Brayton Cycle
Reading
9-8 9-10
Problems
9-78, 9-84, 9-108
Open Cycle Gas Turbine Engines
after compression, air enters a combustion chamber into which fuel is injected
the resulting products of combustion expand and drive the turbine
combustion products are discharged to the atmosphere
compressor power requirements vary from 40-80% of the power output of the turbine (remainder is net power output), i.e. back work ratio = 0.4 0.8
high power requirement is typical when gas is compressed because of the large specific
volume of gases in comparison to that of liquids
Idealized Air Standard Brayton Cycle
closed loop
constant pressure heat addition and rejection
ideal gas with constant specific heats
Brayton Cycle Efficiency
The Brayton cycle efficiency can be written as
= 1 (rp )(1k)/k
where we define the pressure ratio as:
rp =
P2
P1
P3
P4
Maximum Pressure Ratio
Given that the maximum and minimum temperature can be prescribed for the Brayton cycle, a
change in the pressure ratio can result in a change in the work output from the cycle.
The maximum temperature in the cycle (T3 ) is limited by metallurgical conditions because the
turbine blades cannot sustain temperatures above 1300 K. Higher temperatures (up to 1600 K can
be obtained with ceramic turbine blades). The minimum temperature is set by the air temperature
at the inlet to the engine.
Brayton Cycle with Reheat
T3 is limited due to metallurgical constraints
excess air is extracted and fed into a second stage combustor and turbine
turbine outlet temperature is increased with reheat (T6 > T4 ), therefore potential for regeneration is enhanced
when reheat and regeneration are used together the thermal efficiency can increase significantly
Compression with Intercooling
the work required to compress in a steady flow device can be reduced by compressing in
stages
cooling the gas reduces the specific volume and in turn the work required for compression
by itself compression with intercooling does not provide a significant increase in the efficiency of a gas turbine because the temperature at the combustor inlet would require additional heat transfer to achieve the desired turbine inlet temperature
but the lower temperature at the compressor exit enhances the potential for regeneration i.e.
a larger T across the heat exchanger
5
Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
a regenerator (heat exchanger) is used to reduce the fuel consumption to provide the required
Q H
the efficiency with a regenerator can be determined as:
net
Q L
W
= 1
Q H
Q H
6
= 1
= 1
= 1
cp (T6 T1 )
cp (T3 T5 )
cp (T6 T1 )
cp (T3 T5 )
(f or a real regenerator)
(f or an ideal regenerator)
cp (T2 T1 )
cp (T3 T4 )
and
=1
Tmin
Tmax
(rp )(k1)/k
for a given Tmin/Tmax , the use of a regenerator above a certain rp will result in a reduction
of
with an ideal
regenerator
without a
regenerator
better without
a regenerator
better with a
regenerator
T1 / T3 = 0.2
T1 / T3 = 0.25
T1 / T3 = 0.3
r p, cr
rp
Regenerator Effectiveness
=
h5 h2
h5 h2
T5 T2
Q reg,actual
=
=
=
h5 h2
h4 h2
T4 T2
Qreg,ideal
Typical values of effectiveness are 0.7
Repeated intercooling, reheating and regeneration
will provide
a system that approximates the
TL
.
Ericsson Cycle which has Carnot efficiency = 1
TH
Brayton Cycle With Intercooling, Reheating and Regeneration
T
Tmax
Q H, R
QH
7s
9s
Q reg
Q reg
4s
2s
QL
Tmin
Q L, I
s
Compressor and Turbine Efficiencies
Isentropic Efficiencies
(1)
comp =
(2)
turb =
(3)
cycle =
h2,s h1
h2 h1
h3 h4
h3 h4,s
Wnet
QH
cp (T2,s T1 )
cp (T2 T1 )
cp (T3 T4 )
cp (T3 T4,s )
QH QL
QH
=1
QL
QH
=1
cp (T4 T1 )
cp (T3 T2 )
Given the turbine and compressor efficiencies and the maximum (T3 ) and the minimum (T1 ) temperatures in the process, find the cycle efficiency (cycle ).
(4)
Calculate T2s from the isentropic relationship,
T2,s
T1
P2
(k1)/k
P1
Get T2 from (1).
(5)
Do the same for T4 using (2) and the isentropic relationship.
(6)
substitute T2 and T4 in (3) to find the cycle efficiency.
