RDBMS AND NOSQL

UNIT-I
Fill in the Blanks with Answers
1. A __________ is an organized collection of related data.
👉 Answer: database
2. DBMS stands for ______________________.
👉 Answer: Database Management System
3. A DBMS is used to __________, __________, and __________ data.
👉 Answer: store, retrieve, manage
4. Data that describes other data is called __________.
👉 Answer: metadata
5. The person responsible for managing and maintaining a database is called a __________.
👉 Answer: Database Administrator (DBA)
6. The people who use database applications are called __________.
👉 Answer: end users
7. The ability to change the database structure without affecting application programs is
called __________.
👉 Answer: data independence
8. The __________ is a logical structure that defines the entire database.
👉 Answer: schema
9. The actual data stored in the database at a particular moment is called a __________.
👉 Answer: database instance
10. The __________ approach reduces data redundancy and improves consistency.
👉 Answer: database
11. A __________ is a request made to access or manipulate data in the database.
👉 Answer: query
12. The collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database is called a
__________.
👉 Answer: Database Management System
13. The ER model stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Entity-Relationship model
14. The users who design and develop the database system are called __________.
👉 Answer: workers behind the scene
15. The users who directly interact with the DBMS are called __________.
👉 Answer: actors on the scene
16. The main advantage of a DBMS is to control __________ and ensure data integrity.
👉 Answer: data redundancy
17. In a traditional file system, each application has its own set of __________.
👉 Answer: files
18. The data in a database is stored in the form of __________.
👉 Answer: tables
 19. A __________ provides a systematic and organized way to store data.
👉 Answer: database system
20. A __________ database stores data in one central location.
👉 Answer: centralized
21. A __________ database stores data at multiple locations connected through a network.
👉 Answer: distributed
22. The term “data model” refers to a collection of __________ used to describe data
structure.
👉 Answer: concepts
23. The database environment includes data, hardware, software, and __________.
👉 Answer: users
24. A __________ is a single logical unit of work in a database.
👉 Answer: transaction
25. A __________ contains information about data types, constraints, and relationships.
👉 Answer: data dictionary
26. The __________ layer of abstraction describes how the data is actually stored.
👉 Answer: physical
27. The __________ layer describes what data is stored in the database.
👉 Answer: logical
28. The __________ layer provides a simplified user view of the database.
👉 Answer: view (or external)
29. A DBMS provides both __________ and __________ access to data.
👉 Answer: controlled, secure
30. The __________ of a DBMS allows multiple users to access data concurrently.
👉 Answer: concurrency control

2 Marks Questions
1. Define database.
2. What is a DBMS?
3. Who are database users?
4. Mention two examples of database applications.
5. What is metadata?
6. Define data independence.
7. What is a data model?
8. List any two characteristics of the database approach.
9. Who are “Actors on the Scene” in a database environment?
10. What is meant by a centralized database system?
11. Write any two advantages of using a DBMS.
12. Define schema and instance.
13. What is meant by data redundancy?
14. Give an example of a database application.
15. What is meant by self-describing nature of a DBMS?

5 Marks Questions
 1. Explain the main characteristics of the database approach.
2. Differentiate between file processing system and database system.
3. Write short notes on “Actors on the Scene” and “Workers behind the Scene.”
4. Explain the advantages of using a DBMS approach.
5. Describe the various types of database users.
6. Write a short note on the history and evolution of database systems.
7. Explain the concept of data abstraction in DBMS.
8. Discuss the functions of a Database Administrator (DBA).
9. Compare database and metadata with suitable examples.
10. Explain the concept of “Program–Data Independence” in DBMS.

10 Marks Questions
1. Discuss in detail the Characteristics of the Database Approach with suitable examples.
2. Explain the Actors on the Scene and Workers behind the Scene in a DBMS
environment.
3. Describe the Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach and explain how it differs
from the traditional file system.
4. Elaborate on the History of Database Applications from the early file systems to
modern database technologies.
5. With a neat diagram, explain the Database System Environment and its components.
6. Discuss the different types of database users and their roles in detail.
7. Write detailed notes on the functions of a Database Management System.
8. Explain how data abstraction and data independence improve database design.
9. Describe database system applications in various real-world domains (banking,
education, healthcare, etc.).
10. Discuss the evolution and significance of database systems in modern computing.

UNIT-II
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define data model.
2. What is a schema?
3. Define instance in a database.
4. What is meant by data independence?
5. What are the three levels of Three-Schema Architecture?
6. Mention any two types of database languages.
7. What is DDL?
8. What is DML?
9. Define data definition language with example.
10. What is a database interface?
11. What is DBA?
12. Define constraint in a relational model.
13. What is primary key?
 14. What is foreign key?
15. What is domain constraint?
16. Define relational schema.
17. What is meant by entity integrity constraint?
18. What is referential integrity constraint?
19. Define transaction in a database.
20. What is meant by constraint violation?
21. What is a centralized database system?
22. What is client-server architecture?
23. List any two classifications of DBMSs.
24. What is a relational data model?
25. Give an example of an update operation in SQL.
26. Mention one advantage of data independence.
27. Define conceptual schema.
28. What is meant by logical data independence?
29. Define physical data independence.
30. What is SQL used for?

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the three levels of the Three-Schema Architecture with a neat diagram.
2. Differentiate between data model, schema, and instance.
3. Explain data independence and its types.
4. Write short notes on database languages used in DBMS.
5. Explain database system environment and its components.
6. Differentiate between centralized and client/server architectures.
7. Explain the classification of DBMSs.
8. Explain Relational Model Concepts with examples.
9. Write short notes on relational constraints (domain, key, entity, referential).
10. Explain the different update operations in a relational database.
11. What are constraint violations? How are they handled in DBMS?
12. Compare hierarchical, network, and relational data models.
13. Explain the role of database administrator in a DBMS environment.
14. Describe the structure and components of a relational schema.
15. Explain how transactions maintain consistency in a database.

10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Discuss in detail the Three-Schema Architecture and explain Data Independence with
examples.
2. Explain in detail the Database System Environment with a neat diagram and functions
of each component.
3. Describe the Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs with advantages
and disadvantages.
 4. Explain the Classification of Database Management Systems based on data models and
number of users.
5. Explain the Relational Data Model in detail with its key concepts and constraints.
6. Discuss the different types of Relational Constraints — Domain, Key, Entity Integrity,
and Referential Integrity.
7. Describe Relational Database Schemas with examples and explain how update
operations are performed.
8. Explain Update Operations and Transactions in a relational database. How are
constraint violations handled?
9. Discuss the role of Database Languages and Interfaces in the DBMS architecture.
10. Compare the Hierarchical, Network, Object-Oriented, and Relational Models with
suitable examples.

Fill in the Blanks with Answers:

Part A: Database System Concepts and Architecture

1. A __________ is a collection of concepts used to describe the structure of a database.

👉 Answer: data model
2. A __________ describes the overall logical structure of the database.
👉 Answer: schema
3. The actual data stored in a database at a particular moment is called a __________.
👉 Answer: instance
4. The three levels of database architecture are __________, __________, and __________.
👉 Answer: internal level, conceptual level, external level
5. The architecture with three levels is called the __________.
👉 Answer: Three-Schema Architecture
6. The ability to change the database structure without affecting applications is called
__________.
👉 Answer: data independence
7. The type of data independence that allows changes in physical storage is called
__________.
👉 Answer: physical data independence
8. The type of data independence that allows changes in logical structure is called
__________.
👉 Answer: logical data independence
9. DDL stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Data Definition Language
10. DML stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Data Manipulation Language
11. The component that defines and manages the database structure is called the
__________.
👉 Answer: Database Management System (DBMS)
12. The person responsible for database maintenance is the __________.
👉 Answer: Database Administrator (DBA)
 13. The process of storing data in a single system is known as a __________ database
system.
👉 Answer: centralized
14. The system where clients request services from a central server is called a __________
architecture.
👉 Answer: client-server
15. A DBMS that supports multiple data models is called a __________ DBMS.
👉 Answer: multi-model
16. A DBMS that stores data in table format is called a __________ DBMS.
👉 Answer: relational
17. The database environment includes hardware, software, data, procedures, and
__________.
👉 Answer: users
18. The external level provides a __________ view of the database to users.
👉 Answer: user-specific (or customized)
19. The internal level describes how data is __________ in the system.
👉 Answer: physically stored
20. The conceptual level describes what data is __________ and relationships among data.
👉 Answer: stored

Part B: The Relational Data Model and SQL

21. In a relational model, data is stored in the form of __________.

👉 Answer: tables (relations)
22. Each row in a table is called a __________.
👉 Answer: tuple (or record)
23. Each column in a table is called an __________.
👉 Answer: attribute (or field)
24. A __________ uniquely identifies each tuple in a relation.
👉 Answer: primary key
25. A __________ is a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table.
👉 Answer: foreign key
26. A __________ constraint ensures that all values in a column are valid and belong to a
particular domain.
👉 Answer: domain
27. The __________ constraint ensures that no two tuples have the same primary key value.
👉 Answer: entity integrity
28. The __________ constraint ensures that a foreign key value must match a primary key
value in another table.
👉 Answer: referential integrity
29. The structure of a relational database is represented by a __________.
👉 Answer: relational schema
30. SQL stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Structured Query Language
31. The command CREATE TABLE is an example of a __________ statement.
👉 Answer: DDL (Data Definition Language)
 32. The command SELECT is an example of a __________ statement.
👉 Answer: DML (Data Manipulation Language)
33. A single logical unit of work performed in a database is called a __________.
👉 Answer: transaction
34. A transaction must follow the __________ properties.
👉 Answer: ACID
35. The ‘A’ in ACID stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Atomicity
36. The ‘C’ in ACID stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Consistency
37. The ‘I’ in ACID stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Isolation
38. The ‘D’ in ACID stands for __________.
👉 Answer: Durability
39. A violation of any integrity rule is known as a __________.
👉 Answer: constraint violation
40. The operation that modifies existing records in a table is called an __________ operation.
👉 Answer: update
41. The operation that adds a new record to a table is called an __________ operation.
👉 Answer: insert
42. The operation that removes a record from a table is called a __________ operation.
👉 Answer: delete
43. A relation must have unique rows; this property is called __________.
👉 Answer: entity integrity
44. A relation is also known as a __________ in SQL terminology.
👉 Answer: table
45. In SQL, the keyword used to remove all records from a table is __________.
👉 Answer: DELETE
46. The keyword used to change data in SQL is __________.
👉 Answer: UPDATE
47. The keyword used to add data in SQL is __________.
👉 Answer: INSERT
48. The process of ensuring data accuracy and reliability is called __________.
👉 Answer: data integrity
49. A relational database organizes data into one or more __________.
👉 Answer: tables
50. The collection of tables in a database is known as a __________.
👉 Answer: relational database schema

UNIT-III

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What does SQL stand for?
2. What is DDL in SQL?
 3. What is DML in SQL?
4. List any two data types supported by SQL.
5. What is the purpose of the CREATE TABLE statement?
6. What is a constraint in SQL?
7. Define primary key constraint.
8. Define foreign key constraint.
9. What is a unique constraint?
10. What is a check constraint?
11. What is the use of the INSERT statement in SQL?
12. What does the DELETE statement do?
13. What is the purpose of the UPDATE command?
14. What is a view in SQL?
15. What is meant by a virtual table?
16. What is a trigger in SQL?
17. What is an assertion in SQL?
18. What is the use of the ALTER TABLE statement?
19. What does the DROP TABLE statement do?
20. What is meant by schema modification?
21. What is a simple query in SQL?
22. What is a nested query?
23. What is meant by a join in SQL?
24. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
25. What does the SELECT statement do?
26. What keyword is used to remove duplicate rows in SQL output?
27. What is the use of the WHERE clause?
28. What is the use of the ORDER BY clause?
29. What is the GROUP BY clause used for?
30. What is a subquery in SQL?

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the SQL data definition commands with examples.
2. Describe the basic SQL data types with examples.
3. Write short notes on SQL constraints and their uses.
4. Explain how to create a table in SQL with appropriate constraints.
5. Differentiate between DELETE, DROP, and TRUNCATE commands.
6. Explain the basic data retrieval queries using SELECT.
7. Describe the use of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements with examples.
8. Explain the use of the WHERE, ORDER BY, and GROUP BY clauses in SQL.
9. Write a short note on Views in SQL.
10. Explain the concept of Triggers in SQL with syntax.
11. What are Assertions in SQL? Explain with an example.
12. Write short notes on Schema Modification Statements in SQL.
13. Differentiate between Base Tables and Views.
14. Write a short note on Aggregate Functions in SQL.
15. Explain Nested Queries and Subqueries with examples.
10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Discuss in detail the SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) commands with syntax and
examples.
2. Explain the various types of constraints in SQL — domain, key, entity, referential,
check.
3. Describe the Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL using SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP
BY, and HAVING.
4. Write and explain SQL statements for INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE operations
with examples.
5. Explain in detail the Additional Features of SQL, including aggregate functions, joins,
and set operations.
6. Discuss Complex Queries in SQL such as nested queries, joins, and subqueries with
suitable examples.
7. Explain Triggers in SQL — creation, syntax, and usage in enforcing constraints.
8. Discuss Views (Virtual Tables) — creation, advantages, and limitations.
9. Explain how Schema Modification Statements are used in SQL (ALTER, DROP,
RENAME, TRUNCATE).
10. Discuss Assertions and Triggers as methods for enforcing constraints in SQL with
examples.
11. Explain the difference between Base Tables and Views with examples.
12. Explain Complex Retrieval Queries using IN, EXISTS, and ANY/ALL operators.
13. Describe the Steps to design and modify schemas in SQL using DDL statements.
14. Explain Set Operations (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) in SQL with examples.
15. Write an essay on Advanced SQL Features such as triggers, assertions, and schema
changes with examples.

Fill in the Blanks with Answers

Part A: SQL Data Definition and Data Types

1. SQL stands for ____________________.

👉 Answer: Structured Query Language
2. The command used to create a new table in SQL is ____________________.
👉 Answer: CREATE TABLE
3. The command used to remove a table completely from the database is
____________________.
👉 Answer: DROP TABLE
4. The command used to make changes to an existing table structure is
____________________.
👉 Answer: ALTER TABLE
5. The SQL command used to delete all rows from a table without removing the structure is
____________________.
👉 Answer: TRUNCATE TABLE
 6. The CHAR data type in SQL is used to store ____________________ length character
strings.
👉 Answer: fixed
7. The VARCHAR data type in SQL is used to store ____________________ length
character strings.
👉 Answer: variable
8. The data type used to store whole numbers is ____________________.
👉 Answer: INTEGER (or INT)
9. The data type used to store date values is ____________________.
👉 Answer: DATE
10. The FLOAT data type is used to store ____________________ numbers.
👉 Answer: decimal (or real)

Part B: Specifying Constraints in SQL

11. A rule that restricts data values in a table is called a ____________________.

👉 Answer: constraint
12. The constraint that ensures a column cannot have NULL values is
____________________.
👉 Answer: NOT NULL
13. The constraint that ensures each value in a column is unique is ____________________.
👉 Answer: UNIQUE
14. The constraint that uniquely identifies each row in a table is ____________________.
👉 Answer: PRIMARY KEY
15. The constraint that links two tables together is ____________________.
👉 Answer: FOREIGN KEY
16. The constraint that ensures that data in a column satisfies a specific condition is
____________________.
👉 Answer: CHECK
17. The constraint that enforces referential integrity is ____________________.
👉 Answer: FOREIGN KEY constraint
18. The SQL clause used to specify constraints during table creation is
____________________.
👉 Answer: CONSTRAINT
19. The command used to remove a constraint from a table is ____________________.
👉 Answer: ALTER TABLE … DROP CONSTRAINT
20. The DEFAULT constraint provides a ____________________ value for a column if no
value is given.
👉 Answer: predefined (or default)

Part C: Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

21. The SQL command used to retrieve data from one or more tables is
____________________.
👉 Answer: SELECT
 22. The keyword used to remove duplicate rows from query output is
____________________.
👉 Answer: DISTINCT
23. The clause used to filter records in SQL is ____________________.
👉 Answer: WHERE
24. The clause used to sort the result of a query is ____________________.
👉 Answer: ORDER BY
25. The clause used to group rows having the same values is ____________________.
👉 Answer: GROUP BY
26. The clause used to filter grouped records is ____________________.
👉 Answer: HAVING
27. The LIKE operator is used for ____________________ matching.
👉 Answer: pattern
28. The BETWEEN operator is used to test whether a value lies within a
____________________ of values.
👉 Answer: range
29. The operator used to test if a value matches any value in a list is
____________________.
👉 Answer: IN
30. The operator used to compare subquery results is ____________________.
👉 Answer: ANY / ALL

Part D: INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements

31. The SQL command used to add new rows to a table is ____________________.
👉 Answer: INSERT INTO
32. The SQL command used to modify existing records is ____________________.
👉 Answer: UPDATE
33. The SQL command used to remove rows from a table is ____________________.
👉 Answer: DELETE
34. The clause used in UPDATE and DELETE to specify which rows are affected is
____________________.
👉 Answer: WHERE
35. The INSERT command without specifying column names assumes values are entered in
the ____________________ order.
👉 Answer: column
36. The keyword used to change multiple columns in a single UPDATE statement is
____________________.
👉 Answer: SET
37. The statement used to delete all rows from a table without removing the table is
____________________.
👉 Answer: TRUNCATE TABLE
38. The SQL keyword used to remove both data and table structure is
____________________.
👉 Answer: DROP
 39. The clause used to insert records into a table from another table is
____________________.
👉 Answer: INSERT INTO … SELECT
40. The SQL command used to modify the structure of a table (e.g., add a column) is
____________________.
👉 Answer: ALTER TABLE

Part E: Triggers, Assertions, and Views

41. A ____________________ is a stored procedure that executes automatically when an

event occurs.
👉 Answer: trigger
42. A trigger is activated by an event such as ____________________,
____________________, or ____________________.
👉 Answer: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
43. A trigger is defined using the SQL command ____________________.
👉 Answer: CREATE TRIGGER
44. The statement used to remove a trigger is ____________________.
👉 Answer: DROP TRIGGER
45. An ____________________ is a database object used to specify a general constraint not
tied to a single table.
👉 Answer: assertion
46. An assertion is created using the SQL command ____________________.
👉 Answer: CREATE ASSERTION
47. A ____________________ is a virtual table based on the result of a query.
👉 Answer: view
48. The SQL command used to create a view is ____________________.
👉 Answer: CREATE VIEW
49. A view does not store data physically; it stores only the ____________________ used to
retrieve the data.
👉 Answer: query definition
50. To remove a view from the database, the command used is ____________________.
👉 Answer: DROP VIEW

Part F: Schema Modification Statements

51. The ALTER TABLE command can be used to ____________________ a new column to an
existing table.
👉 Answer: add
52. The ALTER TABLE command can also be used to ____________________ or
____________________ a column.
👉 Answer: modify, drop
53. The command used to permanently remove a table and all its data is
____________________.
👉 Answer: DROP TABLE
 54. The RENAME command in SQL is used to ____________________ an existing table.
👉 Answer: change the name of
55. The part of SQL that deals with changing the structure of the database is called
____________________.
👉 Answer: Data Definition Language (DDL)
56. Schema modification includes commands like ____________________,
____________________, and ____________________.
👉 Answer: CREATE, ALTER, DROP
57. A ____________________ defines the structure of the database objects such as tables
and views.
👉 Answer: schema
58. The SQL keyword used to remove all records but keep the table structure is
____________________.
👉 Answer: TRUNCATE
59. A schema can contain objects like tables, views, indexes, and ____________________.
👉 Answer: triggers
60. The ALTER TABLE statement can also be used to add or remove ____________________.
👉 Answer: constraints

UNIT-IV

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What does NoSQL stand for?
2. What is the main purpose of NoSQL databases?
3. What is an impedance mismatch in databases?
4. Give two examples of NoSQL databases.
5. What is meant by an aggregate in NoSQL?
6. What is a key-value store?
7. What is a document data model?
8. Define column-family store.
9. What are application databases?
10. What are integration databases?
11. What is meant by Attack of the Clusters?
12. Name two aggregate-oriented NoSQL databases.
13. What is meant by aggregate-oriented database?
14. Mention any two advantages of NoSQL databases.
15. What is meant by schema-less design in NoSQL?
16. What is a column family in Cassandra?
17. Mention one difference between relational and NoSQL databases.
18. What is meant by horizontal scalability?
19. Define sharding in NoSQL systems.
20. What is meant by data model in databases?

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
 1. Explain the Value of Relational Databases in modern data management.
2. What is Impedance Mismatch? Explain its effect in database design.
3. Differentiate between Application Databases and Integration Databases.
4. Explain the concept of Attack of the Clusters and how it led to NoSQL.
5. Discuss the Emergence of NoSQL and its need in big data applications.
6. Explain the Key-Value Data Model with examples.
7. Describe the Document Data Model with suitable examples.
8. Write short notes on Column-Family Stores.
9. What are Aggregate Data Models? Explain with examples.
10. Compare Aggregate-Oriented Databases with Relational Databases.
11. Discuss any two advantages and two disadvantages of NoSQL databases.
12. Explain how horizontal scaling works in NoSQL systems.
13. Write short notes on Schema flexibility in NoSQL.
14. Explain the importance of aggregation in NoSQL data modeling.
15. Compare Key-Value and Document databases.

10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Discuss in detail the Value of Relational Databases and the challenges they face with
large-scale data.
2. Explain the concept of Impedance Mismatch and how NoSQL databases overcome it.
3. Describe Application Databases and Integration Databases with examples.
4. What is meant by Attack of the Clusters? Explain how it influenced the rise of NoSQL
systems.
5. Explain the Emergence of NoSQL databases and the main reasons behind their popularity.
6. Discuss in detail the Aggregate Data Models used in NoSQL.
7. Describe the Key-Value Data Model and Document Data Model with examples and use
cases.
8. Explain the Column-Family Store Model and its structure with examples (e.g., Cassandra
or HBase).
9. Compare and contrast Aggregate-Oriented and Relational databases in terms of schema,
queries, and scalability.
10. Discuss the Features, Advantages, and Limitations of NoSQL databases.
11. Explain how NoSQL databases handle scalability and availability compared to
traditional RDBMS.
12. Describe the different Aggregate-Oriented Database Models and summarize their key
characteristics.
13. Discuss the Role of Clusters and Distributed Systems in NoSQL databases.
14. Explain Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance (CAP Theorem) in the context
of NoSQL.
15. Write an essay on the Future trends and uses of NoSQL databases in modern data
applications.

Fill in the Blanks with Answers

1. The term NoSQL stands for Not Only SQL.
2. NoSQL databases are mainly used to handle large volumes of unstructured or semi-
structured data.
3. Relational databases store data in the form of tables, rows, and columns.
4. The mismatch between object-oriented programming and relational models is known as
Impedance Mismatch.
5. NoSQL databases were developed to overcome the limitations of relational databases
in scalability and flexibility.
6. Application databases are designed to serve the needs of a specific application or
service.
7. Integration databases are used to share data among different applications.
8. The phrase “Attack of the Clusters” refers to the rise of distributed and clustered
computing systems.
9. The Emergence of NoSQL was driven by the need for scalable and high-performance
data storage.
10. NoSQL databases are schema-less or schema-flexible.
11. An aggregate in NoSQL represents a collection of related data that can be treated as a
unit.
12. The Key-Value Data Model stores data as pairs of unique keys and their associated
values.
13. In the Document Data Model, data is stored in the form of documents (e.g., JSON or
BSON).
14. Column-Family Stores organize data into rows and dynamic columns grouped into
families.
15. Cassandra and HBase are examples of Column-Family Stores.
16. MongoDB and CouchDB are examples of Document Databases.
17. Redis and Amazon DynamoDB are examples of Key-Value Stores.
18. NoSQL databases provide horizontal scalability instead of vertical scaling.
19. Sharding is the process of dividing data across multiple machines to improve
performance.
20. Aggregate-Oriented Databases treat each record as a self-contained unit of data.
21. In relational databases, joins are used to combine data from multiple tables.
22. In NoSQL databases, data is usually denormalized to improve read performance.
23. Replication in NoSQL improves data availability and fault tolerance.
24. The CAP theorem states that a distributed database can provide only two out of three:
Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance.
25. Base tables in SQL are replaced by collections or column families in NoSQL.
26. NoSQL databases are best suited for Big Data and real-time web applications.
27. The Impedance Mismatch occurs because of different data representation between
application and database models.
28. Aggregate Data Models simplify data retrieval by grouping related data together.
29. Consistency in databases ensures that all users see the same data at the same time.
30. Scalability in NoSQL refers to the ability to add more servers to handle increased
load.
31. NoSQL databases can handle structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
32. The term schema-less means that data structure can change dynamically.
 33. Document databases store each record as a document rather than a fixed schema table.
34. Key-Value stores are the simplest form of NoSQL databases.
35. Column-Family databases store data in columns instead of rows.
36. Aggregate-Oriented databases make it easier to handle distributed transactions.
37. Application databases are typically optimized for performance.
38. Integration databases are designed for data sharing and consistency.
39. NoSQL systems are generally non-relational, distributed, and horizontally scalable.
40. Clusters in NoSQL improve data distribution and fault tolerance.

UNIT-V

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is a data model?
2. What is a relationship in databases?
3. Define a graph database.
4. What does schema-less database mean?
5. What is a materialized view?
6. Define data access modeling.
7. What is distribution model in databases?
8. What is sharding?
9. Define replication in databases.
10. What is a single server model?
11. What is master-slave replication?
12. What is peer-to-peer replication?
13. Mention one advantage of sharding.
14. Mention one advantage of replication.
15. What is data distribution?
16. What is a node in a graph database?
17. What is an edge in a graph database?
18. Give one example of a graph database.
19. What is the difference between schema-based and schema-less databases?
20. What is meant by scalability in database systems?

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the concept of relationships in data models with examples.
2. What are Graph Databases? Explain their structure with examples.
3. Describe the features of Schema-less Databases.
4. What is a Materialized View? How does it differ from a normal view?
5. Explain the importance of Modeling for Data Access in database design.
6. Discuss the Single Server Model and its limitations.
7. Explain the concept of Sharding with a neat diagram.
8. Differentiate between Master-Slave and Peer-to-Peer replication.
9. Explain how Replication improves data reliability.
 10. Write short notes on Combining Sharding and Replication.
11. Compare Graph Databases and Relational Databases.
12. What are the advantages of Schema-less Databases in modern applications?
13. Discuss the benefits and challenges of Data Distribution Models.
14. Explain how Materialized Views improve performance.
15. Describe the difference between Horizontal and Vertical data partitioning.

10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail the various types of Data Models with examples.
2. Discuss Relationships in data models and how they are represented in Graph Databases.
3. Explain Graph Databases in detail with structure, example, and advantages.
4. Discuss Schema-less Databases — features, benefits, and use cases.
5. What are Materialized Views? Explain their creation, maintenance, and advantages.
6. Discuss Modeling for Data Access and its importance in NoSQL and relational systems.
7. Explain the Single Server Distribution Model with its advantages and limitations.
8. Describe Sharding — how data is partitioned and distributed across multiple servers.
9. Explain Master-Slave Replication with diagram, advantages, and disadvantages.
10. Discuss Peer-to-Peer Replication and how it differs from master-slave systems.
11. Explain in detail how Sharding and Replication can be combined for scalability and
availability.
12. Compare Sharding, Replication, and Distribution Models in database systems.
13. Explain the architecture and working of Graph Databases using an example such as
Neo4j.
14. Describe the role of Materialized Views in improving query performance and caching.
15. Discuss the challenges in Data Distribution and strategies to handle large-scale data
systems.

Fill in the Blanks with Answers

1. A data model is a way to organize and structure data in a database.
2. A relationship represents the association between two or more entities.
3. In a relational database, relationships are implemented using foreign keys.
4. A graph database represents data as nodes and relationships (edges).
5. In a graph database, nodes represent entities and edges represent connections.
6. Examples of graph databases include Neo4j and Amazon Neptune.
7. Schema-less databases allow data to be stored without a fixed structure.
8. In a schema-less model, each record can have different fields or attributes.
9. Schema-less databases provide flexibility in handling unstructured or semi-structured
data.
10. Materialized views are precomputed and stored query results.
11. Materialized views improve query performance by avoiding recomputation.
12. A normal view in SQL is virtual, whereas a materialized view is physically stored.
13. Modeling for data access focuses on how data is retrieved and used efficiently.
14. The distribution model defines how data is stored and managed across servers.
15. A single server model stores all data on one machine.
16. The limitation of a single server model is lack of scalability and fault tolerance.
17. Sharding is the process of splitting data across multiple servers or shards.
18. Each shard stores a subset of the total data.
19. Sharding improves scalability and performance in large-scale systems.
20. Master-slave replication uses one main server (master) and multiple read-only copies
(slaves).
21. The master server handles write operations, while slaves handle read operations.
22. In peer-to-peer replication, all nodes are equal and can both read and write.
23. Peer-to-peer replication provides high availability and load distribution.
24. Replication improves data redundancy and fault tolerance.
25. Data distribution means dividing and storing data across multiple locations.
26. Horizontal partitioning divides data by rows, while vertical partitioning divides by
columns.
27. Sharding is a type of horizontal partitioning.
28. Replication lag occurs when slave databases are not updated immediately after the
master.
29. Combining sharding and replication improves both scalability and reliability.
30. In a combined model, each shard has its own master and replica set.
31. Graph databases are best suited for social networks and recommendation systems.
32. Schema-less databases are commonly used in NoSQL systems like MongoDB and
Cassandra.
33. Materialized views are often used for data warehousing and analytical queries.
34. Single server systems may suffer from a single point of failure.
35. Replication helps prevent data loss in case of server failure.
36. Sharding keys are used to determine how data is divided among shards.
37. Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance are part of the CAP theorem.
38. Peer-to-peer replication provides real-time synchronization between nodes.
39. Data modeling for access ensures faster retrieval and optimized performance.
40. Distribution models are essential for scaling databases to handle large user bases.

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