M.

NARENDER REDDY

SQL COMMANDS

By using this SQL commands, we can create tables, and modify the tables and
retrieve the tables
[Link] COMMANDS
[Link] COMMANDS
[Link] COMMANDS
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[Link] COMMANDS

[Link] commands

 it stands for data definition language commands

 By using this DDL commands we can create tables structure and alter that
table and delete that table structure also
DDL commands are
1)create
2)alter
3)drop
4)truncate
5)rename

[Link] COMMAND

 It is used to create table structure in our database

Syntax SQL> create table table name (

columnname1 datatype(size),
columname2 datatype(size),
--------------------------------
column name n datatype(size));

In the above syntax create is a command and

table name is a user defined name

Ex:- SQL>create table student(

sno number(3),
name varchar2(10),
phno number(10),
marks number(5));

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SNO NAME PHNO MARKS

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 By using alter command we can modify the structure of a table

 By using alter command we can perform below operations

 ADD,DROP,MODIFY table columns

 ADD and DROP constraints
 Enable and disable constraints

Syntax1:- ADD NEW COLUMN

SQL> alter table table name ADD(new column datatype(size));

Ex:- SQL>alter table student add(address varchar2(10));

SNO NAME PHNO MARKS ADDRESS

Syntax2:-MODIFY COLUMN DATA TYPE AND SIZE

SQL>alter table table name MODIFY(columnname datatype(size));

Ex:- SQL>alter table student modify(sno number(10));

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Syntax2:-DROP COLIUMN FROM TABLE

SQL>alter table table name DROP column column name;

Ex:- SQL>alter table student drop column sno;

[Link] COMMAND

 By using this truncate command we can delete all rows from a table

Syntax

SQL>truncate table table name;

Ex:-

SQL>truncate table student;

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 By using this drop command we can destroy the table structure.

Syntax

SQL>drop table table name;

Ex:- SQL>drop table student;

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 By using this rename command we can change our table name

Syntax

SQL>rename old table name to new table name

Ex:-
SQL>rename student to emp;

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DML COMMANDS

 DML stands for data manipulation language commands.

 By using this command, we can manipulate the table data.
DML commands are
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[Link] COMMAND
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[Link] COMMAND-

 By using insert command we can insert values in to the table

Syntax:

SQL>insert in to table name values(&column1,&column2-------------&column);

Ex:-

SQL>insert in to student values(&sno,&name,&phoneno,&marks);

SNO NAME PHONENO MARKS

10 RAJU 9874578701 98
20 MANJU 7895485788 87
30 RANI 1234878951 47
40 MAHI 9654789412 66

[Link] COMMAND

 By using this command, we can update our table data in our data base.

Syntax:

SQL>update table name set columname=value where [condtion];

Ex:-

SQL>update student set name='sindhu' where sno=10;

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SNO NAME PHONENO MARKS

10 SINDHU 9874578701 98
20 MANJU 7895485788 87
30 RANI 1234878951 47
40 MAHI 9654789412 66

[Link] COMAND

 By using this command, we can delete records from our table based on
condition.
Syntax:

SQL>delete fom table name where [condtion];

Ex-

SQL>delete from student where sno=10;

SNO NAME PHONENO MARKS

20 MANJU 7895485788 87
30 RANI 1234878951 47
40 MAHI 9654789412 66

[Link] COMMAND

 DQL stands for data query language.

 By using this DQL command we can retrieve table data from our data base
DQL command is
I. SELECT command.
SELECT COMMAND

 By using this command we can retrieve table data from data base

Syntax
SQL>select * from table name;

where * indicates all columns names of a table

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Ex-1

SQL>select * from student;

Note---->If you want retrieve specific columns at that time in place of * you can
write that specific column name only

SNO NAME PHONENO MARKS

20 MANJU 7895485788 87
30 RANI 1234878951 47
40 MAHI 9654789412 66

Ex-2

SQL>select name from student1;

here name is column name;

NAME
MANJU
RANI
MAHI

Ex-3

SQL>select name, marks from student1;

NAME MARKS

MANJU 87

RANI 47

MAHI 46

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DCL COMMANDS

 DCL stands for data control language

 DCL includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE which mainly
deals with the rights, permissions and other controls of the database system.
DCL command are
I. GRANT
II,REVOKE

GRANT COMMAND

 Gives user’s access privileges to database.

Syntax
--------

SQL> GRANT privileges ON object TO user;

 SELECT------>Ability to perform SELECT statements on the table.

 INSERT------->Ability to perform INSERT statements on the table.
 UPDATE------>Ability to perform UPDATE statements on the table.
 DELETE------->Ability to perform DELETE statements on the table
 ALTER-----------> Ability to perform ALTER TABLE statements to
change the table definition.
 INDEX----->Ability to create an index on the table with the create index
statement.
 ALL----->All privileges on table.

object

 The name of the database object that you are granting privileges for. In the
case of granting privileges on a table, this would be the table name.

user

 The name of the user that will be granted these privileges.

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Ex:-1

SQL>Grant SELECT ON student TO Sindhu;

 By using above example we can give only select permission to Sindhu user
Ex-2

SQL>Grant SELECT,UPDATE ON student TO Sindhu;

 By using above example we can give only select and update permissions to
Sindhu user

Ex:-3

SQL>GRANT ALL ON student to Sindhu;

 By using above example, we can give all permissions to Sindhu user

REVOKE COMMAND

 withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.

Syntax

SQL>REVOKE privileges ON object FROM user;

Ex: -

SQL>REVOKE select on student FROM Sindhu;

 By using above example, we can get back select permission from Sindhu
user

SQL>REVOKE ALL on student from Sindhu;

 By using above example, we can get back all permissions from Sindhu user

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[Link] COMMANDS

 TCL stands for transaction control language commands

TCL commands are
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[Link] COMAND

 COMMIT command is used to permanently save any transaction into the

database.

 When we use any DML command like INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE,

the changes made by these commands are not permanent, until the current
session is closed, the changes made by these commands can be rolled back.

Syntax

SQL>commit;

[Link]

 This command restores the database to last commited state.

Syntax SQL>rollback;

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