CHAPTER 4: CONDITIONAL AND LOOPING # Block E
CONSTRUCTS 3. if-elif-else Statement
Introduction: Used to test multiple conditions. Example: Check number type and range
Control flow: Syntax: num = 15
Control statements in programming are if condition1:
used to control the flow of execution based # code if condition1 is True if num >= 0:
on conditions or repetitions. elif condition2: if num < 10:
if Statement in Programming # code if condition2 is True print("Number is between 0
else: and 9")
The if statement is a control structure used to
# code if none of the above are elif num < 20:
execute a block of code only if a specified condition
True print("Number is between 10
is true.
Example: and 19")
Basic Syntax (in Python):
marks = 75 else:
1. if condition:
print("Number is 20 or
# Code to execute if condition is True
if marks >= 90: more")
print("Grade: A") else:
Example: print("Number is negative")
elif marks >= 75:
x = 10
print("Grade: B") Output:
elif marks >= 60: Number is between 10 and 19
if x > 5: print("Grade: C") Explanation:
print("x is greater than 5") else: First, it checks if num >= 0 (non-
Output: print("Grade: D") negative).
x is greater than 5 Inside that, it further checks the range of
num:
2. if-else Statement 4. Nested if-elif-else Statement in < 10
Used to execute one block of code if a condition is Python < 20
true, and another if it's false. A nested if-elif-else statement is when you Else, it's 20 or more.
Syntax:
place one if-elif-else block inside another. If the number is negative, the outer else
if condition:
This allows you to check multiple levels of conditions. handles it.
# code block if condition is
True Syntax:
if condition1: Iteration/Looping
else:
if condition1a: Iteration (or Looping) is a programming
# code block if condition is
# Block A concept where a block of code is repeatedly
False
elif condition1b:
Example: executed as long as a certain condition is
# Block B
age = 18 true or for a specific number of times.
else:
if age >= 18: Iteration means doing something again and
# Block C
print("You are an adult.") again, usually with slight changes each
elif condition2:
else: time.
# Block D
print("You are a minor.")
else:
Why It's Useful: Output:
Automates repetitive tasks 1
Reduces code duplication 2 S. Algorithm Flowchart
Useful for working with lists, user input, files, 3 No
etc. 4 1. An algorithm is A flowchart is a
Types of Loops in Python: 5 a step-by-step diagram created with
Loop Type Description procedure to different shapes to
for loop Repeats over a sequence (e.g., list, Example 1 – for Loop: solve a show the flow of
string, range) for i in range(5): problem. data.
while print("Hello") 2. The algorithm A flowchart is easy to
Repeats while a condition is True
loop Output: is complex to understand.
Hello understand.
for Loop
Hello 3. In the In the flowchart,
Used for iterating over a sequence (like a list, string,
Hello algorithm, plain symbols/shapes are
or range).
Hello text is used. used.
Syntax:
for variable in sequence: Hello 4. The algorithm A flowchart is hard
# code block is easy to to debug.
Example: Example 2 – while Loop: debug.
for i in range(1, 6): count = 1 5. The algorithm A flowchart is simple
print(i) while count <= 3:
is difficult to to construct.
print("Count is:", count)
Output: construct.
1 count += 1
6. The algorithm The flowchart follows
2 Output:
does not follow rules to be
3 Count is: 1
any rules. constructed.
4 Count is: 2
7. The algorithm A flowchart is just a
5 Count is: 3
is the pseudo- graphical
while Loop
code for the representation of
Repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true. Flowchart: program. that logic.
Syntax: A flowchart is a graphical representation of
while condition: an algorithm. Programmers often use it as a
# code block program-planning tool to solve a problem. It
Example: makes use of symbols that are connected
count = 1 among them to indicate the flow of
while count <= 5: information and processing.
print(count)
count += 1 Algorithm:
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to
solve a problem.
1. Simple Statement 3. Empty Statement (pass)
A simple statement is a single line of code that Sometimes, you need to write a statement
performs a single action. syntactically, but don’t want it to do anything.
That's where pass comes in.
Examples:
x = 10 # Assignment Example:
print(x) # Function call if x > 5:
y=x+5 # Expression pass # Placeholder for future code
You can also write multiple simple statements This is useful when:
on one line using semicolons (not recommended
for readability): You’re planning to add code later
You're defining an empty class or function
a = 1; b = 2; print(a + b)
More Examples:
def my_function():
2. Compound Statement pass
A compound statement contains one or more class MyClass:
blocks of code and controls execution flow (like pass
conditionals and loops). It includes a header
(ending with :) and an indented body.
Summary Table:
Examples: Type Description Example
# if statement Simple Single instruction x = 10
if x > 5: Statement
print("x is greater than 5") Compound Multiple lines, with if, for,
Statement indentation while, def
# for loop Empty Does nothing; pass
Flowchart: To find simple interest. for i in range(3): Statement used as
print(i) placeholder
In Python, a statement is a line of code that
performs an action, such as assigning a value, # function definition
calling a function, or controlling the flow (with if, def greet():
for, etc.). print("Hello!")
Structure:
Python statements fall into three categories:
<keyword> <condition>:
# Block of code (indented)
