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NPC Inverter Switching State Analysis

This document describes a three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. It contains 25 switching states for the inverter, with circuit diagrams showing the switch configurations and voltage levels for each state. Equations are provided to calculate the corresponding switching vectors for each state in terms of the inverter's DC voltage. The switching states and vectors are grouped according to an outer and inner hexagon pattern on the voltage space vector diagram.

Uploaded by

ZunAib Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Signal Processing,
  • Future Developments,
  • Diode Clamping,
  • Modeling Techniques,
  • Data Analysis,
  • Power Quality,
  • Market Trends,
  • Inverter Applications,
  • Electrical Engineering,
  • Switching Vectors
210 views33 pages

NPC Inverter Switching State Analysis

This document describes a three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. It contains 25 switching states for the inverter, with circuit diagrams showing the switch configurations and voltage levels for each state. Equations are provided to calculate the corresponding switching vectors for each state in terms of the inverter's DC voltage. The switching states and vectors are grouped according to an outer and inner hexagon pattern on the voltage space vector diagram.

Uploaded by

ZunAib Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Signal Processing,
  • Future Developments,
  • Diode Clamping,
  • Modeling Techniques,
  • Data Analysis,
  • Power Quality,
  • Market Trends,
  • Inverter Applications,
  • Electrical Engineering,
  • Switching Vectors

1

HYBRID POWER SYSTEM




THREE LEVEL NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED
INVERTER




COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY,
ABBOTABAD

SUBMITTED TO:
DR. LIAQ KHAN

SUBMITTED BY:
MUQADSA IFTIKHAR FA13-R09-005
ZUNAIB ALI FA13-R09-013
MADIHA NAEEM FA13-R09-024


SEMESTER: 2
ND

DEPTT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (POWER)

2

THREE LEVEL NEUTRAL POINT CLAMPED INVERTER


Fig. 1: 3-Level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter

P: Denotes that the upper two switches of any leg is turned ON and the corresponding leg is
connected to

i.e.

is equal to

.
N: Denotes that the lower two switches of any leg is turned ON and the corresponding leg is
connected to

i.e.

is equal to

.
O: Denotes that the inner two switches of any leg is turned ON and the corresponding leg
voltage with respect to neutral point is clamped to zero through clamping diode i.e.

is equal to zero .






3

The number of possible switching states for three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter.


[Link] Switching State [Link] Switching State
0 PPP 14 PNO
1 NNN 15 POO
2 OOO 16 ONN
3 PNN 17 PPO
4 PPN 18 OON
5 NPN 19 OPO
6 NPP 20 NON
7 NNP 21 OPP
8 PNP 22 NOO
9 PON 23 OOP
10 OPN 24 NNO
11 NPO 25 POP
12 NOP 26 ONO
13 ONP







4

CALCULATION OF SWITCHING VECTORS - OUTER HEXAGON
For each switching state there is a corresponding switching vector, to calculate the vector we
need to take advantage of the .
1. PNN
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R R
Z
Vdc
3
2
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
a
c
b

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:




5

2. PPN
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R R
Z
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
1
+
Vdc
-
R Vdc
3
2
c
a b


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:





6

3. NPN
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R R
Z
Vdc
3
2
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
b
c
a


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:





7

4. NPP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R R
Z
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
1
+
Vdc
-
R Vdc
3
2
b c
a


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:





8

5. NNP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R R
Z
Vdc
3
2
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
c
b
a


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:





9

6. PNP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R R
Z
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
1
+
Vdc
-
R Vdc
3
2
b c
a


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:





10

7. PON
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=+Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:







11

8. OPN
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=+Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:







12

9. NPO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=+Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2 R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:







13

10. NOP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=+Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2 R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:







11. ONP
14

The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=+Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c


The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:







12. PNO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by
15


E=+Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








CALCULATION OF SWITCHING VECTORS - INNER HEXAGON
13. POO
16

The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=+Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
Vdc
2
1
a
b
c

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:










14. ONN
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

17

E=-Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
a
b
c

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








15. PPO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

18

E=+Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
a
b
c

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








16. OON
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

19

E=-Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
a
b
c

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:









17. OPO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by
20


E=+Vdc/2
R
R
R
Z
a
b
c
Z

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:









18. NON
21

The circuit diagram for this state is given by

E=-Vdc/2 R
R
R
Z
a
b
c
E=-Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








19. OPP
22

The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
Z
a
b
c
E=+Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








20. NOO
23

The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R Z
a
b
c
E=-Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:









24

21. OOP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
Z
a
b
c
E=+Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:









25

22. NNO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R Z
a
b
c
E=-Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








26

23. POP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
Z
a
b
c
E=+Vdc/2
E=+Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








27

24. ONO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
Z
a
b
c
E=-Vdc/2
Z

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:









28

25. PPP
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
a
b
c
E=+Vdc/2
E=+Vdc/2
E=+Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








29

26. NNN
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
a
b
c
E=-Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2
E=-Vdc/2

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:








30

27. OOO
The circuit diagram for this state is given by

R
R
R
a
b
c
Z
Z
Z

The switching vector can be written in terms of .



From the figure:



Substituting in we get:










31

Switching State Switching Vector Vector Definition
PPP


NNN
OOO
POO


ONN
PPO


OON
OPO


NON
OPP


NOO
OOP


NNO
32

POP


ONO
PON


OPN


NPO


NOP


ONP


PNO


PNN


PPN


NPN


NPP


NNP


PNP



33

SPACE VECTOR DIAGRAM

Common questions

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Voltage levels derived from circuit diagrams impact NPC inverter performance by determining the efficiency and efficacy of voltage transitions between states. Higher voltage levels lead to greater output and reduce the total harmonic distortion. The control over these levels, as indicated in circuit diagrams, allows for precision in creating smoother, more efficient power conversion, crucial for high-performance inverter applications .

In an NPC inverter, the inner hexagon and outer hexagon switching vectors differ in terms of magnitude and operational ranges. The outer hexagon vectors are derived from switching states that typically involve higher voltage levels across the inverter legs, thus producing a broader range of voltage vectors. Conversely, inner hexagon vectors arise from configurations resulting in smaller magnitudes of voltage, corresponding to switching states that produce lesser voltage swings .

The switching states PNN, PPN, and NPN differ primarily in how they configure the inverter's switches, which alters the output voltages contributing to the vector formation. In PNN, the pattern connects two positions on the upper switches and one on the lower, leading to a specific vector direction and magnitude. PPN and NPN similarly arrange switches in unique patterns that result in distinct vectors as visualized in the vector diagrams, calculated through specific resistor placements and voltage potentials .

The inner two switches in a Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Inverter function to clamp the leg voltage to zero with respect to the neutral point using a clamping diode. When these switches are turned on, they connect the corresponding leg, ensuring that the leg voltage is equal to zero .

Switching state errors in a Three-Level NPC Inverter system can lead to incorrect vector outputs, increased harmonic distortion, potential overvoltage conditions, and inefficient operation. Such errors disrupt the intended balance of voltage levels, escalating stress on power components, compromising reliability, and potentially leading to costly damage or failure .

Switching states in a Three-Level NPC Inverter determine specific circuit configurations, which subsequently influence the calculation of switching vectors. Each switching state corresponds to a particular arrangement of switches that defines the voltage levels applied to each leg of the inverter, thereby determining the resulting vector in a space vector diagram. Calculating these vectors involves understanding the position within the voltage plane and substituting resister and voltage divider values specific to each state .

Three-Level NPC Inverters offer advantages over two-level inverters, primarily through improved output voltage quality, reduced voltage stress on the power devices, and potentially higher efficiency operation. These inverters can produce a wider range of voltage vectors and operate with lower harmonic distortion, leading to increased performance in applications requiring precise voltage control .

The POO switching state contributes to vector calculation by dictating a specific arrangement where two legs are connected to the positive supply rail while one is connected to the neutral, leading to certain vector characteristics. These characteristics are marked by one phase being at a higher potential than the other two, which are clamped to zero, affecting vector direction and shape within the space vector diagram .

Clamping diodes are crucial in a Three-Level NPC Inverter as they allow the device to achieve desired voltage levels between the neutral point and the leg connection. They function by ensuring that specific switches connect the output to either the positive or negative side of the DC link or the neutral, allowing the reduction of voltage stress on the components and the provision of additional voltage levels .

Space vector diagrams in Three-Level NPC Inverters provide a visual method of representing and analyzing inverter states by graphically depicting the resultant voltage vectors for each switching state. These diagrams facilitate the understanding of how various switch configurations in the inverter impact the resultant output voltage and current phasors, thus playing a critical role in analysis and design optimization .

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