Advanced Application 2

Final and Construction Stage Analysis for

a Cable-Stayed Bridge

CONTENTS
Summary ....................................................................................... 4
Bridge Dimensions 4
Loading5
Working Condition Setting 6
Definition of Material and Section Properties 7

Final Stage Analysis....................................................................... 9

Bridge Modeling 10
2D Model Generation 11
Girder Modeling 12
Tower Modeling 13
3D Model Generation 16
Main Girder Cross Beam Generation 18
Tower Cross Beam Generation 20
Tower Bearing Generation 19
End Bearing Generation 25
Boundary Condition Input 27
Initial Cable Prestress Calculation 28
Loading Condition Input 28
Loading Input 29
Perform Structural Analysis 28

Final Stage Analysis Re sults Review.............................................28

Load Combination Generation 28
Unknown Load Factors Calculation 28
Deformed Shape Review 38

Construction Stage Analysis .........................................................39

Construction Stage Category 28
Cannibalization Stage Category 28
Backward Construction Stage Analysis 28
Input Initial Cable Prestress 28
Define Construction Stage 48
Assign Structure Group 49
Assign Boundary Group 28

Assign Load Group 28

Assign Construction Stage 58
Input Construction Stage Analysis Data 60
Perform Structural Analysis 60

Review Construction Stage Analysi s Results ................................28

Review Deformed Shapes 28
Review Bending Moments 28
Review Axial Forces 28
Construction Stage Analysis Graphs 28

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Summary
Cable-stayed bridges are structural systems effectively composing cables, main girders and
towers. This bridge form has a beautiful appearance and easily fits in with the surrounding
environment due to the fact that various structural systems can be created by changing the
tower shapes and cable arrangements.
Cable-stayed bridges are structures that require a high degree of technology for both design and
construction, and hence demand sophisticated structural analysis and design techniques when
compared with other types of conventional bridges.
In addition to static analysis for dead and live loads, a dynamic analysis must also be
performed to determine eigenvalues. Also moving load, earthquake load and wind load
analyses are essentially required for designing a cable-stayed bridge.
To determine the cable prestress forces that are introduced at the time of cable installation, the
initial equilibrium state for dead load at the final stage must be determined first. Then,
construction stage analysis according to the construction sequence is performed.
This tutorial explains techniques for modeling a cable-stayed bridge, calculating initial cable
prestress forces, performing construction stage analysis and reviewing the output data. The
model used in this tutorial is a three span continuous cable-stayed bridge composed of a 220 m
center span and 100 m side spans. Fig. 1 below shows the bridge layout.

Fig. 1 Cable-stayed bridge analytical model

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Bridge Dimensions
The bridge model used in this tutorial is simplified because its purpose is to explain the
analytical sequences, and so its dimensions may differ from those of a real structure.
The dimensions and loadings for the three span continuous cable-stayed bridge are as follows:
Three span continuous cable-stayed bridge (self-anchored)
L = 100 m+220 m+100 m = 420 m
B = 15.6 m (2 lanes)
2 lane structure

Bridge type
Bridge length
Bridge Width
Lanes

2@3 + 8@10 + 14 =

14 + 9@10 + 12 + 9@10 + 14 =

14 + 8@10 + 2@3 =

Fig. 2 General layout

Loading
We
input
initial
cable
prestress f orce v alues, which
can be calculated by built-in
optimization
technique
in
MIDAS/Civ il.

S elf-weight: Automatically calculated within the program

Additional dead load: pavement, railing and parapets
Initial cable prestress forces: Cable prestress forces that satisfy
initial equilibrium state at the final stage

Fig. 3 Tower layout

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Working Condition Setting

To perform the final stage analysis for the cable-stayed bridge, open a new file and save it as
Cable S tayed Backward, and start modeling. Assign m for length unit and kN for force
unit. This unit system can be chan ged any time during the modeling process for users
convenience.

Click on

New Project
-

Tools /

Save (MSS)

Unit System

Length>m; Force (M ass)>kN (ton)

Fig. 4 Assign Working Condition and Unit System

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Definition of Material and Section Properties

Input material properties for the cables, main girders, towers, cross beams between the main
girders and tower cross beams. Click
button under M aterial tab in Properties dialog
box.
Properties / Material Properties
M aterial ID (1); Name (Cable); Type of Design>User Defined;
User Defined>Standard >None; Type of M aterial>Isotropic;
Analysis Data>M odulus of Elasticity (1.9613e8); Poissons Ratio (0.3)
Weight Density (77.09)
Input material properties for the main girders, towers (pylons), cross beams between the main
girders and tower cross beams similarly. The input values are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Material Properties
Material
Name

Modulus of Elasticity
(kN/m 2 )

Poissons Ratio

Weight Density
(kN/m 3 )

Cable

1.961310 8

0.3

77.09

Girder

1.999510 8

0.3

77.09

0.2

23.56

0.3

77.09

0.2

23.56

ID

Pylon

2.7810

CBeam_Girder

1.961310

CBeam_Pylon

2.7810 7

Fig. 5 Defined Material Properties

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Input section properties for the cables, main girders, towers (pylons), cross beams between the
main girders and tower cross beams. Click
button under Section tab in Properties
dialog box.

Properties /

Section

Value tab
Section ID (1); Name (Cable); Built-Up Section (on); Consider Shear Deformation (on);
Section Shape>Solid Rectangle; Section Properties>Area (0.0052)
Input section properties for the main girders, towers (pylons), cross beams between the main
girders and tower cross beams similarly. The values are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Section Properties
Section

Name

Area
(m 2 )

Ixx
(m 4 )

Iyy
(m 4 )

Izz
(m 4 )

Cable

0.0052

0.0

0.0

0.0

Girder

0.3092

0.007

0.1577

4.7620

Pylon

9.2000

19.51

25.5670

8.1230

CBeam_Girder

0.0499

0.0031

0.0447

0.1331

CBeam_Pylon

7.2000

15.79

14.4720

7.9920

ID

Fig. 6 Defined Section Properties

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Final Stage Analysis

After completion of the final stage modeling for the cable-stayed bridge, we calculate the
initial cable prestress forces for self-weights and additional dead loads. After that, we perform
initial equilibrium state analysis with the calculated initial prestress forces.
To perform structural modeling of the cable-stayed bridge, we first generate a 2D model by
Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard provided in MID AS /Civil. We then copy the 2D model
symmetrically to generate a 3D model. Initial cable forces introduced in the final stage can
easily be calculated by the Unknown Load Factors function, which is based on an optimization
technique. The final model of the cable-stayed bridge is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 Final Model for Cable-Stayed Bridge

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Bridge Modeling
In this tutorial, the analytical model for the final stage analysis will be completed first and
subsequently analyzed. The final stage model will then be saved under a different name, and
then using this model the construction stage model will be developed.
M odeling process for the final stage analysis of the cable-stayed bridge is as follows:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

10

2D M odel Generation by Cable-Stayed Bridge Wizard

Tower M odeling
Expand into a 3D M odel
M ain Girder Cross Beam Generation
Tower Bearing Generation
End Bearing Generation
Boundary Condition Input
Initial Cable Prestress Force Calculation by Unknown Load Factors
Loading Condition and Loading Input
Perform Structural Analysis
Unknown Load Factors Calculation

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2D Model Generation
Using the Cable Stay ed Bridge
Wizard f unction, a 2D model can
be
generated
automatically
based on material an d section

properties of the cables, main

girders and towers.

If Truss is selected as the element

M IDAS/Civil provides a Cable-Stayed Bridge Wizard function that can automatically generate
a 2D cable-stayed bridge model based on basic structural dimensions of the bridge. Input basic
structural dimensions of the cable-stayed bridge in the Cable-Stayed Bridge Wizard as follows.
Front View
Point Grid (off)
Point Grid Snap (off)
Line Grid Snap (off)
Node Snap (on)
Elements Snap (on)

Structure /

ty pe f or cables, truss elements are

generated;
and if Cable is
selected,
it
will automatically

Type>Symmetric Bridge

generate equiv alent truss elements

f or linear analy sis and elastic
catenary
cable elements f or

Height>H1 (m) (90)

nonlinear analy sis.

A>X (m) (0) ; Z (m) (25) ; B>X (m) (100) ; Z (m) (90)

M aterial>Cable>1:Cable ; Deck>2:Girder ; Tower>3:Pylon

Section>Cable>1:Cable ; Deck>2:Girder ; Tower>3:Pylon
Select Cable & Hanger Element Type>Truss

Input v ertical slopes as 5% f or

both side spans, and use a

circular curv e for the center
span, which is continuous f rom
each side span.

If

Shape of Deck (on)>Left Slope (%) (5) ; Arc Length (m) (220)

Cable Distances & Heights

Left>Distance (m) (3, 8@10, 14) ; Height (m) (1.2, 3@1.5, 3@2, 2@2.3, 45)
Center>Distance (m) (14, 9@10, 12, 9@10, 14)

Drawing in View option is

selected, the 2D model shape,

which will b e generated based
on the input dimensions, can be
v iewed in the wizard window.

Fig. 8 Cable-Stayed Bridge Wizard Dialog Box

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Girder Modeling
Duplicated nodes will be generated at the tower locations since the Cable-Stayed Bridge
Wizard will generate the main girders as a simple beam type for the side and center spans. This
tutorial example is a continuous self-anchored cable-stayed bridge. We will use the M erge
Node function to make the girders continuous at the tower locations.

Node Number (on)

Node/Element /

Front View

Merge Nodes

M erge>All
Tolerance (0.001)
Remove Merged Nodes (on)

Fig. 9 Generated 2D Model of the Cable-Stayed Bridge

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Tower Modeling
The upper and lower widths of the towers are 15.600 m and 19.600 m respectively. To model
the inclined towers, the lower parts of the towers will be moved 2m in the Y direction using
the Translate Node function.

Right View
Node/Element /

Auto Fitting

Node Number (off)

Translate Nodes

Select Window (Nodes: A in Fig. 10)

M ode>Move; Translation>Equal Distance; dx, dy, dz ( 0, -2, 0 )

A
A
Before Execution

Fig. 10 Arrangement of Inclined Towers

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Detailed explanation f or Beta

Angle can be f ound in
Tutorial f or 3D Simple 2-B ay
Frame or Tr uss Element
parts in Ty pes of Elements
and Important Considerations
in
Analy sis
Structures.

f or

Civ il

Note that the local coordinate system of the inclined tower elements is changed with the
movement of the nodes. The y & z-axes become rotated by 90 when the element is inclined this is a built-in feature of the program. To revert y & z axes to their original positions, the

Beta Angle is changed to -90. By changing the Beta Angle of the tower elements to -90,
we also make the local element coordinate systems of the upper and lower tower elements
coincide for the ease of reviewing analysis results.
Display
Element>Local Axis (on)
Node/Element /
View>

Change Element Parameters

Select >

Select Intersect (Elements: A in Fig. 11)

Parameter Type> Element Local Axis (on)> Beta Angle

Beta Angle (Deg) (-90)

Before Execution

Fig. 11 Local Element Axis Transformation for Tower Elements

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To generate the tower cross beams, divide the tower elements in the Z-axis direction by Divide
Elements.

Node/ Element /

Divide Elements

Select Previous
Divide>Element type>Frame; Unequal Distance
x (m) (10, 36)
10.0 m

36.0 m

Fig. 12 Division of Tower Elements

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

3D Model Generation
To generate the 3D model, we move the 2D model 7.800m in the Y direction, as the bridge
width is 15.600 m.

Node/Element /

Translate

Select All
M ode>Move; Translation>Equal Distance; dx, dy, dz ( 0, -7.8, 0 )

7.8 m

Fig. 13 Moving 2D Model 7.8 m in the Y direction

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We now copy the cables, main girders and towers symmetrically with respect to the centerline
of the bridge. At this time, we will check on M irror Element (Beta) Angle to match the local
coordinates of the copied towers to those of the origin towers.

Node /Element /

Mirror Elements

Select All
M ode>Copy
Reflection>z-x plane (m) ( 0 )
Copy Element Attributes (on) ; Mirror Beta Angle (on)

Reflection Plane

Fig. 14 Generating 3D Model

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Main Girder Cross Beam Generation

Clear Display for the element coordinate axes and then generate the crossbeams between the
main girders by the Extrude Element function, which creates line elements from nodes.

Top View
Display
Element> Local Axis (off)
Node/Element /

Extrude Elements

Select Identity - Nodes

Select Type>Material, Nodes (on), Elements (off)
Select Type >2: Girder, Add
Unselect window (Nodes: A in Fig. 15)
Extrude Type>Node Line Element
Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam
M aterial>4: CBeam_Girder
Section>4: CBeam_Girder
Generation Type>Translate
Translation>Equal Distance; dx, dy, dz (0, -15.6, 0)
Number of Times (1)

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Fig. 15 Main Girder Cross Beam Generation

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Tower Cross Beam Generation

Before generating the tower cross beams, we activate only the tower elements for effective
modeling.

Front View
Select Single (A in Fig. 16)
Activate

Fig. 16 Selecting Tower Elements

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Generate the tower cross beams by the Create Element function.

Iso View
Node/Element /

Node Number (on) /

Element Snap (off)

Create Elements

Element type>General Beam/Tapered Beam

M aterial>5: CBeam_Pylon
Section>5: CBeam_Pylon
Nodal Connectivity (142, 72) (145, 73) (144, 74) (147, 75)

Fig. 17 Tower Cross Beam Generation

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Tower Bearing Generation

Create new nodes at the tower bearing locations by the Project Nodes function.

Node/Element /
M ode>Copy; Projection Type>Project nodes on a plane
Select Single (Nodes: 34, 137, 57, 139)

Base Plane Definition>P1 (145)

;P2 (73) ; P3 (75) ; Direction>Normal
Merge Duplicate Nodes (on); Intersect Frame Elem. (on)

Fig. 18 Tower Bearing Generation

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Generate nodes at the tower bearing locations using the Translate Nodes function to reflect the
bearing heights.

Node/Element /

Translate

Select Single (Nodes: 149 to 152)

M ode>Copy; Translation>Equal Distance
dx, dy, dz ( 0, 0, 0.27)

Fig. 19 Tower Bearing Location Generation

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

M odel the tower bearings using the element link elements.

Bearing properties are as follows:
SDx: 199,736,032 kN/m
SDy:
73,373 kN/m
SDz:
73,373 kN/m

Boundary /

Elastic Link

Zoom Window (A in Fig. 20)

Options>Add; Link Type>General Type
SDx (kN/m) (199736032); SDy (kN/m) (73373); SDz (kN/m) (73373)
Simultaneously
input
elastic link elements f or
both towers by entering
tower spacing of 220 m.

Copy Elastic Link (on)>Axis>x; Distances (m) (220)

2 Nodes (151,155)
2 Nodes (149,153)

Fig. 20 Tower Bearing Generation

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End Bearing Generation

Generate nodes at the end bearing locations using the Translate Nodes function.

Activate All
Node/Element /

Translate

Select Single (Nodes: 76, 24, 135, 68)

M ode>Copy; Translation>Unequal Distance
Axis>z; Distance (m) (-4.5, -0.27)

Fig. 21 Generating Nodes at the End Bearing Locations

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

M odel the end bearings using the element link elements.

Bearing properties are as follows:
SDx: 199,736,032 kN/m
SDy:
73,373 kN/m
SDz:
73,373 kN/m

Boundary /

Elastic Link

Zoom Window (A in Fig. 22)

Options>Add; Link Type>General Type
SDx (kN/m) (199736032); SDy (kN/m) (73373); SDz (kN/m) (73373)
Generate the elastic links
simultaneously f or the right
end. The distance between
the ends is 420-3*2= 414

Copy Elastic Link (on) > Axis>x; Distances (m) (414)

2 Nodes (159,163)

2 Nodes (157,161)

m.

Fig. 22 Generating End Pier Bearings

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Boundary Condition Input

Boundary conditions for the analytical model are as follows:
Tower base, Pier base: Fixed condition (Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz)
Connections between M ain Girders and Bearings: Rigid Link (Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz)
Input boundary conditions for the tower and pier bases.
Front View
Boundary /

Supports

Select Window (Nodes: A, B, C, D in Fig. 23)

Boundary Group Name>Default
Options>Add; Support Type>D-ALL, R-ALL (on)

Fig. 23 Specifying Fixed Boundary Conditions for Tower and Pier Bases

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Connect the centroids of the main girders to the tower bearings using Rigid Link.

Iso View
Boundary /

Rigid Link

Zoom Window (A in Fig. 24)

Boundary Group Name>Default; Options>Add
Copy Rigid Link (on); Axis>x; Distances (m) (220)
Typical Type>

(DOF of Rigid Link>DX, DY, DZ, RX, RY, RZ)

M aster Node number (155);

Select Single (Node: 137)

M aster Node number (153);

Select Single (Node: 34)

Fig. 24 Connecting Main Girders and Tower Bearings using Rigid Link

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Connect the centroids of the main girders to the pier bearings using Rigid Link.

Boundary /

Rigid Link

Zoom Window (A in Fig. 25)

Boundary Group Name>Default; Options>Add/Replace
Copy Rigid Link (on); Axis>x; Distances (m) (414)
Typical Type>

(DOF of Rigid Link>DX, DY, DZ, RX, RY, RZ)

M aster Node number (159);

Select Single (Node: 76)

M aster Node number (157);

Select Single (Node: 24)

Fig. 25 Connecting Main Girders and Pier Bearings using Rigid Link

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Initial Cable Prestress Calculation

The initial cable prestress, which is balanced with dead loads, is introduced to improve section
forces in the main girders and towers, and cable tensions and support reactions in the bridge. It
requires many iterative calculations to obtain initial cable prestress forces because a cablestayed bridge is a highly indeterminate structure. And there are no unique solutions for
calculating cable prestresses directly. Each designer may select different initial prestresses for
an identical cable-stayed bridge.
The Unknown Load Factor function in MIDAS /Civil is based on an optimization technique,
and it is used to calculate optimum load factors that satisfy specific boundary conditions for a
structure. It can be used effectively for the calculation of initial cable prestresses.
The procedure of calculating initial prestresses for cable-stayed bridges by Unknown Load
Factor is outlined in Table 3.
Step 1

Cable-Stayed Bridge M odeling

Step 2

Generate Load Conditions for Dead Loads for M ain Girders and
Unit Pretension Loads for Cables

Step 3

Input Dead Loads and Unit Loads

Step 4

Load Combinations for Dead Loads and Unit Loads

Step 5

Calculate unknown load factors using the Unknown Load Factor

function

Step 6

Review Analysis Results and Calculate Initial Prestresses

Table 3. Flowchart for Initial Cable Prestress Calculation

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Loading Condition Input

Input loading conditions for self-weight, superimposed dead load and unit loads for cables to
calculate initial prestresses for the dead load condition. The number of required unknown
initial cable prestress values will be set at 20, as the bridge is a symmetric cable-stayed bridge,
which has 20 cables on each side of each tower. Input loading conditions for each of the 20
cables.
Load /

Static Load Cases

Name (SelfWeight); Type>Dead Load

It may be more conv enient to
use the MCT Command Shell
f or the input of loading
conditions *STLDCASE>
INSERT DATA>RUN

Description (Self Weight)

Name (Additional Load); Type>Dead Load
Description (Additional Load)
Name (Tension 1); Type>User Defined Load
Description (Cable1- UNIT PRETENSION)
.
Name (Tension 20); Type>User Defined Load
Description (Cable20- UNIT PRETENSION)
Input the loading conditions repeatedly from Name (Tension 1) to Name (Tension 20).

Fig. 26 Generation of Loading Conditions for Dead Loads and Unit Loads

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Loading Input
Input the self-weight, superimposed dead load for the main girders and unit loads for the
cables. After entering the self-weight, input the superimposed dead load that includes the
effects of barriers, parapets and pavement. Input unit pretension loads for the cable elements
for which initial cable prestresses will be calculated. First, input the self-weight.

Node Number (off)

Load /

Self Weight

Load Case Name>SelfWeight

Load Group Name>Default
Self Weight Factor>Z (-1)

Fig. 27 Entering Self-Weight

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Specify superimposed dead loads for the main girders. Divide and load the superimposed dead
loads for the two main girders.
Input the superimposed dead load 18.289 kN/m, which is due to barriers, pavement, etc by the
Element Beam Loads function.
Load /

Element Beam loads

Select identity - Elements

Select Type>Material>Girder
Load Case Name>Additional Load; Options>Add
If the superimposed dead
loads are applied to inclined
elements, true loads will be
applied ref lecting the actual

Load Type>Uniform Loads; Direction>Global Z

Projection>Yes

Value>Relative; x1 (0), x2 (1), w (-18.289)

element lengths.

Fig. 28 Entering Superimposed Dead Loads to Main Girders

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Input a unit pretension load to each cable. For the case of a symmetric cable-stayed bridge,
identical initial cable prestresses will be introduced to each of the corresponding cables
symmetrically to the bridge center. As such, we will input identical loading conditions to the
cable pairs that form the symmetry.
Front View
Load /
View/

Pretension Loads

Select Intersect (Elements: A in Fig. 29)

View/
/
Select Intersect (Elements: B in Fig. 29)
Load Case Name>Tension 1; Load Group Name>Default
Options>Add; Pretension Load (1)

Load Case Name>Tension 20; Load Group Name>Default

Options>Add; Pretension Load (1)

Fig. 29 Entering Unit Pretension Load to Cables

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Input the unit pretension loads for all the cables repeatedly from Tension 2 to Tension 20
according to Table 4.
Table 4. Loading Conditions and Element Numbers
Load Case

Element No.

Load Case

Element No.

Tension 1

1, 40, 111, 150

Tension 11

20, 21, 130, 131

Tension 2

2, 39, 112, 149

Tension 12

19, 22, 129, 132

Tension 3

3, 38, 113, 148

Tension 13

18, 23, 128, 133

Tension 4

4, 37, 114, 147

Tension 14

17, 24, 127, 134

Tension 5

5, 36, 115, 146

Tension 15

16, 25, 126, 135

Tension 6

6, 35, 116, 145

Tension 16

15, 26, 125, 136

Tension 7

7, 34, 117, 144

Tension 17

14, 27, 124, 137

Tension 8

8, 33, 118, 143

Tension 18

13, 28, 123, 138

Tension 9

9, 32, 119, 142

Tension 19

12, 29, 122, 139

Tension 10

10, 31, 120, 141

Tension 20

11, 30, 121, 140

Check the unit pretension loads entered for the cables using Display.

Fig. 30 Unit Pretension Loads entered for Cables

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Perform Structural Analysis

Perform static analysis for self-weight, superimposed dead loads and unit pretension loads for
the cables.
Analysis /

Perform Analysis

Final Stage Analysis Results Review

Load Combination Generation
Create load combinations using the 20 loading conditions for cable unit pretension loading,
self-weights and superimposed dead loads.
Results /

Combinations

General Tab
Load Combination List>Name>(LCB 1); Active>Active; Type>Add
LoadCase>SelfWeight (ST); Factor (1.0)
LoadCase>Additional Load (ST); Factor (1.0)
LoadCase>Tension 1(ST); Factor (1.0)

LoadCase>Tension 20(ST); Factor (1.0)

Repeat input for cable loading conditions from Tension 1(ST) to Tension 20 (ST).

Fig. 31 Creating Load Combinations

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Unknown Load Factors Calculation

Calculate unknown load factors that satisfy the boundary conditions by the Unknown Load
Factor function for LCB1, which was generated through load combination. The constraints are
specified to limit the vertical deflection (Dz) of the girders.
Specify the load condition, constraints and method of forming the object function in Unknown
Load Factor. First, we define the cable unit loading conditions as unknown loads.

Results /

Unknown Load Factor

Unknown Load Factor Group>

Item Name (Unknown); Load Comb>LCB 1
Object function type>Square; Sign of unknowns>Both
LCase>SelfWeight (off)
LCase>Additional Load (off)

Fig. 32 Unknown Load Factor Dialog Box

37

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Specify the constraining conditions, which restrict the vertical displacement (Dz) of the main
girders by the Constraints function.
Constraints>
In this tutorial, we will apply
constraints to restrict the
v ertical displacement of the

main girders. Because the

analy tical model is symmetric,
we def ine only half of the main
girders with constraints. Use
Node 23 to Node 45 on the
left half of the bridge as
constraints.

Constraint Name (Node 23)

Constraint Type>Displacement
Node ID (23)

Component>Dz
Equality/Inequality Condition>Inequality; Upper Bound (0.01); Lower Bound (-0.01)

Constraints>
Constraints Name (Node 24)
Constraints Type>Displacement
Node ID (24)
Component>Dz
Equality/Inequality Condition>Inequality; Upper Bound (0.01); Lower Bound (-0.01)

Repeatedly input the remaining constraints from Node 25 to Node 45 of the main girder. Node
35 is excluded because it was deleted by Merge Nodes.

The constraints f or calculating

Unknown Load Factors can be
easily
entered
by
MCT
Command Shell
*UNKCONS
> INSERT DATA >RUN

Fig. 33 Constraint Dialog Box

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FOR

C ABLE -ST AYED BRIDGES

We now check the constraints used to calculate the initial cable prestresses and unknown load

factors in Unknown Load Factor Result.

The explanatio ns f or the

calculation of unknown
load f actors can be f ound
in Solution f or Unknown
Loads using Optimization
Techniqu e in Analy sis

Unknown Load Factor Group>

Fig. 34 shows the analysis results for unknown load factors calculated by Unknown Load
Factor.

f or Civ il Structures.

Results for unknown load factors

Fig. 34 Analysis Results for Unknown Load Factors

39

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

We now check to see if the calculation results satisfy the constraints by generating a new
loading combination using the unknown load factors.

Influence M atrix (on)

M ake Load Combination>Name>(LCB 2)
Results>Combination

Load Combinations are shown in Fig. 35.

Fig. 35 New Load Combination using Unknown Load Factors

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FOR

C ABLE -ST AYED BRIDGES

Deformed Shape Review

We now confirm deflections at the final stage to which initial cable prestresses, self-weights
and superimposed dead loads are applied.
Tools /

Unit System

Length>mm
Result /

Deformed Shape

Load Cases/Combinations>CB:LCB 2
Components>DXYZ
Type of Display>Undeformed (on); Legend (on) ; Values (on)
Deform
If

the

def ault

Def ormation
Scale
Factor is too large,
we can adjust the

Deformation Scale Factor (0.3)

Zoom Window (A, B in Fig. 36)

f actor.

Fig. 36 Checking Deformed Shape

41

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Construction Stage Analysis

To design a cable-stayed bridge, its construction stages should be defined to check the stability
during construction. The structural system could change significantly based on the erection
method. And the change of system during construction can result in more critical condition for
the structure compared to the state of the final stage. As such, an accurate construction stage
analysis should be performed for designing a cable-stayed bridge to check the stability and to
review stresses for the structure.
The cable prestresses, which are introduced during the construction of a cable-stayed bridge,
could be calculated by backward analysis from the final stage. To perform a construction stage
analysis, construction stages should be defined to consider the effects of the activation and
deactivation of main girders, cables, cable anchorage, boundary conditions, loads, etc. Each
stage must be defined to represent a meaningful structural system, which changes during
construction.

42

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FOR

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Construction Stage Category

In construction stage analysis, we need to consider constantly changing structures, boundary
conditions and loading conditions, which are different in every stage. Using the final stage
model, we can then generate the structural systems for each construction stage. In this tutorial,
we will consider the stages from the construction stage, which represents completion of the
towers and the main girders of the side spans, to the construction stage, which applies loading
for superimposed dead loads.
The construction basics for the cable-stayed bridge in this tutorial are as follows:

Towers
Large Block construction method
M ain Girders
Side Spans :
Temporary Bents + Large Block method
Center Span:
Small Block method by Traveler Crane
Cables
Direct Lifting by Truck Crane

Side Span Girder Erection by Temp. Bents

Cable Tensioning and Additional

Girder Erection

Part of Center Span Girder Erection and Cable

Tensioning

Cable Tensioning and Additional

Girder Erection

Cable Tensioning and Additional

Girder Erection

Key Segment Installation and Applying

Superimposed Dead Load

Fig. 37 Construction Sequence for Analytical Model

43

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Cannibalization Stage Category

In this tutorial, 33 cannibalization stages are generated to simulate the changes of loading and
boundary conditions.
The cannibalization stages applied in this tutorial are outlined in Table 5.
Table 5 Cannibalization Stage Category
Stage

Content

Stage

Content

CS 0

Final Stage (Dead Load+Superimposed

Dead Load+Initial Prestress)

CS 17

Main Girder (6) removal

CS 1

Superimposed Dead Load removal

CS 18

Cable (15, 26) removal

CS 2

Apply T emporary Bents & Key Segment

removal (Main Girder No. 11)

CS 19

Cable (6, 35) removal

CS 3

Cable (20, 21) removal

CS 20

Main Girder (5) removal

CS 4

Cable (1,40) removal

CS 21

Cable (14, 27) removal

CS 5

Main Girder (10) removal

CS 22

Cable (7, 34) removal

CS 6

Cable (19, 22) removal

CS 23

Main Girder (4) removal

CS 7

Cable (2, 39) removal

CS 24

Cable (13, 28) removal

CS 8

Main Girder (9) removal

CS 25

Cable (8, 33) removal

CS 9

Cable (18, 23) removal

CS 26

Main Girder (3) removal

CS 10

Cable (3, 38) removal

CS 27

Cable (12, 29) removal

CS 11

Main Girder (8) removal

CS 28

Cable (9, 32) removal

CS 12

Cable (17, 24) removal

CS 29

Main Girder (2) removal

CS 13

Cable (4, 37) removal

CS 30

Cable (11, 30) removal

CS 14

Main Girder (7) removal

CS 31

Cable (10, 31) removal

CS 15

Cable (16, 25) removal

CS 32

Main Girder (1) removal

CS 16

Cable (5, 36) removal

* Cable (1) is outer cable and Cable (10) is inner cable in the left span.
* Cable (11, 30) are inner cables and Cable (20, 21) are outer cables in the center span.
* Cable (31) is inner cable and Cable (40) is outer cable in the right span.
* Elements representing the main girders in the center span are divided according to the cable spacing, and
the main girder (11) is a closure key segment.

44

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Backward Construction Stage Analysis

Construction stage analysis for a cable-stayed bridge can be classified into forward analysis
and backward analysis, based on the analysis sequence. Forward analysis reflects the real
construction sequence. Whereas backward analysis is performed from the state of the finally
completed structure for which an initial equilibrium state is determined, and the elements and
loads are eliminated in reverse sequence to the real construction sequence.
In this tutorial, we will examine the structural behavior of the analytical model and the changes
of cable tensions, displacements and moments.
The analytical sequence of backward construction stage analysis is as shown in Fig. 38.

CS 2

CS 26

CS 10

CS 30

CS 18

CS 32

Fig. 38 Analysis Sequence by Backward Construction Stage Analysis

45

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

We will generate a construction stage analytical model using the model used in the final stage
analysis by saving the file under a different name.

/ Save As (Cable Stayed Backward Construction)

The following steps are carried out to generate the construction stage analysis model:

46

1.

Input initial cable tension forces

Change the truss element used in the final stage analysis to cable element.
Input the unknown load factors calculated by the Unknown Load Factor function as
the initial cable prestress.

2.

Define Construction Stage names

Define each construction stage and the name.

3.

Define S tructural Group

Define the elements by group , which are added/deleted in each stage.

4.

Define Boundary Group

Define the boundary conditions by group , which are added/deleted in each stage.

5.

Define Load Group

Define the loading conditions by group , which are added/deleted in each stage.

6.

Define Construction Stages

Define the elements, boundary conditions and loadings pertaining to each stage.

F INAL

AND

C ONST RUCT ION ST AGE ANALYSIS

FOR

C ABLE -ST AYED BRIDGES

Input Initial Cable Prestress

In order to create the construction stage analysis model from the final stage model, delete the
load combinations LCB 1 & 2 and unit pretension loading conditions, Tension 1 to Tension 20.
To input the unknown load factors calculated by optimization technique as Pretension Loads,
define a new loading case for initial prestress.

Results /

Combinations

Load /

Static Load Cases

Load Combination List>Name>LCB 1, LCB 2

Load / Static Loads

Static Load Cases

Name (Tension 1) ~ Name (Tension 20)

Name (Pretension); Type > User Defined Load

Fig. 39 Entering Initial Prestress Loading Condition

47

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

In construction stage analysis for cable-stayed bridges, geometrical nonlinear analysis for cable
element should be performed. To consider the sag effect of cable element in cable-stayed
bridges, the truss elements used in the final stage analysis should be transformed to cable
elements. In a cable-stayed bridge, an equivalent truss element is used for the cable element.
This element considers the stiffness due to tensioning.
Tools /

Unit System

Length>m
Node/Element /

Change Elements Parameters

Select identity - Elements

Select Type>Element Type>Truss
Parameter Type > Element Type (on)
M ode> From> Truss (on); To > Tension only/Hook/Cable
Cable (on) ; Pretension=0

Fig. 40 Change of Truss Element to Cable Element

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Input the unknown load factors calculated by optimization technique to individual cable
elements as Pretension Loads.
The input method for Pretension Loads is the same as for inputting unit pretension loads for
cable elements.

Load /
/
Zoom Window (A in Fig. 41)

Pretension Loads

Select Intersect (Elements: A in Fig. 41)

Zoom Window (B in Fig. 41)
Select Intersect (Elements: B in Fig. 41)
Load Case Name > Pretension; Load Group Name > Default

Options > Add;

Pretension Load (1101.63)

Input the pretension loads in Table 6 to each cable element repeatedly.

Table 6. Initial Prestress (Pretension Loading) calculated by Optimization Technique
Element No.

Pretension Loading

Element No.

Pretension Loading

1, 40, 111, 150

1101.63

20, 21, 130, 131

1151.79

2, 39, 112, 149

1050.20

19, 22, 129, 132

1104.23

3, 38, 113, 148

919.01

18, 23, 128, 133

966.34

4, 37, 114, 147

833.67

17, 24, 127, 134

846.77

5, 36, 115, 146

787.47

16, 25, 126, 135

772.57

6, 35, 116, 145

718.19

15, 26, 125, 136

705.01

7, 34, 117, 144

671.96

14, 27, 124, 137

667.43

8, 33, 118, 143

612.34

13, 28, 123, 138

639.52

9, 32, 119, 142

407.08

12, 29, 122, 139

472.78

10, 31, 120, 141

174.78

11, 30, 121, 140

174.67

49

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

A
B

Fig. 41 Input Pretension Loading to Cable Elements

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Define Construction Stage

We now define each construction stage to perform backward construction stage analysis. First,
we assign each construction stage name in the Construction Stage dialog box. In this tutorial,
we will define total 33 construction stages including the final stage.
Def ine

multiple

construction

stages
simultaneously
by
assigning numbers to a stage.
The generated construction

Load /

Define Construction Stage

stages will, thus, hav e hav ing

identical names.

Define Construction Stage

Stage>Name (CS); Suffix (0to32)

Save Result>Stage (on)

For
generating
analy sis
results, the analysis results in
each construction stage are
sav ed
and
subsequently
generated.

Fig. 42 Construction Stage Dialog Box

51

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Assign Structure Group

Assign the elements, which are added/deleted in each construction stage by Structure Group.
After defining the name of each Structure Group, we then assign relevant elements to the
Structure Group.

Group Tab

C Group>Structure Group>New (right-click mouse)

Name (SG); Suffix (0to32)

Fig. 43 Defining Structure Group

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FOR

C ABLE -ST AYED BRIDGES

Assign the elements, which become added/deleted in each construction stage, to each
corresponding Structure Group. The final stage is defined as the SG0 Structure Group. We skip
the construction stage CS1 because CS1 is a construction stage, which eliminates the
superimposed dead load, and as such there are no added/deleted elements involved.
Front View
Group > Structure Group
Select All
SG0 (Drag & Drop)
Select Window (Elements: 62, 63, 172, 173, 263
Inactiv ate

prev iously

def ined element groups

so that they do not
ov erlap
with
another
element group.

A in Fig. 45)

SG2 (Drag & Drop)

C Inactivate
Define the Structure Group SG3 to SG32 by eliminating main girders and cables sequentially
while referring to Table 5 Cannibalization Stage Category.

Drag & Drop

Fig. 44 Defining Structure Group SG2

53

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Assign the Structure Group, which is required to define the last stage (CS32) in backward
construction stage analysis.
Construction stage CS32 is the stage in which all the cable elements and main girders in the
center span are eliminated, and the temporary bents in the side spans are erected. Actually, this
is the 1st stage in the cable-stayed bridge construction.

Select Window (A in Fig. 45)

SG32 (Drag & Drop)
C Inactivate

Fig. 45 Defining Structure Group SG32

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FOR

C ABLE -ST AYED BRIDGES

Assign Boundary Group

Assign the boundary conditions, which become added/deleted in each construction stage, to
each corresponding Boundary Group. After defining the name of each Boundary Group, we
then assign relevant boundary conditions to each Boundary Group.
Activate All
Group Tab
Group>Boundary Group>New (right-click mouse)
Name (Fixed Support)
Name (Elastic Link)
Name (Bent)
Name (Rigid Link)

Fig. 46 Defining Boundary Group

55

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Reassign the fixed support, Elastic Link and Rigid Link conditions, which were already
defined for the final stage analysis, to Boundary Group for the construction stage analysis.
Group>Boundary Group
Select All
Fixed Support

(Drag & Drop)

Select Boundary Type>Support (on)

Select All
Elastic Link (Drag & Drop)
Select Boundary Type>Elastic Link (on)
Select All
Rigid Link (Drag & Drop)
Select Boundary Type>Rigid Link (on)

Drag & Drop

Fig. 47 Generating Fixed Support, Elastic Link and Rigid Link Conditions

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We also assign the boundary condition for the temporary bents to a Boundary Group. We will
input the boundary condition as hinge condition (Dx, Dy, Dz, Rz) at the centers of the side
spans.

Iso View
Boundary /

Supports

Select Identity- Node (Nodes: 86, 29, 130, 63)

Boundary Group Name>Bent
Options>Add
Support Type>D-ALL (on); Rz (on)

130, 63

86, 29

Fig. 48 Generating Boundary Condition for Temporary Bents

57

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Assign Load Group

Assign the loading conditions, which become added/deleted in each construction stage, to each
corresponding Load Group. The loads considered in this backward construction stage analysis
are self-weight, superimposed dead load and initial cable prestress. First, we generate the name
of each Load Group and then assign corresponding loading conditions to each Load Group.

Group Tab
C Group>Load Group> New (right-click mouse)
Name (SelfWeight)
Name (Additional Load)
Name (Pretension Load)

Fig. 49 Defining Load Group

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M odify the Load Group Default, which was defined for self-weight in the final stage analysis,
to Self Weight.

Load /

Self Weight

Load Case Name>SelfWeight

Load Group Name>SelfWeight
Operation>

Fig. 50 Modifying Load Group for Self-Weight

59

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Reassign the superimposed dead load and initial cable prestress, which were defined for the
final stage analysis, to Load Group.
Select All
Group > Load Group
Additional Load (Drag & Drop)
Select Load Type>Beam Loads (on)
Select All
Group > Load Group
Pretension Load (Drag & Drop)
Select Load Type>Pretension Loads (on)

Drag & Drop

Fig. 51 Defining Load Group for Superimposed Dead Load and Initial Cable Prestress

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FOR

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Assign Construction Stage

We now assign the predefined Structure Group, Boundary Group and Load Group to each
corresponding construction stage. First, we assign the final stage (CS0) to Construction Stage
as the 1st stage in backward analysis.
Load /
CS0

Define Construction Stage

Save Result>Stage (on)

Element tab>Group List > SG0; Activation>
Boundary tab>Group List > Fixed Support, Elastic Link, Rigid Link
Support / Spring Position>Original
Activation>
Load tab> Group List>SelfWeight, Additional Load, Pretension
Activation>

Fig. 52 Defining Elements, Boundary Conditions and Loads for Construction Stage CS0

61

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Define Construction Stage for each construction stage from CS1 to CS32 using Table 5
Cannibalization Stage Category as follows:
CS1
Save Result>Stage (on)
Load tab> Group List> Additional Load
Deactivation>

CS2
Save Result>Stage (on)
Element tab>Group List > SG2; Deactivation>
Element Force Redistribution> 100%
Boundary tab>Group List > Bent; Support / Spring Position>Original
Activation>
CS3 to CS32
Save Result>Stage (on)
Element tab>Group List > SG3 to SG32; Deactivation>
Element Force Redistribution> 100%

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Input Construction Stage Analysis Data

Analysis /

Construction Stage Analysis Control

Final Stage>Last Stage (on)

Analysis Option>Include Time Dependent Effect (off)

Fig. 53 Construction Stage Analysis Control Data Dialog Box

Perform Structural Analysis

Perform construction stage analysis for self-weight, superimposed dead load and initial cable
prestress.

Analysis /

Perform Analysis

63

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review Construction Stage Analysis Results

Review the changes of deformed shapes and section forces for each construction stage by
construction stage analysis.

Review Deformed Shapes

If the Stage Toolbar is
activ e, the analy sis
results can be easily
monitored in the Model
View
by
selecting

construction
stages
using the arrow keys
on the key board.

If
the
Def ormation

Review the deformed shape of the main girders and towers for each construction stage.

Stage Toolbar>CS 5 (A in Fig. 54)

Result /

Load Cases/Combinations>CS:Summation ; Step>Last Step

Components>DXYZ; Type of Display>Undeformed (on); Legend (on)
Deform

Deformation Scale Factor (0.5)

def ault
Scale

Factor is too large,

we can adjust the
Scale Factor.

Fig. 54 Deformed Shape for Each Construction Stage from Backward Analysis

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Review Bending Moments

For each construction stage, we review bending moments for the main girders and towers.

Stage Toolbar>CS 7
Result /

Load Cases/Combinations>CS:Summation ; Step>Last Step

Components>My
Display Options>5 Points; Line Fill ; Scale>(1.0000)
Type of Display>Contour (on); Deform (off), Legend (on)

Fig. 55 Bending Moment Diagram for Each Construction Stage from Backward Analysis

65

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review Axial Forces

For each construction stage, we review axial forces for cables.

Stage Toolbar>CS 15
Result /

Load Cases/Combinations>CS:Summation ; Step>Last Step

Force Filter>All; Type of Display>Legend (on)

Fig. 56 Axial Forces for Each Construction Stage from Backward Analysis

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Construction Stage Analysis Graphs

We will review deformed shapes of the main girders and towers for each construction stage
using construction stage analysis graphs. For each construction stage, we review horizontal
displacements for the towers and vertical displacements for the main girders at the point
location of a side span.
S tatus Bar > kN, mm
Results /

Stage/Step History Graph

Define Function>Displacement>
Displacement>Name (Horizontal Disp.); Node Number (1); Components>DX
Define Function>Displacement>
Displacement>Name (Vertical Disp.); Node Number (27); Components>DZ
M ode>Multi Func.; Step Option>Last Step; X-Axis>Stage/Step
Check Functions to Plot>Horizontal Disp. (on), Vertical Disp. (on)
Load Cases/Combinations>Summation
Graph Title (Horizontal & Vertical Displacements for each CS),

Fig. 57 History Graph of Deformed Shape for Each Construction Stage

67

ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review the variation of cable prestress by using the Step History Graph function. Check the
variation of cable tension forces for each construction stage for inner cables in the tower area
from the final stage (CS0) to the last stage (CS32) in construction stage analysis.

Results /

Stage/Step History Graph

Define Function>Truss Force/Stress>

Truss Force/Stress>Name (Cable 10); Element No (10); Force (on); Point>I- Node
Define Function>Truss Force/Stress>
Truss Force/Stress>Name (Cable 11); Element No (11); Force (on); Point>I- Node
M ode>Multi Func.; Step Option>Last Step; X-Axis>Stage/Step
Check Functions to Plot>Cable 10 (on), Cable 11 (on)
Load Cases/Combinations>Summation
Graph Title (Variation of Cable Tension for each CS)

Fig. 58 Cable Tension Force Variation Graph for Each Construction Stage

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F INAL

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FOR

C ABLE -ST AYED BRIDGES

Review the variation in the bending moments for the main girders and towers by using the Step
History Graph function. Review the variation of bending moment s for each construction stage
for the lower part of the tower and point location of the main girder in a side span.
S tatus Bar > kN, m
Results /

Stage/Step History Graph

Define Function>Beam Force/Stress,

Beam Force / Stress>Name (Moment of Girder); Element No (45); Force (on)
Point>I- Node; Components>Momenty
Define Function>Beam Force/Stress,
Beam Force / Stress>Name (Moment of Tower); Element No (108); Force (on)
Point>I- Node; Components>Momenty
M ode>Multi Func.; Step Option>Last Step; X-Axis>Stage/Step
Check Functions to Plot>Moment of Girder (on), Moment of Tower (on)
Load Cases/Combinations>Summation
Graph Title (Bending Moment for each CS),

Fig. 59 Bending Moment Variation Graph for Each Construction Stage

69