina, Priya Gupta, Alice Kaw, ShrutiPandita, ShrutiParwana, “Iot Based Smart Garbage and Waste
Collection Bin”, IJESC-International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, Volume 7, Issue No. 05, (2017)
May, pp. 10723-10724.
[22] Sarang Joshi, AniketYeola, Yogesh Kanse, “Automated Parking System using IOT”, IJESC-International Journal of
Engineering Science and Computing, Volume 7, Issue No. 05, (2017) May, pp. 12309-12310.
[23] M. Kabilasree, N. Nandhini, R. Parvathalakshmi, V. Anand Kumar, “IOT Based on Garbage Monitoring System”,
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Volume 2, Issue 2, (2017) March, pp. 306-308.
[24] Tanish Sehgal, Shubham More, “Home Automation using IOT and Mobile App”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 04, Issue 02, (2017) February, pp. 694 – 698.
[25] Yuichi Kawamoto, Hiroki Nishiyama, Nei Kato, Naoko Yoshimura, and Shinichi Yamamoto, "Internet of Things
(IoT): Present State and Future Prospects", IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, Volume E97-D, No. 10,
(2014) October, pp. 2568-2575.
[26] AelitaSkaržauskienė, Marius Kalinauskas, “The Future Potential Of Internet Of Things”, SocialinėsTechnologijos
Social Technologies, 2(1), (2012), pp. 102–113.
[27] Dr. M L Sharma, Sachin Kumar, Nipun Mehta, “Internet Of Things Application, Challenges And Future Scope”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 05, Issue 02, (2018) February, pp.
1376-1382.
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