1 Chapter 13

Chapter 13
10. (a) We note that the altitude of the rocket is h = R − RE where RE = 6.37 10 m . With
6

M = 5.98 1024 kg , R0 = RE + h0 = 6.57  10 m and R = 7.37  10 m, we have

6 6

1 GmM GmM
Ki + U i = K + U  m (3.70  103 m/s) 2 − =K− ,
2 R0 R

which yields K = 3.83  107 J.

(b) Again, we use energy conservation.

1 GmM GmM
Ki + U i = K f + U f  m (3.70  103 ) 2 − =0−
2 R0 Rf

Therefore, we find Rf = 7.40  106 m. This corresponds to a distance of 1034.9 km  1.03  103
km above the Earth’s surface.

21. If the lead sphere were not hollowed the magnitude of the force it exerts on m would be F1 =
GMm/d2. Part of this force is due to material that is removed. We calculate the force exerted on m
by a sphere that just fills the cavity, at the position of the cavity, and subtract it from the force of
the solid sphere.

The cavity has a radius r = R/2. The material that fills it has the same density (mass to volume
ratio) as the solid sphere, that is, Mc/r3= M/R3, where Mc is the mass that fills the cavity. The
common factor 4/3 has been canceled. Thus,

 r3   R3  M
Mc =  3  M =  3  M = .
R   8R  8

The center of the cavity is d − r = d − R/2 from m, so the force it exerts on m is

G ( M/8 ) m
F2 = .
( d − R/2 )
2

The force of the hollowed sphere on m is

 2 Chapter 13

 1 1  GMm  1 
F = F1 − F2 = GMm  2 − = 1 − 
d 8 ( d − R / 2 )
2
 d 2
 8 (1 − R / 2d ) 
2
   
(6.67 10 m /s  kg)(3.50 kg)(0.532 kg) 
−11 3 2
1 
= −2 1 − −2 −2 2 
(9.00 10 m) 2
 8[1 − (4 10 m) / (18 10 m)] 
= 1.22 10−8 N.

37. Since the rod is an extended object, we cannot apply Equation 13-1 directly to find the force.
Instead, we consider a small differential element of the rod, of mass dm of thickness dr at a
distance r from m1 . The gravitational force between dm and m1 is

Gm1dm Gm1 ( M / L)dr

dF = = ,
r2 r2

where we have substituted dm = (M / L)dr

since mass is uniformly distributed. The
direction of dF is to the right (see figure). The
total force can be found by integrating over the
entire length of the rod:

Gm1M L+d dr Gm M  1 1  Gm1M

F =  dF =  =− 1  − = .
L d r 2
L  L + d d  d (L + d )

Substituting the values given in the problem statement, we obtain

Gm1M (6.67 10−11 m3 /kg  s 2 )(1.42 kg)(6.9 kg)

F= = = 1.6 10−9 N.
d (L + d ) (0.13 m)(3.0 m + 0.13 m)

51. (a) The initial gravitational potential energy is

GM A M B (6.67  10−11 m3 /s 2  kg) (20 kg) (15 kg)

Ui = − =−
ri 0.60 m
= − 3.3  10−8 J.

(b) We use conservation of energy (with Ki = 0):

(6.67  10−11 m3 /s2  kg) (20 kg) (15 kg)

−8
Ui = K +U  − 1.7  10 = K −
0.40 m

which yields K = 1.7  10−9 J. Note that the value of r is the difference between 0.60 m and 0.20
m.
 3 Chapter 13

53. From Kepler’s law of periods (where T = (2.4 h)(3600 s/h) = 8640 s), we find the planet’s mass
M:
 4 2 
(8640s) = 
2
 (9.0 10 m)  M = 5.78  10 kg.
6 3 24

 GM 

However, we also know ag = GM/R2 = 8.0 m/s2 so that we are able to solve for the planet’s radius:

GM (6.67 10−11 m3 /kg  s 2 )(5.78 1024 kg)

R= = 2
= 6.9  106 m.
ag 8.0 m/s

64. THINK Since the orbit is circular, the net gravitational force on the smaller star is equal to the
centripetal force.

EXPRESS The magnitude of the net gravitational force on one of the smaller stars (of mass m)
is
GMm Gmm Gm  m
F= + = 2  M + .
( 2r )  4
2
r2 r

This supplies the centripetal force needed for the motion of the star:

Gm  m v2
 M +  = m
r2  4 r

where v = 2 r / T . Combining the two expressions allows us to solve for T.

ANALYZE Plugging in for speed v, we arrive at an equation for the period T:

2 r 3 2
T = .
G ( M + m / 4)
2 r 3 2
LEARN In the limit where m M , we recover the expected result T = for two bodies.
GM