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The document provides an introduction to Python, covering its features, applications, and installation process. It highlights Python's ease of use, readability, and versatility in various domains such as web development, data science, and artificial intelligence. Additionally, it outlines the basic structure of a Python program and includes instructions for running a simple Python code.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views35 pagesPython Programming Ch-2
The document provides an introduction to Python, covering its features, applications, and installation process. It highlights Python's ease of use, readability, and versatility in various domains such as web development, data science, and artificial intelligence. Additionally, it outlines the basic structure of a Python program and includes instructions for running a simple Python code.
Uploaded by
dp8260264Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Python Introduction
2.1 Introduction to Python
Python features
Applications of Python Programming
22 Python installation
2.3 Basic Structure of Python Program
First Python Program
Keywords
Identifiers and variables
Data types
Operators
24 Type Conversion
11 Solved Questions
7 Exercise
J Questions
Program Exercise
-2.1 Introduction to Python —
‘Python is an open-source (free) programming language that is used in web programming. dats
science, artificial intelligence, and many scientific applications. Learning Python allows the programmer
to focus on solving problems, rather than focusing on [Link] was created by Guido van Rossum
in 1991 and further developed by the Python Software Foundation.
+— Python Features
1. Easy Language
Python is an easy language. It is easy 0 read, write, learn and understand
+ Python has a smooth learning curve. It is easy to learn
+ Python has a simple syntax and Python code is easy to understand,
+ Since it’s easy to understand, you can easily read and understand someone else's code
+ Python is also easy to write because of its simple syntax.
2. Readable
‘The Python language is designed {0 make developers life easy. Reading a Python code is like
reading an English sentence. This is one of the Key reasons that makes Python best for beginners
Python uses indentation instead of eurly braces, unlike other programming languages. This makes
the code look clean and easier to understand
3. Interpreted Language
Python is an interpreted language. It comes with the IDLE. (Interactive Development
Environment). This is an interpreter and follows the REPL structure (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop). It
executes and displays the output of one line at a time,
Python Programming -(1T) / 2021/4 26 | Python Programming:
So it displays errors while you're running a line and displays the entire stack trace for the
error
4. Dyngmically-Typed Language
You don’t need to declare data type while defining a variable. The interpreter determines this
at runtime bused on the types of the parts of the expression. This iy easy for programmers bul can
create runtime errors,
5. Object-Oriented
Python is object-oriented but supports both functional and object-ori
Everything in Python is an object
6 Open-Source
ed programming
Python is open-source and the community is always contributing to it to improve it. It is free and
its source code is freely available to the public. You can download Python from the official Python
Website.
7, Large Standard Library
The standard library is large and has many packages and modules with common and important =
functionality. If you need something that is available in this standard library. you don't need to write ~
it from scratch. Because of this, you can focus on more important things.
8 Platform-Independent
Python is platform-independent. If you write a program, it will run on different platforms
like Windows, Mac and Linux. You don't need to write them separately for each platform.
9 Extensible and Embeddable
Python is extensible. You can use code from other languages like C++ in your Python [Link]
is also embeddable. You can embed your Python code in other languages like C++.
10. GUI Support
You can use Python to create GUI (Graphical User Interfaces).
Applications of Python Programming
Python can be used for various domains :
[Domain
Desktop and Web | A Desktop application is one that runs stand-alone in a desktop or laptop |
Applications computer for example BitTorrent, Blender, Juice while a Web application |
requires a Web browser to run, for example Mailman, Plone, MoinMoin.
hms.
Data Science It is a field that uses scientific methods such as data collection; alg
and machine learning techniques to extract, analyze and process. insights
| from raw data
Machine Learning | It is an application of artificial intelligence (Al) that gives systems the ability
to automatically learn and improve from experience and data without being
explicitly programmed
| Roboties It is a branch of engineering that deals with the conception, design.
manufacture, and operation of robots.
Artificial Iis a broad field that deals with enabling machines to demonstrate intelligence
Intelligence similar to human's intelligence such as decision-making, facial recognition, etc. Python Introduction
“|
| Antificial intelligence incorporates other fields like Machine Learning.
Robotics, Natural Language Processing(NLP). ete
Internet of
Things (oT)
Gaming
tis a field that describes the network of things that are embedded with
software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices over the internet
It is the art of designing and programming games for entertainment,
educational, or experimental purposes and that runs on computers and mobile
devices.
Mobile Applications.
It is a computer program or app designed to run on mobile device such as
a phone, table, or watch
|
|
|
Natural Language
processing
3D CAD
It is a field that analyses speech in both audible speech, us well as text of a
language
Python can create a 3D CAD application by using the following
functionalities.
- Fandango (Popular)
= CAMVOX
~ HeeksCNC
- AnyCAD
: RCAM.
Data visualization
Data visualization is another popular and developing area of interest. Python |
provides a variety of graphing libraries with all kinds of features.
You can find a library to create simple graphical representation or even a more |
interactive plot in Python. Examples include Pandas Visualization and Plotly. _|
Finance
Python is increasingly being utilized in the world of finance, often in areas
such as quantitative and qualitative analysis. Tt can be a valuable tool in
determining asset price trends and predictions,
Image Processing
Python contains many libraries that are used to work with the image. Some
libraries of image processing are given below.
~ Oven CV
- Pillow
- SimplelTK
+ Slow speed
Some Drawbacks of Python are:
+ Memory inefficient
Ineffective in mobile computing.
Undeveloped database layers,
© Run time error prompt due to its dynamism.
2.2 Python Installation = |_-~
Before we start Python programming, we need to have an interpreter to interpret and run our
Programs. There are
certain online interpreters like htips://[Link]/, [Link] 0
[Link] that can be used to run Python programs without installing an interpreter. 28 mh Python Programming |
Windows: There are muny imierpisiers available freely to run Python senpis like IDLE (Integrated
Development Environment! that comes bundled with the Python software downloaded from hitpy
pythonorg
+ Python 3 Installation on Windows
Step 1 : Download Python 3.
ick on the button to downioad the latest version of
To start. go to python org/downloads and then
Python
See eet Certo
Down. .d the latest version for Windows
Looking for Python wath a different 05? Python for Windows
Perraieahysus
Step 2: Run the -exe file
Neat, run the .exe file that you just downloaded
vy
e
python-3.9.0 [ Python Introduction 29
Step 3: Install Python 3.9
You can now start the installation of Python by clicking on Install Now
Python 1.36 (ob ba, Setup om
} Install Python 3.9.0 (64-bit)
Selec toinstal , se
cr choose
nstallat
python
Ginstat lavncner for all users (recommenced)
_ windows Ciaea Fytnen 39 te
Note : that depending on your needs, you may also check the box to add Python to the Path.
Your installation should now begin:
[Python 38.0 (64-bit) Setup = i
Setup Progress
1 Installing:
Iritiaizing,
| python
windows Cancel Python Programming
[30
After a short period of time, your setup would be completed
+ Pythan 3.9.0 (64-ba) Setup = x |
\ Setup was successful |
N
a At your terminal, type “py” to launch Python. |
OF Search for Python in your Start menu
release. of find more info about i
oS
5
>
S
a
fee
windows Close
Congrats, you just i
led Python on Windows!
Let's now see how to run a simple code in Python
Run a Code in Python
You can run a code in Python via the Python IDLE
A quick way to find your Python IDLE on Windows is by clicking on the Start menu. You should
“then see the IDLE under “Recently added”
Deen es
| eer
ey Deed Vet oe
CUCL nam)
you'll see the Shell sc
Once you click on the Python IDLE. [Python Introduction
[LB Python 33.0 shen
File Edt Shell Debug Options Window Help
Python 3.5.0 (cags/v3.3.
64 Pit (AMDES)} on wins2
Type “help, "copyright", "credits" ox "License ()" for more informact
ct67E2, Oct $ 2029, [Link]) (MSC v.4927 |
|
|
Click on File and then select New File (alternatively, you may use the keyboard shortcut of Ctrl+N):
“|
0)" (HSC vs a9a7 |
‘se£6752, Oct § 202
woxedice™ ox “License()" for more informari 32 Python Programming |
You would now see the following “untitled” box, where you can type ee Python code
| Lae unttied - o
| File Edit Format Run Options Window Help
*|
|
|
|
|
For example. type/copy the command below. This command will print the famous expression of
“Hello World”
af tt Cok 0}
print (“Hello World")
This is how the syntax would look like in the “untitled” box
[a vuntitier” i
Run Options Window Hi
v
Ln: 16 Cok 0 Python Introduction 33
Press F5 on your keyboard. You will then get the following message to save your code
oT]
| [& Save Before Run or Check X
|
|
Source Must Be Saved |
OK to Save? |
| EZ ome
Choose a location where the Python file will be saved on your computer. You'll also need to type a
name for your file. For example, type “Test” for your file name:
Ud Saves
‘ ot This PC > Desktop > Test vB Seren Test
1 citi
| Fucks
| mb pettop 47
$ Downloads «
Documents #
© Pictures
ete
Install Python
Once you're done, press Save, and you'll then see the “Hello World” expression printed on your
Python Shell: = .
[& Python 3.9.0 Shell
File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help
Hello World
>>>
2.3 Basie Structure of Python Program >
The structure Python Program consists of three files such as :[Link] and [Link]. The file
model [Link] is chosen for high level file. it is known as a simple text file of statements. ... Files [Link]
and [Link] are modules
Python Programming = (FT) / 2021 1 Python Programming
Standard
library
modules
oy
Im General Python Program Consists of so many text files, which contains python statements
Program 1s designed as single main. high file with one or more supplement files Python Statemenis i
general. the interpreter reads and executes the statements line by line i.e sequentially.
In python high level file has Important path of control of your Program where you can stan
your application. The library tools are also known as Module files. These tools are implemented for
making collection of top-level files. High level files use tools which are defined in Module files.
+ Modules :
Modules are having top end of code.
+ Standard library files :
Python has large collection of modules known as standard [Link] contains many modules for
GUI Design, Internet and network scripting, Text design matching, Operating system Interfaces.
First Python Program
Let us execute programs in different modes of programming
+ Interactive Mode Programming
Invoking the interpreter without passing a script file as a parameter brings up the following
prompt ~
Type the following text at the Python prompt and press the Enter “
>55 print “Hello, Python!”
If you are running new version of Python, then you would need to use print statement wit
parenthesis as in print (“Hello, Python!”);. this produces the following result “
Hello, Python !
* Script Mode Programming
Invoking the interpreter with a script parameter begins execution of the script and contnis
until the script is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer nective,
Let us write a simple Python program in a script. Python files have extension -py. Type
following source code in a [Link] file Hello, Python
[Python Introduction 38
We assume that you have Python interpreter set in PATH variable Now. try to
program as follows ~
File C&t Format Run Options Yindow Help
peine (rHeiin, eye
This produces the following result *
[ Hello, Python!
Python Statements
Python programs are typically organized with one statement per line. In other words. each
statement occupies a single line, with the end of the statement delimited by the newline character
that marks the end of the line.
Example :
print("Welcome to python programming’)
Output :
Welcome to python programming
Multiple Statements per Line We can also write multiple statements per line, but it 1s not a
800d practice as it reduces the readability of the code. For Example, consider the following code.
Example :
a= 10: b= 2:cebta
Print(a); print(b); print(c)
Output
fo ;
20
30 x Python Programming
Implicit Line Continuation +
Any statement containing opening parentheses (*(*), brackets (‘['), oF eurly braces ¢ { ) 18 presume,
to be incomplete until all matching parentheses, brackets, and braces have been encountered
For example, the nested list definition from above can be made much more readable using impligj
line“continuation because of the open brackets
>>>
>>> as
| (23.4, 5),
| 16. 7, 8. 9. 10),
(11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
U6, 17, 18, 19, 20),
(21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
>>> a
(UL, 2, 3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8, 9, 10], (11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
U6, 17, 18, 19, 20}, (21, 22, 23, 24, 251]
A long expression can also be continued across multiple lines by wrapping it in grouping parenthese:
PEP 8 explicitly advocates using parentheses in this manner when appropriate :
7 oe
>>>
>>>someone_is_of_working_age = (
(person|_age >= 18 and person!_age <= 65)
or (person2_age >= 18 and person2_age <= 65)
or (person3_age >= 18 and person3_age <= 65)
>>>someone_is_of_working_age
True
If you need to continue a statement across multiple lines, it is usually possible to use impli
line continuation to do so. This is because parentheses. brackets, and curly braces appear so frequet!
in Python syntax Python Introduction
[37]
Parentheses
+ Expression grouping
+ Function call
>>>
>>>print(
“foo’.
“bar”,
“baz”
o)
foo bar baz
+ Method call
>>>
>>> ‘abe’ center(
9, Ey
b
Python Programmi
* Tuple definition
r
| >>>
>r> t= (
Curly Braces
* Dictionary definition
>>>
>>> d = {
* Set definition
>>> |
>>> xl = ( }
“foo”.
*bar’,
Square Brackets
* List definition
>>>
paras [
“foo”. ‘bar’,
*baz’, ‘qux’ Python Introduction [39
* Indexing
>>>
>>>al
1
|
‘bar’
* Slicing
>>> |
>>>al
- 12
1
bar’)
* Dictionary key reference
>>>
>>>d[
* Comments in Python
Symbols used for writing comments include Hash (#) or Triple Double Quotation marks (“"").
Hash is used in writing single line comments that do not span multiple lines. Triple Quotation Marks
are used to write multiple line comments. Three triple quotation marks to start the comment and
again three quotation marks to end the comment.
Example :
1 ‘##tH#H# This example will not print Hello World #¥##### print(Hello World’) # This is a commen {+o |
Multiline Comments
™ This example will demonstrate
multiple comments
The following
a variable contains the
string “Your age’
a = ‘Your age?”
The following statement prints
what's insige the variable a
_Print(a)
Python Programminy,
Keywords
The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and you cannot use the
as constant or variable or any other identifier names. All the Python keywords contain lowerca
letters only.
and exe not
assert finally on
break for pass
‘class from print
continue | _ global raise
def if return
del impor | try
elif in while
else is with
[except lambda | yield
Identifiers and Variables
A Python identifier is a name used to identify « variable, function, class, module or 0
object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by ze"
more letters, underscores and digits (0 (0 9) Python Introduction
Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. Python
[+]
isa
case sensitive programming language. Thus, name and Name are two different identifiers in Python,
Python is not “statically typed”. We do not need to declare variables betore using them or declare
their type A variable is created the moment we first assign a value to it. A variable is a name given
to a memory location. It is the basic unit of storage in a program.
+ The value stored in a variable can be changed during program execution
+ A variable is only a name given to a memory location; all the operations done on the variable
effects that memory location.
A variable can have a short name (like x andy) or a more descriptive mame (age, carname,
total_volume).
Rules for Python variables
* A variable name cannot start with a number
* A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore chat
+A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _)
+ Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Valid Variable
Invalid Variable
myCountry = “India”
my_Country = “India”
_my_Country = “India”
myCountry = “India”
MYCOUNTRY = “India”
myCountry2 = “India”
2myCountry = “Ind
my-Country = “India”
my Country = “India”
Example variable creation :
# An integer assignment
age = 41
# A floating point
salary = 1234.5
# A string
name = “India”
print(age)
Print(salary)
print(name)
LL
Python Programming
eS 42 | Python Programming
Output =
fat
1234.5
India _
+ Declare the Variable
Let's see how to declare the variable and print the variable.
(w declaring the var
| Number = 100
# display
print( Number)
+ Output :
100
+ Variable redectaration:
# declaring the var
Number = 100
# display
print(“Before declare: “, Number)
| # re-declare the var
Numbejyg. 120.3.
| prinAfter re-declare:", Number)
We can re-declare the python variable once we have declared the variable already.
+ Output :
Before declare: 100
After re-declare: 120.3
Assigning a single value to multiple variables:
For example :
print(a)
Also, Python allows assigning # single value to several vuriables simultaneously with “
operators Python Introduction
print(b)
print(c)
uu
Output :
10
10
10
Assigning different values to multiple variables:
Python allows adding different values in a single line with “{” operators
a,b, ¢ = 1, 20.2, “India”
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
Output :
1
20.2
India
DATA TYPES
Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. It represents the kind of value that
tells what operations can be performed on a particular data. Since everything is an object in
Python programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of these
classes,
Following are the standard or built-in data type. of Python
> Numbers
> String
> List
> Tuple
> Dictionary aa Python Programming
Python - Data Types
| t / [- |
Dictionary Boolean Set Se
+ Numbers
Python supports four distinct numeric types : integers, long, float and complex numbers. In
addition, Booleans are 4 subtype of plain integers. Integers or int are positive or negative whole
numbers with no decimal point . Long integers have unlimited precision and floats represent real
numbers and are written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts. Compl
numbers have a real and imaginary part, a + bc, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part.
Example :
#integer example
=9999
Print(“type of x is “, type(x))
#float example
ys3.14l
Print(“The type of y is“. typety))
#complex example
229945}
Print("The type of 2 is”, type(z))
Output :
| Type of x is
The type of y 1s < class “float” >
The type of 2 is < class ‘complex’ >
+ String
A String 1s an array of characters, They are formed by a list of characters, which is really an
“array of characters”. They are less useful when storing information for the computer to use. An
important characteristic of each string is its length, which is the number of characters in it. There are
numerous algorithms for processing strings, including for searching, sorting, comparing and
transforming. Python Introduction 45
‘Tn Python. string is a sequence of Unicode character. Unicode was introduced to include
every character in all languages and bring uniformity in encoding. We can create them simply by
enclosing characters in quotes. Python treats single quotes the, double qui
str = “Hello World” —//double quotes
str = ‘Hello World!’//u
1g single quotes
Python strings are “im
“Characters in a siring can be
Example :
Hello World”
table” which means they cannot be changed after they are created.
iccessed using the standard [ ] syntax and zero-based indexing.
su
print (str{0))
| print (str{6:11])
| print (str + * !!")
| print (len(str))
Output :
e ¥
World
Hello World !! i
ra
+ List
Python List is one of the most frequently used and very versatile datatype. Lists work similarly to
strings: use the len() function and square brackets [ ] to access data, with the first element at index 0.
Example :
weekdays = ["Monday", “Tuesday”
‘Wednesday’, “Thursday”, “Friday"]
print (weekdays{0))
print (weekdays(4])
Output :
Monday
+ Tuple
A tuple is « container which holds a series of comma-separated values between parentheses. A tuple
is similar to a list. Since, tuples are quite similar to lists, both of them are_used 1 46 Python Programming |
as_well. The only the difference is thal list is_enclosed between square bracket, tuple between
parenthesis and List have mutable objects whereas Tuple have immutable objects 7
Example :
my_Tuple_l = (1.2,"Hello” 3.14,"world”) |
print(my_Tuple_1)
print(my_Tuple_1[3})
my_Tuple_2 = (5,"six”)
| printimy Tupte_1 + my_Tuple_23)
Output : =
1, 2, ‘Hello’, 3.14, ‘world’)
3.14
2, ‘Hello’, 3,
* Dictionary
Pyhton Dictionaries allow you store and retrieve related information in a way that means
something both to humans and computers. Dictionaries are _non-o: a
contuin “keys” and “values”. Each key is unique and the values can _be just about anything. bil
usually they are string, int, or float, or a listof these_things. Like lists dictionaries can easily be
changed. can be shrunk and grown ad libitum at run ume, Dictionaries don't support the sequence
operation of the sequence data types like strings, tuples and lists. Dictionaries belong to the builtin
mapping type.
Example :
# Creating a Dictionarywith Integer Keys
‘world’, 5, ‘six’)
Dict = {1: 1, 2: ‘For’, 3: India}
print(“\nDictionary with the use of Integer Keys: “)
print(Dict)
Output :
Dictionary with the use of Integer Keys :
{1: ‘I’, 2: ‘For’, 3: ‘India’}
To tell what the value type is. you can use the buil
we use the type() function to display the value type :
type() function. In the following examples.
>>> x = 42 \
>>> print(type(x))
>>> x = ‘hi’ =I Python Introduction i faz
>>> print(type(x)) |
po> x= 3.4
>>> print(type(x))
>>> x = False
>>> print(type(x))
>>>
+ Checking for Type Equality
While the type() function lets us check which type a variable contains. The is operator used for
identity checking, Numeric values may compare as equal to each other using the equality test == yet
_not match on their type. Consider this example:
1
pap xsl
poe y = 10
>>> x
y
True
>>> x is y
False
>>>
In the above example, x is assigned the integer value | and y is assigned the float value 1.0. When
tested using the equality match ==, the result is True. Yet when tested using the object identity
operator is, the result is False since float and int are different types.
+ Operators
Operators are used for carrying out operations on values and variables.
Python has 7 types of Operators as stated below:
lL Arithmetic Operator
2+ Comparison operators
34 Logical operators
+ Bitwise operators
Ss Assignment Operator Python Programming
* Identity operators
Membership operators
1) Arithmetic Operators
Python programming language suppons different kinds of arithmetic operators for both integer an
floating point like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and so on.
— a Subtra
Operator Type L_ Definition
| Ado
Addition (+) |_ Addition operator
Subtraction ()
Subtraction operator
Muluplication (*) Multiphe:
Division (/) |_ Division operator
| Modulus (%) |
]On operator
Reminder operator
Floor division (//)
__Divides and returns the value of the remainder.
Exponentiation (**) |” Raises the left operand to the power of right
y= 10
Print(’x + y =", x+y)
Output: x + y = 25
print(’x = y =", x-y)
Output: x = y = 5
print(‘x * y =", x*y)
Output: x * y = 150
print(*x / y =", x/y)
Output: x / y = 1.5
print(’x % y =". x%y)
Output: x % y = 5
print(*x // y =", wy)
Output: x // y= |
prim(-x ™* y =", x**y)
Output: x ** 576650390625 on Introduction 49
[[@ Python 364 Shell - ao x
File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help
Python 3.6.4 (¥3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, ©
on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or *license()" for more information.
pp> m= 1S
3) (HSC v.1900 32 bic (1
pop v= 10
p>> print (*x + y =", xy)
x ty = 28
po> print(*x - y =", x-y)
x-yes
>>> primt('x * y =", xty)
x * y = 150
>>> prin('x / y =", x/y)
x/ yrs
>>> print('x t y =", xty)
xtyas
>>> print (*x // y = ', x//y)
x//y=
>>> print ('x ** y= ', x**y)
x ** y = 576650390625
2) Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used for companng values. It either returns True or False according to the
condition.
| Operators Definition
Greater than (>) ‘True if left operand is greater than the nght
Less than (<) True if left operand is less than the right
Equal to True if both operands are equal ,
Not equal to True if operands are not equal ,
Greater than or equal to (>=) Truc if left operand is greater than or equal to the right
| Less than or equal to (<=) ‘True if left operand is less than or equal to the right
Example :
x=8
ysis
Uxpy is’x>y)
Output : x > y is False
Prinw'x< y is’, x
