CHAPTER 17—ANCHORING TO CONCRETE

17.1

17.1.1 when anchors are used to transfer loads to concrete.

 These loads can be

Tension (pulling force), Shear (sliding force), Combination of

both

 Anchors are used in two situations

1. To connect structural elements, like steel columns to
concrete foundations
2. For safety-related attachments, such as attaching
equipment or barriers that are important for safety but not
structurally load-bearing themselves
 The commentary clarifies the intent: the code is concerned with
anchors that, if they fail, could
1. Cause a loss of strength or stability in the structure.
2. Pose a life safety risk
 It gives two specific application types
1. Connections between structural elements – e.g., a beam-
to-column connection where anchor failure could lead to
structural collapse
2. Safety-related attachments – like sprinkler systems or
pipes that aren’t part of the structure but must be securely
anchored for safety

17.1.2 Scope (Types of Anchors Included & Excluded)

The code only covers the following types of anchors

1. Cast-in anchors – embedded in concrete before it sets

2. Post-installed expansion anchors – inserted into hardened
concrete, then expanded
 Torque-controlled: like wedge anchors

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  Displacement-controlled: like sleeve anchors

3. Undercut anchors – mechanically interlock with the concrete

4. Adhesive anchors – bonded into holes using epoxy or resin
 "Adhesive anchors shall be installed in concrete having a minimum
age of 21 days at time of anchor installation.
 Adhesive anchors must not be installed in fresh or early-age
concrete. The concrete must be at least 21 days old when using
adhesives. This ensures:
Adequate concrete strength
Reliable bonding and performance

Not included:
5. Specialty inserts – e.g., embedded metal parts from
manufacturers
6. Through-bolts – bolts that pass entirely through concrete
7. Grouted anchors – installed using cement grout (not adhesive)
8. Direct anchors – driven using explosive/powder-actuated tools
9. Any nonstandard anchor not conforming to typical design
equations

Commentary (Adhesive Anchor Specific Notes)

 Adhesive anchors were not always included in ACI. Due to

widespread use and failures (e.g., Boston tunnel accident), ACI
added detailed rules starting in 2011

Key Points for Adhesive Anchors

1. Installation factors are critical

 Direction of installation (horizontal, overhead)
This refers to how and where the anchor is installed into the
concrete — especially:
1. Horizontal installations (e.g., into a wall)
A horizontal installation refers to placing an anchor straight
into the side of a concrete element, like a wall or column —
the drill is held horizontally, and the anchor goes straight
inward, not upward or downward

Examples:
Fixing a TV mount or sign bracket to a concrete wall
Anchoring handrails or guardrails to a vertical face
Attaching pipe supports or electrical conduits to the side of a
concrete column

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 Why It’s Important for Adhesive Anchors
 Gravity still has an effect — the adhesive can sag or run
out before the anchor is inserted if the installer isn’t fast or
precise
 Proper hole cleaning and filling is critical — any dust or
missing adhesive can lead to poor bonding
 Like overhead installations, horizontal adhesive anchors
in critical applications (especially under sustained loads
 Even though horizontal is easier than overhead, it still
needs

Proper adhesive viscosity (thickness) to prevent

dripping

Correct installation technique to avoid failure

2. Overhead Installation (e.g., into a ceiling)

Overhead installation refers to placing an anchor upward into the
underside of a concrete surface, such as a ceiling or soffit.
Imagine you're standing on the ground, and you drill upward
into a concrete slab to insert an anchor — that’s an overhead
installation

Examples:
Attaching a sprinkler system or HVAC duct to the ceiling of a
parking garage
Hanging a lighting fixture or pipe from a concrete slab
Fixing a bracket or cable tray to the underside of a bridge
deck

Why It’s Critical for Adhesive Anchors

 Gravity pulls the adhesive down, so if it’s not thick
enough or if the hole isn't filled properly, the anchor may
not bond well
 Risk of the anchor slipping out over time, especially
under load
 Overhead applications require special adhesives that
don’t drip and installers must be certified

 Type of loading (sustained tension vs. short-term loads)

1. Sustained Tension Loads

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  Constant pulling force over time (e.g., hanging heavy
equipment)
 Critical because adhesive materials can creep (stretch
slowly) under long-term tension, leading to gradual failure

2. Short-Term Loads

 Temporary forces like wind gusts or seismic shocks

 Adhesive anchors handle these better, as the load doesn’t
last long enough to cause creep

2. Additional testing is needed for

1. Horizontal / Overhead Installation

Why additional testing?

These positions are more challenging for adhesive anchors due to gravity.

In overhead installations, the adhesive can drip or not stay in place during
curing.

In horizontal installations, the adhesive may sag or collect at the bottom

of the hole.

What’s the risk?

Poor adhesive coverage can lead to weak bond strength, causing the
anchor to slip or fail under load.

So what does ACI 318 require?

Manufacturers must test and qualify their adhesive anchor systems

specifically for these orientations. Installers also need to be certified for
using adhesives overhead (per ACI 318).

2. Sustained Tension (Continuous Pulling Force)

What is sustained tension?

A constant pulling force applied to the anchor over a long time — not just
a quick load.

Examples:

Hanging pipes or signs that stay loaded 24/7.

Anchors in structures supporting permanent loads like suspended

equipment.
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Why is it a problem for adhesives?
Adhesive materials can creep — meaning they stretch or deform slowly
under constant stress. Over time, this can cause the anchor to loosen or
fail.

What does ACI require?

Adhesive anchors used in sustained tension must go through rigorous
testing, and not all adhesives are approved for such conditions.

3. Strength Ranges for Testing of Adhesive Anchors

Adhesive anchors are tested in concrete with different strengths to
see how they behave in real-world conditions

1. Low Strength Concrete (2500 – 4000 psi)

 This is weaker concrete, typically used in:
Residential buildings
Early-age concrete (e.g., after 21–28 days)
 Anchors in low strength concrete might fail more easily, especially
if the adhesive bond is weak or the concrete cracks
 Testing in this range ensures that adhesive anchors still work
safely in basic construction scenarios

2. High Strength Concrete (6500 – 8500 psi)

 Used in:
High-rise buildings
Industrial structures
Bridge decks and critical infrastructure

 High strength concrete is more brittle, and failure might happen

differently — for example, concrete cone failure rather than bond
failure
 Testing in this range makes sure the adhesive anchor doesn’t fail
due to brittle fracture or slip, even in very strong concrete

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 Brittle - A brittle material breaks suddenly without much
warning or deformation
Ductile - A ductile material stretches or bends significantly before
breaking

What is 2500–4000 psi?

This is a range of concrete compressive strength, measured in psi =
pounds per square inch.
It tells you how much pressure the concrete can withstand before it
crushes.

Why Test Across This Range?

 To ensure anchor performance is reliable across all
common concrete strengths in construction
 A design engineer must select an anchor system that has
been tested for the actual concrete strength used on site.
 Manufacturers qualify anchors in both ranges, so engineers
can refer to test data based on the project’s concrete
strength.

What is a Grade of Concrete?

The grade of concrete represents the compressive strength of

concrete after 28 days of curing, measured in MPa (Megapascals) or
psi
M stands for Mix
The number represents the characteristic compressive strength
in MPa

For example:
M20 = Concrete mix with a 28-day strength of 20 MPa

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 Based on Mix Type:
There are two types of mix designs:
Nominal Mix – Fixed ratios (used for M5–M20 in small works)
Example: M20 = 1:1.5:3 (cement: sand: aggregate)
Design Mix – Proportions are based on lab mix design for required
strength (used for M25 and above)

For columns and beams in buildings → M25 or M30 is typical

For bridges or heavy structures → M35 to M50 and beyond

Notes:
 These are volume-based ratios.
 Always ensure proper water-cement ratio (typically around 0.45–
0.6) for workability and strength
 Use measuring boxes or batching by weight for better accuracy
 For M25 and above, you must use Design Mix, where the mix is
tailored in a lab to meet strength, durability, and workability
requirements

🔴 Boston Tunnel Incident (Big Dig Ceiling Collapse) – 2006

📍 What Happened:
 On July 10, 2006, a section of ceiling in the I-90 connector
tunnel in Boston (part of the “Big Dig” project) collapsed.

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  Several large concrete ceiling panels fell onto the roadway
below.
 A car was struck — tragically, a woman was killed, and her
husband was injured.

🧱 Cause of the Collapse:

 The ceiling panels were suspended using adhesive anchors —
bolts glued into holes in the concrete roof.
 Failure of the adhesive anchors led to the collapse.
o The adhesive creeped under sustained tension.
o Over time, the bond weakened, and the bolts pulled out.
 Poor installation, inadequate testing, and lack of design
standards for adhesive anchors contributed.

📘 Impact on ACI Code:

 Before this incident, ACI 318 had very little guidance on
adhesive anchors.
 After the tragedy, there was major pressure to regulate their use.
 As a result:
o ACI 318-11 added comprehensive rules for adhesive
anchors.
o It required:
 Testing per ACI 355.4
 Installer certification (ACI Certified Adhesive
Anchor Installer)
 Restrictions on use under sustained loads (must be
qualified)
 Special care for overhead and horizontal
installations

17.1.3 Scope (What Types of Anchors Are Covered)

1. Headed Studs and Headed Bolts

 These have a defined shape (usually per standard codes
like ASME B18.2.1)
 Their pullout strength in uncracked concrete is at
least 1.4 times the basic strength Np
 These are cast-in anchors (installed before concrete
sets)

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  Headed bolts and headed studs have a "head" at
the end — kind of like a nail or bolt with a flat cap
 This head resists pullout by bearing against the
hardened concrete.
 Their behaviour in concrete has been proven through
testing to provide reliable pullout strength
 As per ACI 318-19 Clause 17.1.3(a), their strength in
uncracked concrete must be ≥ 1.4 × Np
Where: Np = basic concrete breakout strength in tension
 Standard Codes Referenced
 ASME B18.2.1 — Covers dimensions for square and
hex bolts/screws
 ASME B18.2.6 — Covers structural bolts
 Visual (In Words): Think of a steel bolt embedded in
concrete, with its head at the bottom. When you try to
pull it out, the head resists that force — so it holds firm
in the concrete.
2. Hooked Bolts
 Like above, but these anchors have a hooked shape
 A hooked bolt is a steel bar or rod with a bend or
hook at the embedded end (usually L-shaped or J-
shaped)
 The hook provides mechanical interlock with the
concrete
 When you try to pull the bolt out, the hook resists the
pullout — like an anchor in a wall
 Hooked bolts are cast-in-place (cast-in-situ)
anchors
 Again, their strength must meet or exceed 1.4 × Np
 Works without relying on friction

3. Post-Installed Expansion and Undercut Anchors

 Installed after concrete hardens
 Their design is acceptable only if they meet ACI
355.2 testing standards
 These tests check performance, pullout behaviour, and
failure mode
4. Adhesive Anchors
 Anchors installed using adhesives or resin
 Must meet ACI 355.4, which tests: Bond strength,
Suitability under sustained load, Installation
direction (e.g., overhead)

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R17.1.3 – Commentary (Explanation)

This tells us why those rules exist

 Cast-in Anchors
 Standard bolts and studs that follow known geometries (like
ASME B18.2.1) have predictable performance
 Their behaviour under load is well-understood and accepted
 Post-Installed Anchors
 Their behaviour is less predictable, so they must be
qualified by tests (ACI 355.2)
 The tests ensure: ,
Pullout doesn’t happen unexpectedly
The load vs displacement curve is acceptable.
The anchor fails safely, or doesn’t fail at all in unexpected
ways
 Adhesive Anchors
Their performance depends heavily on
 Concrete strength
 Installation quality
 Temperature, load duration, etc

That's why they need rigorous testing under ACI 355.4.

17.1.4 – CODE

"Load applications that are predominantly high cycle fatigue or impact

loads are not covered by this chapter.

What it means:

 If a structure or component is regularly subjected to loads that

repeat very frequently (high cycle fatigue), or experiences
sudden, short bursts of force (impact loads) like blasts or
machinery shocks
 Then the design cannot be done using the rules of this chapter
(Chapter 17)
 You need to use a specialized approach or code for such
conditions (e.g., fatigue design, blast-resistant design)

17.1.4- COMMENTARY

"The exclusion... are not meant to exclude seismic load effects...

What it clarifies:

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  Although impact or fatigue loads are excluded
 Seismic loads are still included in this chapter
 Even though seismic forces may look like “impacts” or have sudden
behaviour, they are considered differently and are covered
under Section 17.2.3

17.2- General

17.2.1:

Anchors and anchor groups must be designed for factored loads using
elastic analysis.
Plastic analysis can be used if:

Normally, when designing anchors, you must use elastic analysis.

(Elastic analysis means assuming the material behaves like a spring — it
deforms but returns to its original shape, and you don't allow any
permanent damage.)

BUT you can use plastic analysis (which allows permanent deformation)
if two conditions are met:

 Nominal strength is controlled by ductile steel elements

"Ductile" means the steel can stretch and deform a lot before
breaking
So, if the anchor’s strength mainly comes from stretchy, ductile
steel, not brittle concrete, you can use plastic analysis.
 Deformation compatibility is considered
This means you must make sure that all parts of the anchor
system (anchors, baseplate, concrete) can deform together without
causing uneven or unexpected stresses
Basically, you can't ignore how the whole system stretches or
moves together

Simple meaning:
You must design anchors using elastic (safe) behaviour unless the
steel is very ductile and the whole system can handle deformations
together nicely — then you can use plastic (more realistic,
stretchable) behaviour

[Link]
 When you have two or more anchors close to each other, they can
affect each other’s behaviour — meaning they don’t act
independently anymore.

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 That's why anchor group effects need to be considered when the
anchors are too close based on specific "critical spacing" rules.
Here’s what it means for each failure mode:

 Concrete breakout in tension

 When you pull on the anchors, the concrete around them can
crack and break out
 If spacing < 3 × hef (hef = effective embedment depth of
anchor),
the concrete failure zones of adjacent anchors overlap,
and they behave as a group — not individually

 Bond strength in tension

 Bond strength refers to how well the anchor is gripped by the
concrete through adhesion and friction
 If spacing < 2 × c_edge (c_edge = distance from anchor to
the edge of concrete),
bond areas overlap, so the anchors act together

 Concrete breakout in shear

 When the anchor is pushed sideways (shear force), concrete
can fail by breaking out in shear
 If spacing < 3 × ca1 (ca1 = critical edge distance for shear
breakout),
shear breakout areas between anchors overlap, so group
effects must be considered
(Only anchors susceptible to that specific failure mode are
included.)
You only consider anchors that are susceptible to that particular
failure mode. (Example: If you're checking tension failure, don't
worry about anchors loaded only in shear.

Simple way to think about it:

👉 If anchors are placed too close, their concrete damage zones
touch each other. So, you have to analyse the group effect, not
each anchor separately.

17.2.2:

The design strength of anchors must equal or exceed the maximum

required strength from the applicable load combinations

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R17.2 — Commentary

R17.2.1

 When failure is governed by concrete breakage, the behaviour

is brittle, with limited redistribution of forces
 Elastic analysis is needed because load distribution is
proportional to the external load and distance from the neutral
axis
 If failure is ductile (steel yielding)
Significant redistribution of forces is possible
Plastic analysis can be used based on the theory of
plasticity

Theory of Plasticity:

 Plasticity means a material deforms permanently under load

without breaking immediately
 In theory of plasticity, we study how materials behave after
they go beyond their elastic limit (i.e., when they don’t return to
original shape after unloading)
 Elastic behaviour → Material stretches but bounces back when
load is removed (like a rubber band)
 Plastic behaviour → Material stretches and stays stretched even
after load is removed (like soft clay or metal under big force)

In Structural Design (like for anchor groups):

Plastic theory lets us assume that

 Materials (like steel) can yield and redistribute loads

 Heavily stressed anchors can share the load with less stressed
anchors

It’s very useful when designing with ductile materials (like steel
anchors that can stretch before failing)

Why use Plastic Theory for Anchors?

 If the steel anchors are ductile, forces can redistribute when one
anchor gets overloaded
 So, the group doesn’t fail suddenly — it becomes safer and more
predictable

Key Point

 Plastic theory only applies when the material (like steel) can yield
without brittle failure.
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  For brittle materials (like concrete breakout), plastic theory is not
safe to use — we stick to elastic theory there

General Requirements for Anchor Strength (17.3)

 Strength design of anchors must be based on

 Computation using approved design models, or
 Test evaluation (using 5% fractile of test results)
 Two main checks
 Steel strength of anchor in tension (17.4.1)
 Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension (17.4.2)

Additional Strength Modes to Consider

Besides steel strength and concrete breakout, you must also check

 Pullout strength (anchor getting pulled out)

 Concrete side-face blowout (splitting on the side)
 Bond strength of adhesive anchors

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  Steel strength in shear
 Concrete breakout strength in shear
 Concrete pry out strength in shear

Anchors must also satisfy minimum edge distances, spacings, and

thicknesses to avoid splitting failures

Table [Link] — Required Strength of Anchors

You must check individual anchors and anchor groups separately

 Single anchor → Must satisfy: ϕNn ≥ Nu

 Anchor group → Group capacity must satisfy: ϕNn ≥ Nu

(where ϕ = strength reduction factor, Nn = nominal strength, Nu =

factored load)

Note: For group cases, failure loads must be based on the most highly
stressed anchor

Summary:

You must design for steel strength, concrete failure modes, and bond
strength while carefully checking both single anchors and groups,
under both tension and shear forces

Also, special failure modes like pullout, blowout, splitting, and pry out
must be considered.

Failure Modes for Anchors (Figures):

The failure modes under tensile and shear loading are shown in Fig.
R17.3.1

Tensile Loading Failure Modes.

 Steel failure (anchor steel breaks)

What happens: The steel anchor itself breaks (fractures) because
the tensile load exceeds the anchor’s steel strength
Reason: Material strength of steel is insufficient.

 Pullout failure (anchor pulls out from hole)

What happens: The entire anchor pulls out of the concrete without
significant concrete damage

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 Reason: Poor bonding between anchor and surrounding concrete or
anchor head not engaging properly.

 Concrete breakout (cone of concrete pops out)

What happens: A cone-shaped chunk of concrete pops out around
the anchor as it pulls away.
Reason: Tensile load exceeds the concrete’s tensile capacity,
causing it to fracture in a cone shape

 Concrete splitting (cracks open across concrete)

What happens: Cracks form in the concrete along the axis of the
anchor, splitting the concrete.
Reason: Insufficient edge distance or reinforcement; or anchor
placed too close to an edge

 Side-face blowout (side cracks open)

What happens: A piece of the side face of the concrete blows
off when an anchor is loaded in tension
Reason: Thin concrete sections near the side of the slab or beam
can’t resist the stress

 Bond failure (loss of adhesive bond)

What happens: The adhesive bond between an anchor and the
concrete fails, and the anchor slips out
Reason: Poor adhesive installation, bad material quality, or
improper hole preparation

Shear Loading Failure Modes:

 Steel failure with concrete spall (anchor bends/breaks and

concrete chips)
What happens: The steel anchor breaks or bends under shear,
and the surrounding concrete spalls (small chips or fragments come
off).
Reason: Shear load exceeds the combination of steel and concrete
resistance.

 Concrete pry out (anchor drags out chunk of concrete)

What happens: As the anchor is loaded in shear, a chunk of
concrete is pried out along with the anchor
Reason: Happens often when anchors are far from the concrete
edge and loaded heavily in shear

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  Concrete breakout (group of anchors causes chunk breakout
sideways)
What happens: A large wedge-shaped breakout occurs from
the concrete surface when anchors close to each other are loaded in
shear
Reason: The concrete mass between anchors can't resist the
collective shear forces

17.7 Important Points on Edge Distance and Spacing:

1. Minimum Spacing (Section 17.7.1)

 Centre-to-centre spacing between anchors should be at least
4 times the anchor diameter (4da)
 If torqued or post-installed, minimum = 6da

2. Minimum Edge Distance (Section 17.7.2 & 17.7.3)

 For cast-in anchors (not torqued): based on reinforcement
cover (ACI 20.6.1
Section 20.6.1 deals with the minimum concrete cover
requirements for reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and
anchorage devices like cast-in anchors.
In simple terms, Section 20.6.1 says:
Concrete must cover anchors and reinforcements with
a minimum thickness to protect them from corrosion, fire,
and other durability concerns

Specifically:
The edge distance for cast-in anchors (that are not
torqued) should be at least equal to the minimum cover
required for the reinforcing bars at that location
Minimum covers depend on the structure type (slab, beam,
column) and exposure conditions (interior, exterior, water
exposure, etc.)

For
non-

17
torqued cast-in anchors, the minimum edge distance = the required
minimum concrete cover from ACI 20.6.1.

This helps prevent splitting and protects the anchor

 For cast-in anchors (torqued): minimum = 6da

 For post-installed anchors, edge distance depends on
product tests (ACI 355.2 / 355.4) or minimums:
Adhesive anchors: 6da
Undercut anchors: 6da
Torque-controlled anchors: 8da
Displacement-controlled anchors: 10da

3. Adjustment for Small Edge/Spacing (Section 17.7.4)

If spacing or edge distance is less than minimums, reduce anchor
diameter for calculations (assume smaller diameter d′ a)

4. Embedment Depth (Section 17.7.5)

For post-installed anchors, depth should not exceed
2/3 of the member thickness (2/3h₀), or
(h₀ - 4 inches), whichever is less

5. Critical Edge Distance for Concrete Splitting (Section 17.7.6)

To prevent splitting failures under tension loads:
Adhesive anchors: ≥ 2hef
Undercut anchors: ≥ 2.5hef
Torque-controlled expansion anchors: ≥ 4hef
Displacement-controlled anchors: ≥ 4hef

Minimum Edge Distance

 Definition: The shortest distance from the centre of an anchor bolt

to the edge of the concrete member.
 Purpose: To prevent the concrete from splitting, side-face blowout,
or breakout when the anchor is loaded

Minimum Spacing Between Anchors

 Definition: Distance between centres of two adjacent anchors

 Purpose: To avoid overlapping failure surfaces like breakout cones
 Critical Spacing to Avoid Group Effects
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 For tension failure modes
Concrete breakout: critical spacing = 3 × effective embedment
depth (3hef)
Bond failure: critical spacing = 2 × minimum edge distance
(2c_edge)

For shear failure modes:

Concrete breakout: critical spacing = 3 × ca1 (where ca1 =
distance from anchor to edge in shear direction)

If spacing is less than critical spacing → anchors behave like a group and
you must reduce the calculated capacity using group reduction factors

hef ("effective embedment depth")

The vertical distance from the concrete surface to the deepest point of the
embedded part of the anchor

It measures how deep the anchor bolt is buried inside the concrete

It affects tensile strength (pullout, breakout) and shear strength

(pryout, breakout)

Deeper embedment gives more strength — because more concrete

holds onto the anchor

17.4 Design requirements for tensile loading

17.4.1 Steel strength of anchors in tension

This section tells how to calculate the tensile strength (pulling strength) of
the steel part of an anchor bolt

[Link] for Nominal Tensile Strength

The basic formula is

N sa = Nominal tensile strength of anchor steel (in lb or N)

A se ,N = Effective cross-sectional area of the anchor (in² or mm²)

Fu ta = Ultimate tensile strength of the anchor material (psi or MPa)

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2. Limit on fu ta value

Fu ta should not be taken more than the smaller of

1.9fy (1.9 × Yield strength) or

125,000 psi (about 860 MPa

Why?

To make sure under normal (service) loads, the anchor does not yield or
break.

This is a safety limit

3. Effective Cross-Sectional Area A se, N

Post-installed anchors (especially wedge types) might have reduced

area because of threads or cuts

Manufacturers must give the correct value of Ase , N

For standard threaded rods and bolts, the formula from ASME B1.1 can
be used

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17.4.2 Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension

[Link]

21
22
[Link]

To calculate the basic breakout strength Nb of a single anchor in

tension when cracked concrete is present

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[Link]

Here is a concise breakdown of the main points from the ACI 318-14
provisions and commentary on concrete breakout strength in tension
for anchors, as covered in your images

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25
[Link]

Ψ e c, N - It's a modification factor used when a group of anchors is

loaded eccentrically in tension — meaning the resultant tension force
does not act directly through the centroid of the anchor group, but
with an eccentricity (e' N), creating uneven loading

26
[Link]
27
When an anchor (or anchor group) is installed near an edge, the
concrete breakout cone can’t fully develop. This reduces the anchor’s
effective strength. A modification factor, ψ ed ,N is used to account for this
edge effect

The concrete breakout cone is a failure surface that forms when an

anchor in tension pulls out a cone-shaped chunk of concrete. This
cone spreads outward from the anchor at an angle (typically about 35–
45°). For the cone to fully form, concrete must surround the anchor
on all sides

Why can't it fully develop near an edge?

 When an anchor is installed close to an edge, here's what happens

 Part of the cone intersects the edge of the concrete member
 That portion of the cone has no concrete to resist the force—it’s
just air or the edge boundary
 So, instead of a full cone, only a partial cone can develop
 As a result, the resisting area is smaller, leading to
Reduced breakout strength
Possible spalling or premature failure

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[Link]
This image explains ACI 318-19 Section [Link], which
addresses how to account for cracked vs. uncracked concrete in
anchor design by applying a modification factor ψ c, N for anchors
in tension.

Concrete can develop cracks under service loads due to

shrinkage, temperature, or flexure. Anchors behave differently in
cracked concrete, usually showing reduced strength. This
section helps adjust design strength accordingly.

29
30
31
[Link]
Clause [Link] deals with splitting failure in post-installed
anchors installed in uncracked concrete. It introduces a
modification factor ψ cp ,N to account for potential failure when
minimum edge distances are not met and there's no reinforcement
to control splitting.

32
33
[Link]

34
[Link]

35
17.4.3 pullout strength of cast-in, post-installed expansion, and
undercut anchors in tension

36
37
17.4.4 concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchors in
tension

This section (ACI 318-19 §17.4.4 and its commentary) covers the
concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchors in
tension. It applies to cast-in headed anchors with deep
embedment placed close to an edge.

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17.4.5 Bond strength of adhesive anchors in tension

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17.4.5 Bond strength of adhesive anchors in tension
[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link]

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17.5 – Design requirements for shear loading
17.5.1 – Steel strength of anchor in shear

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17.5.3 concrete pry out strength of anchor in shear

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17.5.2 concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear
[Link]

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[Link]

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52
[Link]

[Link]

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[Link]

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[Link],7,8

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 INTERACTION OF TENSILE AND SHEAR FORCES
INTERACTION OF TENSILE AND SHEAR FORCES

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