VERB AND VERB ADVANCE eas 10 roduction: Verbs are words that express action peing or conditions. or tate lof (we TR fea Action, occurrence 7 State of cxistence #1 WF Fae wea #1) Verb 2 8 Prefers oreErt fren & qense -46 tH ard & A w THA(Time) sat #1 Verbs express tense; that is, the time at which ihe action occurred. The most common tenses are past, present, and future. voice - faa 8 #4 subject/doer # afwa a fifa a ai arat front & an ae aia via # fw area alae & (Active) aI af area (Passive) #1 Verbs also express voice. The voice can be active (where the subject does the action) or passive where the action is done by an unspecified or implied subject). Mood - e4 syaeenait at cent at ais rar 1 Mood can be indicative, imperative (for expressing commands), or subjunctive (for expressing desired, hypothetical, or uncertain events). Some verbs require more than one word to express their meaning. These are called phrasal verbs. Eg.1. She heard her son's voice after long time. 2. Aconversation was heard through the wall. 3. His former friend became his worst enemy. 4. Her dream really happened. VERB ORDINARY VERB AUXILIARY VERB -—_ Finite Verb Non Finite Verb Primary Auxiliary Modals Auxiliary Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb Rakesh Yadav Readers Publication Pvt. Ltd Auxiliary Verb Helping Verb/Auxiliary verbs are used with main verb to express the tense of the verb, to form a negative statement or to make a question tag. (Helping verb # ®4 main verb # =a use Fe @ tf Verb #1 Tense 779 % fer, statement # Negative 777 faa m Ft question tag TA & fee use FAT Tat a ‘The most common Auxiliary Verbs are: Be ~ is/am/are/was/were Do ~ do/does/did Have - has/have/had Modals - can/may/might/would ....ete. Be: Derived forms (Is, am, are, was, were) When 'Be' is used as an auxiliary verb, it always paired with another verb to create a complete verb phrase. We use ‘Be’ as an Auxiliary verb to express the tense of the statement, number of subject (singular, plural) and to make any sentence negative by adding ‘Not’ (ea 'Be' H Auxiliary/helping verb # ae fered @, ‘3a wi statement I Tense Zaft # (Present/Past), Number of subject aft (singular/ plural) = fet sentence #1 ‘not’ add # & negative 4m ti!) Eg: 1. He is eating food. (Singular, Present) 2. Hewaseating food. (Singular, Past) 3. They were eating food. _(Plural, Past) 4. They are not eating food. (Negative, Plural) Do: Derived forms (do/does/did) We use 'Do' as an Auxiliary verb to emphasize on verb, to form question and negative clause, and in elliptical sentences, where the main verb is understood. OR ‘The auxiliary verb 'Do' is used to make a question, negative statement that doesn't already have an ‘Auxiliary verb and to emphasize on verb. (Auxiliary verb ‘Do! #1 use #1 question 71 4, statement fart Auxiliary Verb 78H , =7#1 negative ‘watt a at fit Verb % emphasis #4 # fey use F7 #1) kg: 1. Did Rahul pass the exam? (Question) 2. Rahuldidn't passthe exam. (Negative Sentence) 3. Rahul did pass the exam. (Emphasis on verb} 244Have: Derived forms (has/have/had and hadn't) oe We use ‘have’ as an Auxiliary verb to form the prese Perfect and past perfect tenses ofthe main verb (Auxiliary Verb ‘Have’ #1 use #4 sentence # main 2 7% WM sentence #1 perfect tense # ATi # fery #4 Bi) Eg: 1. She has completed her work. 2. He has just gone out. 3. I had gone by that time. 4. They have heard of him before. | Linking Verbs A linking verb joins a subject to a subject complement (also called a predicate noun or Predicate adjective), a word or phrase that describes or explains the subject. The most common linking verb is the verb to be. Bg. 1. Kayaking is my favorite sport. 2. My grandmother was an expert pilot Other common linking verbs are seem, appear, look, feel, sound, taste, and smell. Eg. 1. This shirt feels comfortable. 2. That cake smells delicious. Linking verbs are always intransitive. If a verb takes a direct object, it is not a linking verb. Eg. 1. The dog smelled the garbage. (Transitive verb with direct object garbage) The garbage smelled awful. (Linking verb to subject complement awful) Linking verbs express a state of being or becoming. They link a subject to a complement, which renames or describes the subject. (Linking Verb #1 use subject #4 are arm subject i complement @ sig4 at fax subject 1 describe we & fem fan orn 21) Eg: 1. Udit looks just like his father, 2. This seems like a lovely house to live, 3. After leaving school, she became a doctor, NOTE 1: ‘Be! is also a linking verb when it is used as a main verb. (Be’ “ft U WHR FH linking verb ¢, a7 ‘be’ Ft main verb 1 sre fear sme ati) Bg: 1. He is ill, 2. He was a very talented singer. 3. She is my friend/mother, 4. 1am busy. NOTE 2: Linking verbs are always followed by Noun, Pronoun, Adjectives or Participles 2. A Linking Verb: ‘Be! — is/am/are/was/were Look/Smell/Seem/Taste/Turn, soot le] Peel etc. can be used ag fe a verbs. Action Verbs Verbs that describe actions or eve as “action” or “dynamic” verbs, (M1 subject #1 action FSR FA acti A Verb # BRI AAMT FZ A TF action Eg. 1. I read newspaper. 2. Ram is eating ice-cream, 3. Seema eats food. NOTE 1: ‘Do’ is also form of an action yy, it's used as main verb. (Do! ff G& WHR Ft action verb + Verb & tit 3 fora ame iI) Eg. 1. Ido my homework. 2. He has done shopping. NOTE 2: Action Verbs: Run, Walk, Kick, ty Dance, Write, Forget, Build. Action verbs are always followed by & Adverbs. TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS Transitive Verb TES ang ‘ony Verb e, FR Dos ‘Noun, Po When a verb requires an object to express the» or complete thought, it is known as Transitive| A Transitive Verb transfers its action to its 0 or Transitive Verb passes over action to itso (Transitive Verb tei Verb & fare are object Bier ti F Verb ¥ action fark ‘doer we wa 37 object transfer/pass over #1 HII cD) Eg: 1. France won the war. Transitive Verb 2. Shoaib threw the Ball, v Transitive Verb intransitive Verb Verbs which donot take an object Theactionofthe st is not exerted on any object by an Intransitive ben F&. Come, Go, Fail, Die, Sleep, Lie, Awake, ise, Swim, Crawl Fo Untransitive Verb # action ‘doer 7 8 m1 @, Object % Pass over Wi Wa a Transitive Verb fant Object # ferat #4 Rakesh vou... eaten uteg! He laughed at the beggar, 2, Mohini danced in the party, 3. He laid on the floor, qransitive and Intransitive verts some verbs can be either transitiv Gepending on how they are used intransitive: My arm hurts, Transitive: |hurt my arm. (What did 1 hurt? In this example, the © or intransitive, 7 My arm) verb to hurt has two distinet meanings. The intransitive form means “to have a sensation of pain.” The transitive form me: ‘cause injury to.” Bg. 1. Transitive: Marriage hasn't changed him. 2, Intransitive: The city chan, the last decade. ans “to iged greatly in 4. Intransitive: Most shops here close at §:30 pm, 5. Transitive: Open the door, it's too hot her 6, Intransitive: The museum opens at 10am, FINITE VERBS. Finite verbs are verbs that have subjects and indicate grammatical tense, person, and number. These verbs describe the action of a person, place orthing in the sentence. Unlike other types of verbs, finite verbs do not require another verb in the sentence in order to be grammatically correct. (Finite Verb 4 Verb tht @ St f Number of subject Tense at H Indicate @eh @ a fer a ae fe Number of subject 3ix Tense @ change #11 @ Verb ® change 31} 7 Verb Subject # action #1 whit #1) Eg. 1. They go for morning walk. (Plural subject - Plural Verb) 2. She goes for morning walk. (Singular subject - Singular Verb) NOTE: In Present Indefinite tense Verb - Plural Verb + s/es - Singular () They went to the mall. (When we talk about the past, we use 2" form of verb). 2) They have gone to the mall. (When we make the sentence perfect, we use 3rd form of verb with auxiliary has/have/had according to the tense.) ’aketh Yadav Readers Publication Pvt. Ltd In compound sentences, both Auxiliary verbs and principal verbs should be mentioned separately, if they differ in number, form or voice. In such cases, ‘one verb cannot act for both the clauses. (3 compound sentences ¥ number of subject, tense form 71 f¥% Voice 4 change 31m ¢ 7 74 auxiliary verb sit main verb #1 separately mention #1 #1) Bg: 1. She has not and will not marry in near future. (Place ‘married’ after ‘has not’) (*) 2, She has not married and will not marry in near future. (¥) 3. He surrendered before the court and sent to jail. (Use ‘was before ‘sent’) 4, He surrendered before the court and wé sent to jail. (Y) Introductory Subjects When the sentence starts with ‘It’, we use verb according to the subject ‘Tt. But when the sentence starts with Interrogative Pronoun’ and ‘There’ then we should use verb according to the predicate /complement. (3A 8 sentence ‘It’ @ start Ft @ TH Verb ie F according fred @, df#a wa #4 sentence Interrogative Pronoun 1 ‘There’@ start #a &, verb predicate/Complement # 3am Smgitt Eg: 1. It is | who raise the questions first. 2, It is we who are working for summit. ‘There are a lot of problems in this work. ‘There are two books on the bench. What do you want for dinner? What is your mother's name? CAUSATIVE VERB Causative verbs are used to show that someone or something caused something to happen. (Causative Verb a wit “fret gat a Ew wear wt eat & fem fared aa #1) When we force something to happen, we use the verb ‘make’, This shows that they really have to do it, and they have no alternative. It is used to describe doing something the person didn't want to do. wa aig arm feet gat oafea gro weeEh wea IE TA situation #1 =a # fer ‘make! #1 wit Fat @ frm oafaa 8 eer wer ¢ Tas oa eT sie ate feacT at tae aa sa HoT A aT Eg: 1. The teacher made him work hard. 2. She made me wear a skirt. [Link] teacher made all the students rewrite their papers. oase 243+ ket ng someone else do something When a job is given to someone or the responsi ee to handle an action for someone then Use ‘Have’ in many (FE Jon fret oe) amd tar nt Peat of nen you teed £0 CONVINCE HoMeone vn you need £0 PerALade go for you, YOU CAN Use they wes you ca AsO Use have pe ty mr extra dimention of menninn Thad to be convinced to do ite fera wid WH TH fy op ’ for you wh onsibilty something it adds a that they ora Peat) seh cst have’ YR Handle FF Permission 9 art t gat ceo fe get” 7HU HM Fe ome orm use feet arm #1) schedule Bg. 1. Pit have my assistant call you to resehedl sy 1. Fall Fell 2. Grind Ground 3. Lie Lie Lay +. Rise Raise Raze 5. Wind Wound 6. Bear Bear 7. Find Found 8. Hang Hang 9. See Saw 10. Fly Flow 11. Rend Rent 244 Felt Felled Ground Grounded Grounded Lied rw Laid Rose Raised Razed Wound Wounded Bore Bore Found Founded Hanged Hung Saw Sawed Flew Flowed Rent Rented the appointment Tam going to have my hair cut TH have my secretary send y Words that look or sound alike, but have very different 8 (ae TR FETE similar sound or Bat # similar W WY SHI Me Fallen Felled Ground Lied Lain Laid Risen Raised Razed Wound Wounded Born Borne Found Founded Hanged Hung Seen Aa get h PAT have fore wd VL get a work/w ® fere dimension wy % @)™ a. 1. She got her son to learn Python, 1 the forms. 2, Ravi got his father vaccinated ain y caning’ -aning different ®)) “Tree leaves fall during Autumn, {to descend Freely (#41 64 2 freq) ‘The wood cutter felled the tree, [to bring down (Te, *C frm] Let us grind the rice for batter. [to reduce to powder or small pieces wa & fore eH, FAS fT] / ‘The enemy flag was grounded. [to bring to ground (41 Wa ¥ fer) He lied to his wife but was caught. [to make an untrue statement (tr g wa & fea] He lay unconscious. [to move into a horizontal state (#2m)] [Laid - (1) to sacrifice (2) to keep in a horizontal position (3) Hens lay (F77, horizontal position # WA1)] He rose to fame through social media. [to get up, to progress, to ascend wate, eT, FEA] Raise the volume of the TV. [to uplift, to collect, to set upright (¥t 3am, aa & for, dare wate wea F fe] BMC razed Kangana’s office last year. [to demolish (Tat EN] Let me wind up this speech. [to end (ATT BET] The beast wounded her leg, [to injure (1 FEN)| [to give birth (1 Fen) {to tolerate (He4 FeN)] I found a gold treasure. [to get something new (@ 71 Gh) Swami Dayanand founded the Arya Samaj, [to establish (ead ™7)] ‘The convict was hanged to death. [to suspend by the neck (Téa @ Tew #f { hung my bag outside. (to suspend from peg ete. (gi @ weart # F0)] [to perceive by the eye (sia 3 ana ai F fara] Sevesl/Sawn[to cut withthe help ofa saw which is toothed blade used tocut reeset 44 Flown Flowed Rent Rented Rakesh Yadav Raadare Publication Prt 4Rakesh Yadav Readers Publication Pvt. Ltd ~S yh ost 10. nL. 12. 13, 14, 15, 16 v7, 18, 19, con eis wing WTS ATE Very eas cerned advice advise Affect Effect Hear folk Listen Prescribe Proscribe Allude Ellude Bought (V? & V" form of buy) Brought (V? & V" form of bring Deface Efface Envelop Envelope Flout flaunt Loathe Loath Mitigate Militate Proceed Precede Rout Route Root Wave Waive Site Sight Cite Desert Dessert Sever Severe Sewer Light Burn Canvass Canvas Noun Verb Verb Noun/Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Noun Verb Verb Verb Adjective Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Noun Noun Noun/Verb Verb Noun Noun Verb Noun/Verb Noun Verb Adjective Noun ‘Adj/NounVerb Verb/Noun Verb Noun but meanings are given in hindi for better understanding as far as their rere were tH saURTT = wan ao were waa TT Saal a sca eT aw atten art Papa FCT fat Sat or fever fear eT areas CT arr ae FAT sf et amt ae awd orm rari a et wa ae ava gin fami ea sant a gfe aa Fr iran, wm a Meals # 4% 4 Sweet Dish wre & orem a ot ta are rearderisratea Fo SerVaTEM Ea TT eg & dz air Fel ag 24520. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 27. 28. 29. 30, 31. 32. 246 Peddle Pedal Wither Weather Whether Whither Cease Seize Invent Discover Sink Drown Ride Drive Refuse Deny/Refute Dectine Catch Hola See Look Stare Peep Glare/Glower Glance Glimpse Defuse Ditfuse Tow Toe Tiptoe Censure Censor Pray Prey Pour Pore Lose Loss Loose verb Noun/Verb verb Noun Conjunction Adjective verb verb Verb Verb Verb Verb Verb/Noun - Verb/Noun SS Verb a Verb ed Verb = Verb/Noun, - Verb/Noun - Verb - Verb/Noun - Verb - Verb - Verb/Noun - Verb/Noun - Noun = Verb = Verb - Verb = Noun - Verb = Verb = Verb - Verb - Verb/Noun - Verb - Noun Verb Noun - Adjective = aH NOT wat L Wa 4 tan a ste ferme went si No fax 4 9) put * Rakesh Yadav Readers Publication< fe ST 2 Saw oF Verb - ae ar Verb = swe Ss ~ Verb - - Verb - = - Vero - - Verb - - Verb - - Ver - ss. Adopt - Verb - Adapt . —— 7 adept ~ Adjective - Heal - — _ eet - Noun - aa. Assure - aa : Ensure - Verb : Insure = Verb - 41. Complain . Verb = fens Complaint - Noun - NOTE (3) Ienioy'is followed by an object, reflexive promun is not used but if the object is not m: Following Verbs take Reflexive Pronouns after them: Acquit (to do better than expected), absent, avail, rendié (to accept a situation reluctantly), amuse, resign toaccept something as inevitable), avenge, enjoy, exert, apply (o work hard on something), adapt, adjust, pride. 2 The officers acquitted themselves well during the crises. b. She has reconciled herself to the demands of her in laws. © The students exert themselves a lot at the time of examination. You will have to devote yourself to this task heartedly. I pride myself on being able to work smoothly under pressure too. You should avail yourself of this apportunit & He resigned himself to yet another day without food. Note "They enjoyed the party. (No need of reflexive fa, Poneun as an object is present) | They enjoyed themselves during vacation. (Need f reflexive pronoun as an object is not present) Rakesh Yadav Readers Publication Pvt. Ltd — reflexive pronoun is used (=3 ‘enjoy’ # = obj ‘a reflexive pronoun use 7 object "8B. 74 reflexive pronoun #1 u (4) Iftabsent'is used as a verb, it will be followed Teflexive pronoun. (3% €4 ‘absent’ #1 Verb $7 use i 77 reflexive pronoun use €7!) Eg: He was absent. (¥) NOTE (1) If!acquit! means "to decide in court that one is not guilty" reflexive pronoun is not used (3a ‘acquit’ #1 FATA court F not guilty decide = thm 74 reflexive pronoun use 78 #7!) Eg: The court acquitted him. If ‘aequit' means "to do better than expected”, = reflexive pronoun is used. (3a ‘acquit! #1 FER expected 3 SER FT reflexive pronoun use 7 #1) ‘Eg: The police ‘acquitted themselves’ welldurmethe not t= 247(2) (3) @) (5) (6) a 8) 248 lfzeconelle' means “to settle a matter or resolve", reflexive pronoun shall not be used. . (9 ‘reconcile’ a7 wreTa TF matter 7 solve FH FAI #.7 relexive pronoun use ai ti #1) Eg: I reconciled with him after the bitter argument. If ‘reconcile’ means to accept_a situation Teluctantly", a reflexive pronoun follows it. (31 reconcile #7 wera fetH situation #1 accept FT tin #, 71 reflexive pronoun use tim #1) Eg: He reconciled himself to the arrogant attitude of his boss. In short, we can say that if the subject becomes the receiver of the action, the verbs given above Will take a reflexive pronoun. (3A subject action 1 receiver #1 ret & 74 Verb reflexive pronoun wan #eh #1) Egil. Keep yourself away from bad company.(x) Keep away from bad company.(7) 2. He hid onsirin the room List of verbs that do not take Reflexive Pronouns:- Keep, Stop, Turn, Qualify, Bathe, Move, Rest, Hide. Averb cither does not take any preposition or takes @ fixed preposition. () I prefer’ tea ‘to! coffee. (¥) | ‘prefer’ tea ‘than’ coffee.(x) (ii) He invited! me ‘on/for' tea.(«) He ‘invited’ me ‘to’ tea.(¥) If an Infinitive (to sleep, to write etc) qualifies a noun (bed, pen, etc), the infinitive takes a suitable reposition after it (in, with etc) ‘The poor had no bed to slee} He had no pen to write ‘with’ Do you have a chair to sit ‘on’? If we need two forms of a verb in a sentence, we must use both of the forms, ()Thave never and will never cheat you. («) Ihave never cheated (V") and will never cheat (V') you. (v) (ii) Nothing has or will be more tragic than his demise. («) Nothing has been (V%) or will be (V') more tragic than his demise. (¥) ‘Were’ is used for ‘imaginary posts. Eg: 1. If he was a millionire, he would help the milliennium project. («) If he were a millionaire, he would help the milliennium. (¢) 2. In ‘optative sentences’, plural verbs are used with singular subjects, Long live (P.V.) the king! (v) ‘int =x (9) Anumberof verbs can [Link] a noun, (10) Adverb used with them. ; Bg: 1. He is walking (Verb) 2, He is going for a walk (Noun) 3. He rides (Verb) a horse, 4, He went for a ride (Noun) can be used with the fllnin Regard, Describe, Define, Treat, View, 4." Adverb ‘as’ is not used with the followin, Name, Elect, Think, Consider, Cal, App Choose. Fg: 1. I regard him my brother. (1) I regard him as my brother. 1 Biology has Been defined te so 2. 3. She is consideredthe best student of 4, The teacher called him)pestupid, 5. The principal appointed hima lectig 6. He thinks her aga fool. (11) A few nouns take a Definite Verb before that sounds the most appropriate. (eer en, Have - Lunchetc. Take - anexam a good time advantage a shower an action a dream risk a conversation your time Make -ademand Other eg ~ Launch Scte a gesture Render help a noise Impart educ: a promise Levy tax a request Imphose tax a mistake Level charge: NON FINITE VERBS Non finite verbs are the verbial forms that do: indicate tense, person or number. Non finite forms are never used as the main verb 0 sentence. Infact, non finite verbs do not act verb, they are often used as nouns, adjectives, # adverbs. Most of them are infinitives, partici and gerunds. (Non-Finite Verbs ™@ Verb trét ¢ ai mvt sf Sub 3 Wom ae a at Tense # at Hat wr, Finite Verb #1 4 main verb # ae W use 7 werd sft tH non-finite verb, verb #1 RF act 3% wie Noun, adjectives W fre adverb + frivuse at art #1) Rakesh Yadav Readers Publication Pvt