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Integration Techniques in Calculus

1) The document is a lecture summary from an MIT calculus course that discusses techniques for evaluating integrals using trigonometric substitutions and completing the square. 2) It provides examples of integrals that can be evaluated using trig substitutions involving trig identities like tan2u + 1 = sec2u. 3) The document also discusses how to evaluate integrals of the form ∫(x2 + bx)/√(x2 + bx + c) by first completing the square to rewrite it in the form (x + a)2 - d and then making a substitution.

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69 views6 pages

Integration Techniques in Calculus

1) The document is a lecture summary from an MIT calculus course that discusses techniques for evaluating integrals using trigonometric substitutions and completing the square. 2) It provides examples of integrals that can be evaluated using trig substitutions involving trig identities like tan2u + 1 = sec2u. 3) The document also discusses how to evaluate integrals of the form ∫(x2 + bx)/√(x2 + bx + c) by first completing the square to rewrite it in the form (x + a)2 - d and then making a substitution.

Uploaded by

raw.junk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MIT OpenCourseWare

[Link]

18.01 Single Variable Calculus


Fall 2006

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: [Link]

Lecture 28

18.01 Fall 2006

Lecture 28: Integration by Inverse Substitution;

Completing the Square

Trigonometric Substitutions, continued

-a

Figure 1: Find area of shaded portion of semicircle.

a2 t2 dt

t = a sin u;

dt = a cos u du

a2 t2 = a2 a2 sin2 u = a2 cos2 u =
a2 t2 = a cos u (No more square root!)
Start: x = a u = /2; Finish: x = a u = /2

1 + cos(2u)
u sin(2u)
a2 t2 dt = a2 cos2 u du = a2
du = a2
+
+c
2
2
4
1 + cos(2u)
).
2
We want to express this in terms of x, not u. When t = 0, a sin u = 0, and therefore u = 0.
When t = x, a sin u = x, and therefore u = sin1 (x/a).
(Recall, cos2 u =

sin(2u)
2 sin u cos u
1
=
= sin u cos u
4
4
2

x
sin u = sin sin1 (x/a) =
a

Lecture 28

18.01 Fall 2006

How can we nd cos u = cos sin1 (x/a) ? Answer: use a right triangle (Figure 2).

u
a-x
Figure 2: sin u = x/a; cos u =
From the diagram, we see
cos u =

p
a2 x2 /a.

a 2 x2
a

And nally,

a2

t2

dt = a

1
u 1
(x/a) 1 x a2 x2
2 sin
+ sin u cos u 0 = a
+
4 2
2
2 a
a

a2
x
1
a2 t2 dt =
sin1 ( ) + x a2 x2
2
a
2

When the answer is this complicated, the route to getting there has to be rather complicated.
Theres no way to avoid the complexity.
1
Lets double-check this answer. The area of the upper shaded sector in Figure 3 is a2 u. The
2

area of the lower shaded region, which is a triangle of height a2 x2 and base x, is 12 x a2 x2 .

Lecture 28

18.01 Fall 2006

Figure 3: Area divided into a sector and a triangle.


Here is a list of integrals that can be computed using a trig substitution and a trig identity.
integral

dx

x2 + 1

dx

x2 1

dx

1 x2

substitution

trig identity

x = tan u

tan2 u + 1 = sec2 u

x = sec u

sec2 u 1 = tan2 u

x = sin u

1 sin2 u = cos2 u

Lets extend this further. How can we evaluate an integral like this?

dx

2
x + 4x
When you have a linear and a quadratic term under the square root, complete the square.
x2 + 4x = (something)2 constant
In this case,
(x + 2)2 = x2 + 4x + 4 = x2 + 4x = (x + 2)2 4
Now, we make a substitution.
v =x+2

and dv = dx

Plugging these in gives us

dx

=
(x + 2)2 4

dv

v2 4

Now, let

v = 2 sec u and dv = 2 sec u tan u

dv
2 sec u tan u du

=
= sec u du
2 tan u
v2 4
3

Lecture 28

18.01 Fall 2006

Remember that

sec u du = ln(sec u + tan u) + c

Finally, rewrite everything in terms of x.


v = 2 sec u cos u =

2
v

Set up a right triangle as in Figure 4. Express tan u in terms of v.

v-4

u
2
Figure 4: sec u = v/2 or cos u = 2/v.
Just from looking at the triangle, we can read o

v2 4
and tan u =
2

v
v2 4
2 sec u du = ln
+
+c
2
2

= ln(v + v 2 4) ln 2 + c
v
sec u =
2

We can combine those last two terms into another constant, c.

dx

= ln(x + 2 + x2 + 4x) + c
x2 + 4x
Heres a teaser for next time. In the next lecture, well integrate all rational functions. By
rational functions, we mean functions that are the ratios of polynomials:
P (x)

Q(x)

Its easy to evaluate an expression like this:


1
3
+
dx = ln |x 1| + 3 ln |x + 2| + c
x1 x+2
4

Lecture 28

18.01 Fall 2006

If we write it a bit dierently, however, it becomes much harder to integrate:


1
3
x + 2 + 3(x 1)
4x 1

+
=
= 2
x1 x+2
(x 1)(x + 2)
x + x 2

4x 1
= ???
x2 + x 2

How can we reorganize what to do starting from (4x 1)/(x2 + x 2)? Next time, well see how.
It involves some algebra.

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