TRADE PROJECT

TITLE : PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF

THREE STOREY HOSTEL BUILDING AT
SIGALAGALA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

NAME : BROWN MWANZARI

INDEX. NUMBER : 616104/

COURSE : DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT. : BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTER CODE : 616104

SUPERVISOR. : MR. TOM NYAKUNDI

CENTER NAME : THE SIGALAGALA NATIONAL

POLYTECHNIC

PRESENTED TO : KNEC IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

SERIES : JULY 2022

i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all information contained in this booklet is the original
work of Brown Mwanzari which is presented to the Kenya national
examination council for the award of Diploma in civil engineering course.

PRESENTED BY:

SIGN…………………………………………………

DATE……………………………………………..…

This trade project is submitted to the examination council with approval of

the supervisor.

SUPERVISOR: MR NYAKUNDI

SIGN…………………….…………………………

DATE…………………………………………….…

ii
D
E
D
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

I wish to dedicate this trade project to my trainers, guardians and family, for

their full support through provision of, knowledge, finance, stationary and

enough humble time during this learning period. May God bless them all.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty
GOD for granting me this opportunity of writing this project. Special thanks
to my parents who assisted me financially in writing this project. I extend my
sincere thanks and appreciation to Mr. Tom Nyakundi for his guidance and
support in ensuring that the project has been compiled and completed. May
Almighty God bless you all.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................................
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................................
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................................
CLIENTS REQUIREMENTS.........................................................................................................................................

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................... viii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0SURVEYING ......................................................................... 1
1.1 RECONNAISSANCE ........................................................... 1
1.2 CHAIN SURVEYING ............................................................1
1.3 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN CHAINING .................................. 2
1.4 BOOKING OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS .................................................. 7
1.5 LEVELING ................................................................................................. 8
1.6 CONTOURING ........................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION ............................................................................... 11
2.1 SOIL BEARING CAPACITY ........................................................................ 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS .................................................................. 12
3.1 DOOR AND WINDOW SCHEDULE ............................................................. 12
CHAPTER FOUR

iv
4.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING .................................................... 13
4.2 BEAMS ......................................................................................................... 19
4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN ................................................................................. 23
4.4STARECASE DESIGN ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 MEASUREMENTS ........................................................................................ 29
5.1 TAKING OFF ................................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 ESTIMATING, COSTING AND PRICING ...................................................... 32
6.2 BILL OF QUANTITY ...................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION .......................................... 45
7.2 SITE LAYOUT PLAN ...................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER EIGHT
SERVICES ............................................................................................................. 48
8.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 48
8.1 WATER SUPPLY RETICULATION SYSTEM .................................................. 49
8.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 49
8.4 APPENDIX.........................................................................................................49

v
 ABSTRACT

CLIENTS REQUIREMENTS

PROPOSED THREE STOREY BUILDING

CLIENT: The Sigalagala National Polytechnic Proposes to build a three storey hostel
building to accommodate more students. This project is intended to house the following
activities within a well-designed single-story structure.
Rooms
Washrooms

vi
 CHAPTER SUMMARY
1.0 SURVEYING

All the surveying details are given after a proper chaining procedure is undertaken. This gives
the information on the topographical location of physical features and leveling the ground
that produced a contour map.

2.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION

In this chapter, soil samples are taken to the laboratory for testing of the following; Atterberg
limits, proctor compaction tests, soil bearing capacity and shear tests. After which proper
classification of soil samples is done

3.0ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

In this chapter, block plan, site layout plans, floor plans, elevations and cross-sections are
made. All the information concerning windows and doors schedule is also provided in this
chapter.

4.0 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS.

vii
In this chapter there is design and detail the following:
a) Roof
b) Upper floor and beams
c) Typical columns
d) Typical column bases
e) Stairs

5.0 MEASUREMENT

Under this chapter there is to take off the quantities for the substructure works of the
proposed structure.
6.0 ESTIMATION AND COSTING

It is required to build up a unit rate for hoarding over substructure works and for excavation
in order to prepare a bill of quantities is prepared.

7.0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION.

This chapter entails the suite layout, method statement and detailed programme for the
construction process.

8.0 SERVICES

The water provision for the construction and use by the client together with drainage system
are defined.

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 SURVEYING

1.1 RECONNAISSANCE

This was the first step before the actual survey. It was done before survey is carried out. It involved
noting the shape & size of type of the boundaries. It involved Positioning of survey line to reduce time taken
during survey. I walked across site noting any obstacle that would intervene in the course of surveying
process I noted whether correction was to be done for stepping. It involved previous maps and drawings
which may give the direction of North Pole.

1
1.2 CHAIN SURVEYING

It was done after preliminary survey of the site. Position the survey line finally was divided and the station
established. The station /survey line was shown in the sketch of survey. Each station was given a capital
letter. Each survey line is known by two letters. (A-B, B-C, C-D & D-A)

1.3 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN CHAINING

The following tools and equipment’s were used in the chaining process.

1) Pegs
2) Surveyors bands
3) Site square
4) Pegs
5) 100m steel band and 7.5m steel tapes 6) Ranging rods 7) Measuring tape.
8) Total station

2
CHAIN LINE A-B
7000

B
38,000
6900

30,000

KAKAMEGA

–SIGALAGALA

WALL
FENCE 20,000

-KISUMU

08,000

WATER
SUPPLY TANKS 00.000

3
CHAIN LINE B-C
C
45,000

SECURITY
OFFINCE

STAFF PARK 3,000 52,000

3,000 0500
00.000

WALL FENCE UNDER CONSTRUCTION

B

4
CHAIN LINE C-D

5
 D FENCE
40,000

WASH ROOMS 2,300

2,500 25,000

00.000

C
CHAIN LINE D-A

6
7
 A
40,000

6,000

RECEPTIONI
ST ROOM

FENCE

6,100 20,000

WATER
SUPPLY
TANKS
6,000

00,000

8
1.4 BOOKING OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS
Details such as boundaries or offsets are entered in two spaces left or right of the center as two cases may be.

PLOTTING MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS.

1) Quality drawing papers.

2) Quality pencils 4 H for drawing framework.
3) 2H for plotting details
4) Big adjustable compasses for striking large radii. Arcs 5) Steel straight edges 1 & 2 mm long.
6) French curves
7) Inking drawing pens.

9
 1.5 LEVELING

LEVELING SHEET

PROJECT: PROPOSED HIGHRISE TWO STOREY TUTION BLOCK

BS IS FS RISE R.L REMARKS
3.306 100.00 BM
3.329 0.023 99.977 A
2.142 1.187 101.164 B
3.548 1.406 99.758 C
1.494 2.054 101.812 D
1.344 0.150 101.962 E
4.078 2.734 99.228 F
2.878 1.200 100.428 G
0.460 2.418 102.846 H
4.392 3.932 98.914 I
1.884 2.508 101.422 J
2.236 0.352 101.070 K
3.595 1.359 99.711 L
2.627 0.968 100.679 M
4.3835 1.758 98.291 N
1.894 2.491 101.412 O
4.465 2.571 98.841 P
4.556 0.091 98.750 Q
2.073 2.483 101.233 R
2.728 0.655 100.578 S
1.840 0.888 101.466 T
2.339 0.499 100.967 U
2.686 0.347 100.620 V
3.306 0.620 100.000 W (BM)
∑=3.306 ∑=3.306 ∑ = 16.347 ∑=16.347 100.000
-3.306 -3.306 - 100.000

16.347
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.6 CONTOURING

IT was done using height of collimation method; I established reduced levels at each point in reference to temporary
bench mark (T.M 100)

Equipment used:

10
 1) Automatic Level,
2) Tripod,
3) Level Rod,
4) Wire Flags,
5) Calculator, 6) Field Book

PROCEDURE:

The following procedure was used.

1. Field Procedure:
a. Lay out the grid by pacing or approximate measurement along the perpendiculars, setting a wire flag or
temporary marker every 20 ft. Ensure that you have the same number of markers per row on the ground as
you do in your field book.
b. Set up the level near the center of your parcel so that back sight and foresight is approximately balanced.
c. Back sight to a parcel corner in order to establish the elevation of the level. The elevation data for the parcel
corner can be found in your field book from the level lab.
d. Once the elevation of the instrument is established, observe side shots to each of the flagged points. Simply
place the rod on the ground next to each flagged point, plumb it, and take a reading on the rod. You only
need to record the middle wire reading.
e. When all observable points have been collected, take a foresight reading onto another parcel corner (not the
back sight point). There should be less than 0.01 ft. of error between BS-FS readings and the known
elevation

2. Plotting Procedure:
a. Identify a long side of your parcel and use this as your base line with one end point as your base point. A
line perpendicular to it at the base point is your other grid axis. In the field, you can estimate the
perpendicular direction by "eye".
b. Using these axes as baselines draw a 20 ft x 20 ft grid in your field book following the example attached to
this lab assignment. Start the grid outside the parcel, and continue across the parcel until you are outside the
opposite side. Your grid should be perpendicular lines.
c. Label the grid coordinates and create a table in your notes in order to facilitate organized data collection
(see attached example).

11
 N2100

100.02
N2090

N2080

N2070 100.05

N2060

N2050
100.15

N2040

N2030

100.25
N 2020

N2010

N2000
10
E5910 E5920 E 5930 E5940 E5950 E5960 E5970 E5980

12
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION

The following tests were carried out

- Soil classification
- Proctor test (compaction test) - Atterberg limits test - Soil bearing
capacity.

The above tests were done under Atterberg limits

2.1 SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

A 200kn/m3 result was found to be the bearing capacity of the soil sample after calculations. It enhances
the design of column bases of buildings. From plasticity table the soil is described to be inorganic clay of
low
plasticity. The soil is under medium clay which has a bearing capacity range from (100-300 KN/M3)

13
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

Under this chapter, the architectural drawings were done and blueprinted thereafter inserted
at the appendixes.

1) Site plan 2) Floor plans 3) Elevations 4) Sections at critical points 5) Doors and
windows schedule 6) Structural drawing

3.1 DOOR AND WINDOW SCHEDULE

NO MEASUREMENTS DESCRIPTION TYPE

12 2100 X 900 Flush door single doors D3
3 2100 X 900 Steel cased single doors D2

14 2100X1500 Steel cased door double flap D1

6 600X450 Steel casement W2

22 4300X4300 Steel casement W1

14
 CHAPTER FOUR.

4.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

15
FLOOR SLABS

DATA
Pcb = 7 N/mm2
Pst = 230 N/mm2
Imposed loads =4.5
Partitions =1.4
Finishes = 0.5
Density of concrete = 24kN/m2
Thickness of slab =150mm
Loadings
Imposed loads =4.5
Partitions = 1.4
Finishes = 0.5
Self weight 24x150
1000
= 3.6
TOTAL 10kN/m2

PANEL ONE (TWO ADJACENT EDGES DISCONTINUOUS (CASE1)

Ly = 6 = 1.71
Lx 3.0
ßMx = ßxwl2x
= 0.062x 10 x03.5 x3.5 = 7.595kn m/m
My = ßywxl2x

= 0.037x 10 x 3.5 x 3.5 = 4.533knm/m

Negative support moment
-Mx = ß xwl2x
=0.082 x 10 x 3.5 x 3.5 = -10.045knm/m

-My = ß ywxl2x
= 0.049 x 10 x 3.5 x 3.5 = -6.003knm/m

Using load factor

Mrc = Pcb x b x d12

4
d 1 = d- Ø +c
2
Assume Ø = 10 c=15
= 7 x 1000 x 130
4
d1=130 =29.57
x 106
la = ¾ x d1 =3/4 x 130 = 97.5
Mrt = mmax = pst + Ast + la
Taking the higher moments i.e. positive & negative.

7.595 x106 =230 x Ast x 97.5

Ast = 7.595x 106
230 x 97.5
= 338.68 Say 339
Provide y10@225 center to center.

16
Check for spacing
5 < 3d1
225 < 3 x 130
225 < 390 (ok)
No. of bars = lx +1 = 16.6 = 17 bars
Spacing

Check for local bond

Qb = Q
£0la Where £ 0= x D x N =
x10x17 = 534.07
Q = wl = 10 x 3.5
2 2
=17.5 kN
17.5 x 103
534.07 x 97.5 = 0.34N/mm
0.34 < 1.25 N/mm Mrt
= mmax = pst + Ast + la
= - 10.045 x 106 = 230 x Ast x 97.5 Ast
= 10.045 x 106
230 x 97.5
= 448
Provide y 10 @ 175 c/c
5 < 3d1
225 < 3 x 130
225 < 390 (ok)
No. of bars = 3500 + 1 = 21bars
175
Check for local bond
Qb = Q
£0la

Where £ 0= x D X N = x10x21 +659.73

Qb = wl = 10 x 3.5
2 2
=17.5 kN
17.5 x 103
659.73x 97.5 = 0.27N/mm
0.27N/mm < 1.25 N/mm = (OK)

PANEL 2 ONE SHORT /LONG EDGE DISCOTINOUS

LY = 3.5 = 1.75
LX 2
MX = BX W/X Positive moments
=0.056x10 x22= 2.24KNm/m
My =by w /x = 0.31 xx10 x22= 1.24KN/m

Negative Moments
MX= bxw/2x=-0.075x 10x22 =-3.0KNm/m
My =-byw/2x=0.041 x10x22=-1.64KNm/m
Taking the highest positive and negative moment
Mrt=Mxmax=pst Ast La
2.24x106=230xAst x97.5
Ast= 2.24x10
230x97.5

17
=99.9
Say 100
Provide 76 @ 250 %
No. of bars = 2000 +1=9bars
250

Check for spacing

S < 3d
250 < 3x130
250 < 390

(OK)
Check for local bond
Qb=q / £olu
Q b=wl/2=10x2
2
=10kN Qb
= 10x103
169.65x97.5
=0.6N/mm
Mrt =mx max =pst la Ast
3x106 =230 x Ast x 97.5
Ast =3x106
230x97.5

=133.78
Say 134

Provide 78 @ 300c/c
No of bars =2000 +7.67 =8 bars
300
check for spacing
S < 3D1
300 < 3X130
300 < 390
(OK)
Check for local bond
Qb =Q/£ola
Q=wl =10x2 =10KN
2 2
Eo =22/7 x 8x8 =201.06
Qb = 10x 10 3 = 0.5 /NM
201.00X82.5
Main reinforcement

Ast min = 0.12bd = 0. 12x1000x130

100 100
=156
Ast min =156

18
PANEL 3: ONE SHORT /LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS
Ly/Lx =6/3.5=1.71
Positive moment
Mx = ßx w /2x = 0.056x10x3.5 =6.86 KNm/m
My =ßyw/2x = 0.031x10x3.5 2= 3.80KNm/m
Negative moment
Mx=ßxw/2x = -0.075x x10x3.52 = -9.19KNm/m
My = -ßx w/2x = - 0.041x 10x3.52= -5.02KNm/m

Taking the highest moment of negative & positive

Mrt =mxmax =pst Ast La
6.86x106 =230 x Ast x97.5
Ast =6.86 x106
230 x97.5
=305.9
Say 306
Provide 10 @314c/c No of bars = 3500 +=12.1 =13 bars
314
Main reinforcement
Ast min =0.12 bd =0.12X 1000 X 130
100 100
= 156
Astmin < Astmax
156 <306

Check for spacing

S<3d
314 <3x130
314<390 Spacing or
Check for local bond
Qb=Q / £ola

£o= 22/7 x D x N =22/7 x 10x 21 = 659.73

Q = wl/2 = 10/2 x 3.5 = 17.5KN

Qb=17.5 x103
408.4 x 97.5 = 0.44N/mm2
=0.44N/mm2 qb
=q/Eola
qb = 17.5x103
408.4x97.5
=0.44n/mm2
Negative mrt =mxmax =Pst Ast La
9.19x106 =230x 615x97.5
Ast = 9.19 x106
230 x97.5
=409.8
Say 410
Provide 710@ 2175 % No of bars = 3500 +1 =21bars
175
Check for spacing
S<3D
175<3X130

19
175 <,390
SPACING OK
Check for local bond
Qb =Q/ £ola Q =wl/2 =10/2x3.5=17.5KN
Qb=17.5x103
659.73 x97.5
=0.27N/mm2

4.2 BEAMS
L –BEAM DESIGN
From slab design Total load =10KN/m2
Imposed loading (ws) = ½ x10 x6
=30KN/m l/d >25 3500/d >25 D >140
200
500

Self weight of the beam

Wd =24 x 200 x 350 =1.68KN/m
1000 1000
Wd =1.68KN/m
Ws =30.0 KN/m

NEAR MIDDLE OF END SPAN 1&5

wdl + wsl = 1.68 x6 + 30x6
12 10 12 10
= 0.84 + 18
18 .84KN/M
AT SUPPORT NEXT TO END span A&S
Wdl -wd =1.68 x6 -30x6
12 10 10 9
=1.01 -20
= -18.99
At mid of interior span 2& 4
Wdl + wsl = 1.68x2 + 30x2
24 12 24 12
= 0.14 +5
=5.14
At mid of interior span 3
Wdl +wsl = 1.68 x6 +30x6
24 12 24 12
= 0.42 +15
=15.42
At other interior support
= -wdl - wsl =-1.68 x2 -30x2

20
 12 9 12 9
= 0.28 -6.67
=-6.95

Taking maximum moment for sagging & hogging

Assume the diameter to be
O =20
Cover =25
D1 =500 -20/2 +25
D1 =465
L-Beams
I, br > least of 1/6 x3500
Ii,br >1/2x6000 or
Br +4d
= 583 or 3000 +200 or 200 +4x150
= 583 or 3200 or
800 Mrc =
rpcb .b.d2 b =583
= 2.917 br 200
d 1/d2 =465 =3.1
200
R =0.20 +0.35 =0.55 /2 =0.275
Pcb =7 b=583 d1 =465
Mrc =rpcb .b.d21
= 0.275 x7x583x4652
=242.664 x106 Mrc >Mmax
No need for compressive reinforcement
Design for tensile moment
Mmax =18.84 KN/m
Asr Pst d1 –d2/2
=18.84x106 =Astx230x465 -150/2
Ast = 18.84 x106
230 x390
Ast =210
Provide 478 [210]
Top reinforcement {hogging moment }
Mmax =18.99KN/m
18.99x106 =230x Ast x465 -150
2
Ast =18.99 x106
230 x390
= 212
Provide Ry 12 [226]
Check for reinforcement
226 x100 = 226 x100
brd 200x500
= 0.23 %
0.12<0.25 ok
Check for shear
Q =Total shear
W =wd +ws = 3=KN/m +1.68KN/m
31.68 KN/m
Q = 31.68 x3.5 =55.44 KN
2

21
La =d1-d2/2
La =465 – 150/2
La =390
Q= q /brla =55.44x103
200x390
0.7
0.7 =0.7
No need for shear reinforcement
Q = Pst Ast .La
S
Assume Aw = 0.12% steel
Aw =0.12 x200x500
100
=120m
55.44x103 =230x120x390
S
S =194 .2
Say 200
2Y12@200 c/c

DESIGN OF T BEAMS
Loadings
Imposed loading =4.5
Partitions=1.4
Finishes =0.5
Self weight =24 x 150 =3.6
1000 10.0KN/m

Mrc =Rpcb.b.d For

Tbeams
b >least of 1/3 le
br =12d
b r= least of 1/3 x6000 =2000 b<
2000or 3500

22
b=2000

b =2000 =10 br
200

d1=
d2
Assume Ø= 20
Cuver =25
D1=500 – (20/2 +25)
=465
465/150 =3.1
0.25=0.25
&=0.25
Mrc=rpcb.b.di2
= 0.25x7x2000x4652
=756.79KN
Imposed loading on the beam
=1/2x3.5 x10+1/2 x3.5 x10
=17.5 +17.5
=35KN/m
Self weight of the beam
Span = le >25
Depth d
3500 >25
D
Self weight =24 x 200 x 500 =2.4KN/m
1000 1000
Total loading =(35+2.4 )KN/m
=37.4KNm

Mmax =wl2 =37.4 x3.5 2

8 8
Mrc >mmax =57.27
No need for compressive reinforcement
Ast = 57.27x106
230x3/4x465
=713.98
Say =714mm
Provide 4716 [804]
Check for area of reinforcement
804 x100%
Brd
804 x 150 =0.8%
500x200
Check for shear
Q = Q
Bla
Q =37.4X3.5 = 65.45
2

23
Q = 65.45 x 103
200x3/4 x465
=0.94
0.94>4x0.7
0.94> 2.8

4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

TOP COLUMN
Roof load =2.0kN/m2
Wind load =1.2 KN/M2
Finishes =0.8 Kn/m2
Imposed l;oad = 3.0 kN/m2
Live load = 3.5 KN/M2
Dead load =6.0 Kn/m2
Psc = 125 N/mm2
Pcc =5.3 N/m
Mix {[Link])
Density of concrete 24kN/m2
Effective length (le) = 2.6 m
Le/2 =2600/250 =10.4 shut column
Assume a square column of 250x250
Loadings

Roof load =3.4 Kn/m2

Wind load =1.2 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.5 Kn/m2
Iposed load =4.5 Kn/M2
Live load =4.0 KN/m2
Dead load 6.0 Kn/m2
TOTAL load =19.6 KN/M2
Floow Area = (3.5 x 60 ) = 21m2
Design load =(21x19.6 ) = 411.6KN
Po =pcc Acc +Psc Asc
Po = po (Ag-Asc ) + Psc Asc
Pcc = 5.3 (2502-Asc )+ 125 Asc
411.6 x106 = 331250 -5.3 =125 Asc
411.6x 103 -331250 =119.7Asc
Asc =671
Provide 4 Y 16 area (804)

24
 DESIGN OF MIDDLE COLUMN
Load from the top column =411.6KN
DESIGN LOADS
Finishes 0.5 KN/M2
Live loads 1.5 KN/M2
Dead loads 3.0 KN/M2
TOTAL LOAD =5KN/M2
Design load = 21x5 =105KN
Self weight of rib =0.3x0.2 x24 3.5 =5.04KN
Self weight of rib =0.3x0.2 x24 x6=8.64KN
Self weight of column =0.25x0.25 x2.6x24 =3.90KN
Self weight of slab =0.15x21x24 =75.6KN
198.18KN
Total load =609.78KN
Le =2.6 short column
Po =PccAcc+Psc Asc
Po= Pcc (Ag-Asc )+ Psc Asc
609.78x103 =5.3 (2502 –Asc ) + 125 Asc
609.78 x10 3 =331250 -5.3 Asc + 125 Asc
(609.78 x10) – 331250 = 119.7Asc
Asc =2326.9
Say 2327
4Y32mm area (3220mm2)
Pitch
300mm
250mm
12x32 =384
Ttake the least value
Pitch =250
Links
No of links 6mm
¼ x25 =6.25 take the heist value < 8mmbars
No of links = 2000/250 +1 = 11.4 =12
Provide 12R10 @ 250c/c

Pitch
250
300
10x16 =192mm
Pitch is taken as 200mm
Links
16/2 =8
Provide R8@200C/C
No of links =2600/200 + 1 =14 links
Provide 14 R8 @200 c/c

25
 DESIGN OF LOWER COLUMN
Finishes 0.5 KN/M2
Live loads 1.5 KN/M2
Dead loads 3.0 KN/M2
TOTAL LOAD =5KN/M2
Loding area = 21x5 =105KN
Self weight of rib =0.3x0.2 x24x 3.5 =5.04KN
Self weight of rib =0.3x0.2 x24 x6=8.64KN
Self weight of column =0.25x0.25 x2.6x24 =3.90KN
Self weight of slab =0.15x21x24 =75.6KN
198.18Kn
Actual height =4.3m
Assume it is fixed at both ends
Le= 0.7 x4.3 =3.01m
=3010/250 =12.04 design as a short column
Po = pcc (x sectional area - -Asc ) + psc Asc
807.96x103 =5.3 (2502 – Asc ) + 125 Asc
(807.96x103) -331250 =119.7 Asc
Asd =3982.5
Say 3983mm2
Provide 4y40mm (5030)
LINKS
6mm
1/4x6.25 which is greater
Provide 8mm o links
Pitch
300
250 take the least 250mm
10x40

Provide R8 @250c/c
No of links =4300/250 + =18.2
Say 19
Provide 19R8 @250c/c

DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING BASE

Soil bearing capacity 200Kn/m2
Axial load
Column size (250x 250mm)
Pcb 7N/mm2
Pst 210N/mm2
Permissible shear stress 1.4N/mm2
Permissible local bond 1.25 N/mm2
Assume 10% for self weigt
Self weight =10/100 x807.96 =80. 796
Total design load =807.96 +80.8 =888.76kN
Area =Total load =888.76 =4.4
Soil bearing 200
Footing size =4.4 = 92.1 x2.1 )
Effective soil bearing capacity
=888.76
(2.1x2.1)

26
= 201.53KN/M2

M=wl/2 = 201.53 x 0.987

2
= 99.5KN/M
Load factor method d12=
4m = 99.5 x4x106
pcb.b 7x1000 d1 =238.5
PUNCHING SHEAR APOPROACH
Shear perimeter 9250 =2d1 )4
Shear area =(250 =2d1) 4 x ¾ d1
(250 +2d1 )3d1
Shear for force =9250 +2d1 ) 3d1 x1.4 =4.3 d1 (250 +2d1)
Punching area = [2100x2100 –(250 + 2d12)]x201.53x103/106
4.2d1 (250 -2d1 ) =4.41x106-(62500 =1000d1 +4d12 x201.53/103
8.4d12 =1050 d1 =4347500-1000d1 -4d12 x201 .53x10-3
8.4d1 =1050d1 = 8761.68 -201.53d1 – 0.806d1
0 = -9.21d12 -1251.53 d1 = 876151.68
-9.21 -9.21 -9.21
=d12 = 135.89d1 -95130.48

D1 = 135.89 (135.89-(4 x -95130.48)

2
d1 =-135.89 -+ 631.65
d1 = 495.7 Say
d1 =500
La =3/4 d1 =3/4 x 500 =375Mrt =Pst Ast La = =230 x Ast x375
1750 x106 = 86250Ast
Ast =po /w =po =888.76
Mrt =wl2=200 x 2500-250 )2 =92.5
2 2
2
92.5 x106 = 86250 Ast
Ast = 92.5x106 =1072
86250
Provide Y16 @ 175 c/c

27
 4.4 STARECASE DESIGN

Data
Rise=150mm
Tread =25mm
Waist=160mm
Effective length =(2500+1500+2000)=4000
2 2

Ø=150/250=0.6
Ø=tan-1 0.6 =310
Slope connector

SCE= 12 x 0.62 = 1.17mm

Loading per metre run

Dead load
Weight of waist =0.15x1x24x1.17=4.2KN/m
Assume finishes 30mm thickness =0.03 x1xx1x24x1.17=1.8KN/M
Imposed lo0ad =2.5KN
Total =9.35KN
Assume simply supported slab
Mmax =wl2 = 9.35 x4.02 =18.70KN/m2 = 18.7KN/M2
8
Assume Adiameter 12m And Cover Of 15mm
D1=150 –(15 +12/2)=129MM
Usingd1 .actual factor method
Mmax= k=pcb/4=7/4=1.75
Kb
Mrc=pcb/4 b.d12
=7/4 x1000x1292 =29.12x106
Mrc >Mmax
Design ok
Reinforcement La =3/4x129
=96.75
Ast=Mmax
Pst la
=18.9x106
230x 96.75 =840.4
Ast =840mm2
Provide=Y 12@125C/C
Ast (min) = 0.12bd =0.12x1000x150

28
 1000 120 = 180mm2
Ast (max)> Ast (min ) reinforcement ok
Check for spacing
S. 3d1
125 .3 x129
125 >38Rspacing ok
No of bars per meter run 1000 + 1 =9 bars
125
Distribution reinforcement
Ast (min0 = 180mm2
Provide Y10 @350 c/c
Check for spacing
S< 3d
350 , 3x129
350 <397 spacing ok
No of bars = 1000 + =3.9 = 4bars
350
4Y10 @350 c/c

29
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 MEASUREMENTS

NB it is not drawn to scale

30
 5.1 TAKING OFF
ALL PROVISIONAL EXC FDN TRENCH

SUBSTRUCTURE
L= 23600 w= 13100
To measure (All provisional)
1) Site clearance = 2(23.6+13.1 ) - 4x0. 200

2) Excavation of vegetables soil 72.6

3) Reducing level
4) Excavation of foundation trench
5) Load and removal
6) Planking and strutting
7) Foundation Concrete 84.40 Exc fdn trench commencing 8) De-
watering 0.60 from reduced level and n.e 1.5m 9) Foundation
wall 0. 90 45.58 dp. Item
10) Hardcore & Backfill
11) Blinding to hard core
Item
12) -Polythene Dpm Allow for all strutting and
13) Oversite concrete plunking
14) Brc Mesh
15) Form work Allow for dewatering
16) Plinth

17) Bituminous paint to plinth

18) D.P.C FOUNDATION CONCRETE 72.6
0.60
L=72.6 0. 15 7.596
19) P.C.C Slabs paving
W=0.60
SITE CLEARANCE

28.90
15.70 453.73

84.40
28.10
0. 75 63.30
14.90 418.69
dp=0.15
L=23600 150 mm Plain concrete ([Link]-
20mm aggregate) in fdn trench
Add/ ext 1000

31
 &
28,900mm Ddt
& Backfill
W=13100mm
Add
Add/ ext 1000
Load and remove away from
15,700mm site
Clear the site free from all bushes, FOUNDATION WALL shrubs, e.t.c. and grab up all their
L=84.40
roots and burn all arising on site W=0.15
dp=0.75
EXCAVATION OF VEGETABLE SOIL
L=23600mm w=13100mm 150mm thick s.c.b walling in
Add/200 stretcher bond in c.m (1:4)
Excavate over site to remove vegetable soil av. 150mm dp and

F/WORK
H/CORE 73.4 2(23.6+13.10) = 85.20
Load and remove away from site.

32
 23.6 300mm th natural stone
13.1 hardcore laid and compacted in SSW f/work to edge of slab
0.30 123.04 layers of 100mm th exc 75mm and n.e
150mm girth

72.6 72.6

BLINDING
50mm thick murram blinding to
23.60 h/core
13.10 &
0.05 20.51

Item Treat surface of h/c with

approved anti-termite 155.20
0.25 38.80
insecticides

2360 DPM
13.10 410.01 Allow 500 gauge polythene dpm
on the surface of the blinding.

155.2 155.20

OVERSITE CONCRETE

23.60 R.C conc ([Link]- 20mm agg) in

13.10 150mm th floor slab
0.15 61.52 &
Brc Mesh Ref A 142 incl laps,
bends, tying wires and distance
blocks.

155.20
0.50 38.80

DPC
Allow 500 gauge polythene dpc on the oversite concrete for wall construction.

33
PLINTH
L=155.20
H=0.25
25mm thick plaster in c.m (1:4) to general surfaces of plinth and finished to
smoothness lesing wood floor)

Prepare and apply 3 coats bit. paint to general surfaces of plinth over 200mm

[Link] PAVING SLAB

W= 1.20m

50mm th p.c.c paving slabs jointed and pointed in c.m (1:4) on 35mm th compacted sand bed.

& deduct ditto

CHAPTER SIX

ESTIMATING, COSTING AND PRICING

HOARDING shs Cts
Build up unit rate for hoarding

34
 100x50
runners

7575x75 posts
0.5m
0.5m x75 posts
@2.0m
c/c@2.0m c/c

2828 Gauge
Gauge
G.C.I G.C.I
sheetssheets
3m
3m

15
95

35
VEGETABLE SOIL shs Cts
Build up unit rate for Excavation on site average 150mm deep to remove vegetable soil and deposit on

36
site 50m from excavation.

Solution
Labour constant 3hrs/m3
Cost = 3x15.00 =45.00
Loading
Labour constant 1hr/m3
Cost 1x15x1.15 = 17.25

Wheel 50m away

Labour constant 1hr/m3
Cost = 1x15x1.15 = 17.25

Deposit away
Labour constant = 0.12hrs/m3
Cost = 0.12x 15.00 x1.15 =2.07
Total cost = 81.57
Allow 30% overhead and profits
= 30x81.57 = 24.47
100
Total cost/m3 = 106.04/m3
Cost/m2= 105.04x0.15 = 15.91/m2

Say ksh. 15.95/m2

15 95

FOUNDATION TRENCH shs Cts

Build up unit rate for Excavation in foundation trench commencing from stripped level not exceeding
1.5m deeper m3

Solution

Labour constant = 4hrs /m3

Cost = 4x15.00 =60.00
Allow 30% overhead and profit
30 x 60.00 = 18.00
100
Total cost = ksh.78/m3

Build up unit rate for foundation excavation commencing from ground level and not exceeding 1.5m
deep.

Data

Annual output = 4m3/hr

Volume excavated 4,800m3
Machine output = 30m3/hr
Machine efficiency =60%

37
Machine hourly operating cost =sh:150/hr
One working week =40hrs
Manual labour = sh 10/hr
Assume 2/3 to be machine excavation.
Machine hire rate =15,000 per week

Volume to be excavated
Volume to be excavated manually = 1/3x 4800m3 = 1600m3
Volume to be excavated by a machine
2/3 x 4,800 = 33,200m3
Machine output=30m3/hr
Efficiency = 60%
Actual output = 60/100 x 30 = 18m3/hr.
No. of hours taken = 3,200 =177.78hrs
18
Hire rate per hour = 15,000 = shs 375/hr
40
Running cost (fuel, oil, grease) = 150/hr 15 95
525
Cost of excavation

3,200M3 =1777.78 X 528

=SH:93.334.50

Manual
Volume 1/3 x 4,800 = 1600m3
Output = 4hrs/m3
No. of hours = 1600 x 4 =6,400 hours.
Cost= 6400x10.00 = 64,000.00
Total = machine + manual
=93.334.50+64,000.00
= 157,334.50
Allow 30% overhead & profit.

30 X157,334.50 = 47200.35
100

Total cost for 4800m3 = 157,334.50 +47,200.35 =

204,534.85.

Cost/m3 = 204534.85 =sh. 42.61 m3

=4800m3
Say ksh. 42.65/m3

Running cost

16liters/hr@25.00 =400.00
Sandnersa & lab = 10.00

Driver = 20.00
Turn boy = 10.00
Total = 440.00

Total = 1616.67 + 440 =sh.2056.67/hr.

38
CUT AWAY

Volume = 8m3
Cycle Time= 18min
Efficiency = 54min/Hr

No. Of Trips =54

18
=3

Volume Moved Per Hour = 3x8 = 24m3/Hr

Cost /m3
Cut Away =2056.67
24

=sh85.69/m3
Tipping/m3 = 2000/400m3
= sh. 50/m3
Level and spread
Cost / m3 = 4000
400
= sh. 10.00/m3
Total = sh. 100.69/m3
Allow 30% overhead + profit = shs. 130.90m3

Assume Using A Tipper

Using data bellow built up a unit rate for cut away deposits spread and level. /m3
DATA
Purchase price of a tipper = sh. 7,500.00
Tipper has 3 axles
Purchase price of 1 tyre with tube= sh. 27,000
Driver wage sh. 20/hr
Hire rate for a grader = sh. 4,000/hr

Tipping fee = sh. 2,000 /hr

Volume deposited = 400m3
Distance to tip to site =4km
Tyres changed twice per year
Resale value of a tipper = sh. 1,500, 000.
Interest on investment = 10% per year.
Maintenance repairs = 60% per year.

No. of hours worked per year = 1800hrs

Assume any other necessary information.
Solution
Depreciation per year
= 7500,000-1500000

39
 5
= 1,200,000.00
Interest = 10/100 x 60/100 x 7,500,000.00
= 720,000.00
Tyres /tubes = 10x 2x27,000 = 540,000

Total = 291,000.00

Hourly owning cost = 2,910,000.00

1800

=sh.1616.67.

PLAIN CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION

Concrete works
Built up a unit rate for the following items.
Plain concrete [Link]ggregate in foundation.
DATA
Cost of cement =700/= per 50kg bag
Cost of sand = 1200 /tone
Density of sand = 1600kg/m3
Density of cement =1440kg/m3
Coarse aggregates =1500/= per tonne.
Density of ballast = 1660kg/m3
250 liters mixers 300,000/=
Resale value after 5years =100,000/=
Repair maintenance = 60,000/=
Interest on investment =10% pa
Running cost ksh.80/hour.
Operator ksh.30/hour
Hours worked per year =1200hrs.

Solution
1m3 cement = 700x1440x1
50
= sh.20,160.00
2m3 sand = 1200x1600x3
1000
= sh.8540
4m3 ballast = 1500x1660x4
1000
=sh.9,960
Total = 33,960.00

40
A
l

C
7
=
O
D
=

=
R
T
H
1
=
R
O
L
F
T
O

O
C
E
N

6
=
V
1

2
=
T
O

41
Time taken to and from 4min
No of wheel barrow /m3 = 100
50
=20
Total time taken =20x4
60 = 1.33 hrs.
cost = 1.33 x 20 = 26.67
Laying
(Skilled+ Unskilled) @ (30+25) hrs= sh.55/=
Allow for vibrating sh.90/= per m3
Total material + labour
= sh. (2183.14 + 55+90+26.67)
= sh.2560/=
Allow for 30% overhead and profit
30 x 2560.
100

= sh.768.00/=

Total cost /m3 concrete in foundation

= (768 + 2560)
= ksh.3,328 per m3
Build up unit rate for VRC20mm Ag in foundation & column bases.
DATA
Cost of cement =700/= per 50kg bag
Cost of sand =ksh.1200/tonne
Cost of ballast = ksh.1500/tonne
Density of cement = ksh.1,440kg/m3
250 liters mixer = ksh.3000,000 (purchase price)
Resale value after 5yrs = ksh.1000,000/=
Repair & maintenance = ksh.60,000/= Interest
on investment = 10% pa.
Running cost ksh.100/hr
Operator = ksh.30/hr
Hours worked per year= 2000 per year
Density of sand = ksh.1600kg/m3
Solution
1m3 cement =700x1440= 201600/=
50
3
2m sand = 2x 1200 x 1600 =3840

42
 1000

4m3 ballast =4x1500 x 1660 =9960/-

1000

total =ksh.33960
Allow 45% wastage + shrinkage
45 x 33960 =ksh.15,282
100

Total= ksh.49,242.00
Owning cost of mixer
Depreciation per year
300,000-100,000 =40,000
5

Interest 10x 60 x 300.000

100 100

= ksh.18,000
Repair & maintenance = ksh.60,000/-
Total owning cost = ksh.118,000/-
Hourly owning cost = 118,000 =59/hr
2000
Running cost
Fuel = ksh.100
Labour = 2 @ 25=50
Operator = 30
Total = ksh.180.00
Total Hourly Own Cost + Running Cost
= ksh.59+ ksh.180
= ksh.239.00
Output
Cycle time = 6min
Efficiency =54min
No of buckets =54 = 9
6
Vol /hr =980.25 = 2.25m3/hr
Cost /m3 =2390 = ksh.106 .22/m3
2.25
Vibrator = ksh.200/hr
Output = 2m3 /hr
Cost /m3 =200 =100/m2
2

43
Labour
1 Operator 1hr (30+25 ) = 55/hr
1 Labour
Total 155

Transport
Total length = (50x2)=100m
Assume wheelbarrow 40liters for 30m run
No of wheelbarrow = 1000 = 25
40
Cycle time to and from 5min
= 25 x5 = 2.08 hrs
60
Cost =2.08 x25 =52.08
Laying of Concrete
1skilled &Unskilled (30+ (25x 8)) = ksh.190.00
Total material + labour
= 49242 = ksh.7034.57
7

(7034.57 +100+155+190.00+52.08) = ksh.7,531.65/=

Allow 30% profit & overhead
30 x 7531.65 =2259.495
100

TOTAL = 9791.15
Say ksh.9791.15

BAR REINFORCEMENT
Build up unit rate for the following item 20mm mild steel reinforcement to BS449 including laps bends
tying wires and distance blocks /kg
DATA
Cost of mild steel reinforcements 50/kg
Labour constant for 1000kg reinforcement/cutting.
Cutting = sh 5.6/hr
Bending =sh 21.8/hr
Fixing =sh. 38/hr
Tying wires =sh 60/kg
Tying wires per 1000kg of reinforcement
Steel = 10kg
Distance blocks & No/10kg steel @ sh. 5/=

44
Skilled labour sh. 25/hr
Unskilled sh. 15/hr
Assume any other necessary information

Solution
Cost of 100kg steel @ sh. 50.00= ksh.50,000.00
Tying wires 10kg @ sh.60.00=600.00
Distance blocks 1000 x5 =500.00
10

TOTAL= ksh.51,100.00
Allow 5% waste = sh.2555.50
TOTAL = ksh.53,655.50
Labour
Cut bend fix = 65.4hrs
65.4hrs @ (25+15)= ksh.2616.00
Total Material + Labour
= ksh.56,271.00
Allow 30% overhead & profit = sh 16,881.30 Total
cost for 100kg = sh 73,152.30
Therefore Cost / kg = 73,152.50 =73.15/kg
1000
BRC
Build up unit rate for BRC mesh AL42including labour bends tying wires & distance blocks/m 2
DATA
Cost of BRC size 2x 45 long =90m2 = sh 12600/role
Tying wires 0.1kg/m2 @ sh.60/kg
Distance blocks 4no /m2@ sh.5 each
Skilled labour sh 25
Unskilled labour= sh.15/=
Solution
Consider 2 x 45m Roll
Cost per roll = sh 12600.00
Tying wires =0.1 x 2 x 45@ 60.00
=540.00
Distance blocks =2 x 45 x 4 @ 5
= ksh.1800.00

45
Total = ksh.14,940.00
Allow 10%waste + labour =1494.00
TOTAL =16434.00

Labour
1Labour skilled 5hrs @ (25+15) =200.00
1 Unskilled labour
Total material +labour =16434.00+200.00
= ksh.16634.00
Allow 30% overheads &profit
=sh.4,990.50
Total cost for 90m2 =sh 21, 624.20
Cost /m2= 21624.20 = sh 240.27/m2
90m2

Say ksh.240.30/m2

240 30

6.2 BILL OF QUANTITY

46
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNITS QTYS RATE KSH CTS
A. Hoarding Item
B. Clear the site all bushes small trees , m² 387.04 15.95 6173 29
undergrowth and grab their roots their arising
C. Excavate top soil average depth 150 millimeter m² 355.68 42.65 15169 75
deep ,wheel and preserve as directed by the
engineer
D. Excavate to produce level average depth 50 m² 355.68 15.95 5673 09
millimeter commencing from the stripped level.
E. Load and remove from the site m² 35.04 15.95 5509 21
F. Backfill m² 10.51 15.95 167 63
G. Excavate trenches to receive foundation no M3 40.61 78.00 3167 78
exceeding 1.5 m deep commencing from stripped
level
H. Allow for plunking and strutting as necessary item item 40,000 40,000 00
I. Allow for keeping the excavation free from the item item 10,000 10,000 00
site water
J. 150 millimeters thick vibrated reinforcement m² 06.77 3228 21853 56
concrete in bed.
K. 100 gauge polythene sheeting as dump proof m 355.68 200 71136 00
membrane
L. British reinforced concrete mesh(BRC) to British m² 355.68 240 85363 20
standards reference 98 inches bedding
cutting ,laps spacer blocks tying wires all as
necessary
M. 150 millimeters approved materials stone m² 56.40 165 9306 00
masonry wall bedded and jointed in (1:4) cement
sand mortar
N. 300 millimeters thick approved hardcore filling m² 106.70 298 31796 60
in makeup level
O. 50 mm thick approved marrum blinding in make m² 17.78 84 1493 53
ups level.
P. Apply antitermite treatment (gladiator) from shell m² item 1191 1191 00
chemicals
Q. Sawn Cyprus formwork to the edges of concrete lm 155.20 106 23745 60
bed mean girth (75-150) mm wide
R. 200mm wide bituminous felt (Hessian type) lm 155.20 87 13502 40
including bending in (1:3) cement sand mortar as
damp proof course.

47
 CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 7.1METHOD

STATEMENT
No. ACTIVITY METHOD LABOUR OUT PUT DURATION
REQUIRED
1 Excavation of site huts and Manual labour General 7 days
setting labourers
2 Removal of top soil Plant (bulldozer 2 LABOURERS A bulldozer excavator at 60 1 day
(1 Skilled& 1 meters cubed per hour.
unskilled)

3 Excavations to produce levels Plant (bulldozer) 2 laborers (1 ditto 1 day

skilled & 1
unskilled)

4 Pit excavation Plant (backactor) dittto Back actor excavator at 30 2 days

meters cubed per hour
5 Excavation of drain & Plant (back actor) ditto ditto 1 day
foundation trench
6 Generating & blinding to Plant (mixer) manual 10 labourers ( 2 Mixer output 1.2m cubed 1 day
cover in bases skilled & 8 per hour
unskilled )
7 Formwork to damn bases Manual labour 8 labourers (2 Erect 10 meters in one hour 5 days
skilled &6
unskilled
8 Reinforcement in column Manual lobour 20 labourers (4 Gang(1:1) 3 kgs per hour 28 days
bases skilled&16
UNSKILLED )
9 V.R.C ([Link]) IN column Plant mixer poker 18 labourers (4 Mixer output 1.2 meters 3 days
bases vibrator skilled and 14 cube per hour.
unskilled)

48
10 Framework to vertical sides Manual Labour 8 labourers (2 Erect 10 meters in one hour 1day
of columns skilled and 14
unskilled)

11 Reinforcements to columns Manual labour 18 labourers (4 Mixer output 2.4 meters 2 days
skilled and 14 cubed per hour
unskilled )
12 V. R. C ([Link]) IN Columns Plant (mixer ,poker 18 labourers (4 Mixer output 2.4 meters 1 days
vibrator and manual skilled and 14 cube per hour
labour) unskilled )

13 Mass concrete ([Link]) in Plant (mixer) manual 17 labours (4 ditto 1 day

found action trench. skilled and 14
unskilled)

14 Plain concrete([Link]) in strip Plant (poker vibrator, 17 labourers (4 Ditto 2 days

foundation poker and manual skilled and 14
labour.) unskilled)
15 Foundation walling Plant (mixer) manual 24 labourers 912 Gang (1:1) 1 meter square 7 days
labour skilled and 12 per hour
unskilled. )

16 backfilling Manual labour 8 unskilled 1 labourers , 4 meters cubic 1 day

labourers per hour
17 Hardcore over site Plant (roller) and 12 unskilled 1 labourer spreads 0.5 10 days
manual labourer meters cubic per hour
18 Laying and leveling blinding Manual labour 16 unskilled 1 lobourer lays 10 meters 1 day
(murrum) to hardcore cubic per hour.
surfaces

19 D.B.M MANUAL 10 unskilled 1 lobourer lays 20 meters 1 day

LABOURER square per hour
20 B.R.C MANUAL LABOUR 10 UNSKILLED 1 labourers lays 20 meters 1 day
LABOURERS square per hour
21 V.R.C ([Link]) in floor slab Plant (mixer poker 17 labourers (3 Mixer output 2.4 meters 11 days
vibrator and manual skilled and 9 cube per hour
labour unskilled)

22 Back filling Manual labour 8 unskilled 1 labourer 9 meters cubic 4 days

labourers per hour
23 D.P.C Manual Labourer 6 labourer (2 1 lobourer can lay 50 1 day
skilled 4) unskilled meters per hour
24 Load and remove from the Plant (loader and tipper 4 laborers (skilled Mixer output is 15.19 2 days
site truck) and 2 unskilled ) meters cubic and tipper is
0.2 meters

25 curing Manual labour 5 unskilled 7 days

49
 7.2 SITE LAYOUT PLAN

Stay rooms
PIT
LATRINE

PARKING AREA

SITE
SI
OFFICES PROPOSED STRUCTURE

SITE
OPERATIO
N ROOMS

IRON
SHEETS
STORE
CEMENT
STORES

WATER
CONCRETE
SITE
SOURCE SAND AGGREGATES
MIXING POINT OFFICES

CHAPTER EIGHT
SERVICES
8.0 INTRODUCTION

50
 The building site can be considered a temporary factory, where the building is produced this activity to take
place the builder requires men, materials and plants. All these have to be carefully controlled so that the men have the
right machine in the most adequate position, the materials stored so that they are readily available and not interfering
with the general site circulation a building and the total size of the site on which the building is to be erected.
Therefore is no standard size ratio between the free site spaces required considered as a separation problem in terms of
allocating space for men, materials and plant. To obtain maximum efficiency there is an optimum way of laying out
the site and also a correct amount of expenditure to support the proposed site layout.

ACCESS CONSIDERATION:

This was considered for both on and off site access. Routes to and from the site need to be checked as to the suitability
for transporting all the requirements for the proposed work. Access on site for deliveries and general circulation must
also was carefully considered so that vehicles delivering materials to the site will do so without difficulty or delay. It is
anticipated that large vehicles will be operating on the site it was be necessary to consider the road surface required.

STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS
The amount and types of material to be stored, security and weather protection requirements, allocation of adequate
areas for storing materials and allocating adequate working space around storage areas required, siting of storage
areas to reduce double handling to a minimum without impeding the general site circulation and/or works in progress.

ACCOMMODATION CONSIDERATION:
Number and type of site staff anticipated; calculate size and select units of accommodation and check was done to
ensure compliance with the minimum requirements of the relevant construction regulations. The siting for site offices
was to give easy and quick access for visitors and at the same time giving a reasonable view of the site.

PLANTS CONSIDERATIONS:
Since there is mobile movement of people and plants, the circulation routes is to checked for optimum efficiency and
stability. Provision of space and hard surface for plant maintenance should also was considered.

FENCING AND HOARDING CONSIDERATIONS:

Distinction was made between what is mandatory and what is desirable. These depended on vandalism record in the
area, type of fence or hoarding required depended on the possibility of using fencing which will form part of the
permanent work by erecting it at the early stage of the work.

SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS:

It was ensured that all the above considerations comply with the relevant construction safety regulations. On
taking over the site one of the first jobs was to layout the site boundaries as they are marked out on the drawings. The
security fence was set up around the site so as to control the movement of people and materials. The boundary fence
had only one access so that someone can check people in and out of the site. The site office should was located close
to the entrance into the site together with the site sheds where meals will be taken. The toilets on the site were located
at one corner away from where it will constitute a nuisance and to also enhance privacy. The aggregates should be
stored close to where the mixing will take place which in turn should be located close to where provision has been
made for water storage. Generally materials should be stored to close to where they will be put to use. The site was
laid out in such a way that there will be free movement of vehicles around the site in case it will become necessary to
move materials using vehicles around the site.

51
8.1 WATER SUPPLY RETICULATION SYSTEM
Reticulation pipe networks
The reticulation of pipes is for both grid and branching system.
Location of Storage Reservoir
Storage reservoir is an essential component of a distribution system. A strategic location is important in terms of cost
and service
• Locate centrally and as close as possible to the area it serves to minimize head losses and capital construction
costs
• Locate at an elevation (natural or constructed) high enough to provide adequate pressures
• To accommodate fluctuation in demand, high and low supply operations regimes are to be provided

8.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

The drainage system will be have a septic tank designed towards the lower parts of the institution where manholes and
inspection chambers will be tracked to direct the waste from the kitchen and wash rooms.

Appendix

1) Site plan 2) Floor plans 3) Elevations 4) Sections at critical points 5) Doors and
windows schedule
6) Structural plan

52
53