JAVA PROGRAMMING – COMPLETE EXAM
PREPARATION NOTES (CS22409)
These notes are designed for university exam preparation for the course Java Programming:
Theory and Practices. The material covers Object Oriented Programming concepts, Java
fundamentals, classes, inheritance, interfaces, exception handling, file streams, multithreading and
Java GUI concepts including Applet and JavaFX.
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION TO OOP AND JAVA
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on objects. An object
represents a real world entity.
OOP improves software development through modular design, reusability and better data security.
Major principles include Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism.
class Student{
int id;
String name;
void display(){
[Link](id + " " + name);
}
}
OOP Concepts Explained
Abstraction hides internal implementation and exposes only necessary features.
Encapsulation combines variables and methods into a single class.
Inheritance allows a child class to inherit properties from a parent class.
Polymorphism allows one method to behave differently depending on the situation.
Characteristics of Java
Java is a high level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems.
It is platform independent because compiled programs run on the Java Virtual Machine.
Java applications are compiled into bytecode which can run on any system with JVM.
Java Environment
JDK (Java Development Kit) provides development tools.
JRE (Java Runtime Environment) provides runtime environment.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) executes Java bytecode.
The Java compilation process converts source code into bytecode executed by JVM.
Structure of Java Program
Every Java program must contain a main method which acts as entry point.
class Hello{
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Hello Java");
}
}
Primitive Data Types
Data Type Description
int Integer values
float Floating numbers
double High precision numbers
char Single character
boolean True or False
Variables, Operators and Control Statements
Variables store values in memory.
Operators perform operations such as addition, comparison and logical evaluation.
Control statements determine program flow.
Arrays in Java
Arrays store multiple elements of the same data type in contiguous memory locations.
Each element is accessed using an index.
int a[] = new int[5];
a[0] = 10;
a[1] = 20;
[Link](a[0]);
UNIT II – CLASSES AND OBJECTS
A class is a blueprint used to create objects.
Objects represent instances of classes and contain data and behavior.
class Employee{
int id;
String name;
void show(){
[Link](id + name);
}
}
Constructors
Constructors initialize objects when they are created.
A constructor has the same name as the class and does not have a return type.
class Test{
Test(){
[Link]("Constructor executed");
}
}
Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to extend another class.
It improves code reuse and supports hierarchical classification.
class Animal{
void eat(){ [Link]("Eating"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){ [Link]("Barking"); }
}
UNIT III – INTERFACES
An interface is a reference type that contains abstract methods.
A class implements an interface and provides implementation for the methods.
interface Shape{
void draw();
}
class Circle implements Shape{
public void draw(){
[Link]("Drawing circle");
}
}
String Manipulation
A string represents a sequence of characters.
Java provides many methods to manipulate strings such as length(), substring(), equals() and
toUpperCase().
String s="Java";
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
Exception Handling
Exception handling allows programmers to manage runtime errors.
Java provides try, catch and finally blocks.
try{
int a = 10/0;
}
catch(Exception e){
[Link]("Error occurred");
}
UNIT IV – FILE STREAMS
I/O Streams represent flow of data between program and file.
Java supports byte streams and character streams.
FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("[Link]");
int i;
while((i=[Link]())!=-1){
[Link]((char)i);
}
Multithreading
Multithreading allows a program to execute multiple tasks simultaneously.
Each thread runs independently but shares process resources.
class MyThread extends Thread{
public void run(){
[Link]("Thread running");
}
}
UNIT V – JAVA APPLET
Applet is a small Java program that runs inside a web browser.
It follows a specific life cycle including init(), start(), paint(), stop() and destroy().
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class Hello extends Applet{
public void paint(Graphics g){
[Link]("Hello Applet",50,50);
}
}
JavaFX Overview
JavaFX is a modern framework used to build graphical user interface applications.
It provides UI controls, layouts and event handling mechanisms.
Important Exam Questions
Explain OOP concepts in Java.
Describe the Java compilation process.
Explain constructors and their types.
Explain inheritance with suitable example.
What is an interface?
Explain exception handling.
Explain file streams in Java.
What is multithreading?
Explain the Applet life cycle.
Explain JavaFX GUI components.
