Chemical Engineering 374
Fluid Mechanics
Minor/Fitting Losses
A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who
makes a design that works with as few original ideas as possible. There are no prima
donnas in engineering.
--Freeman Dyson (theoretical physicist and mathematician).
Recap
P f, Re, f = f(Re, /D)
Relate, P, L, D, v.
Colbrook Eqn. gives f(Re, /D)
Implicit equation
Haaland is explicit
3 problem types: P, D, flow rate (v)
Swamee & Jain relations
Note: 2 friction factors
Darcy (our book)
Fanning = Darcy
Moody Diagram plots the Colbrook Equation
f drops with Re
Transition region in grey
Turbulent f >> laminar f
Curves flatten, become independent of Re at high Re (fully rough flow)
1
3
P v2 f Lv 2
Write +
2
+g z = F F =
2D
SS, no Heat transfer, no Shaft work
Mechanical losses due to friction
Pipes
Pipelines consist of more than just pipes
Valves, fittings, bends, elbows, flow meters, expansions, etc.
All cause losses
Generally small (hence minor losses)
Provided have long pipes and few fittings
Two methods to account for losses
Loss Coefficient: KL
Equivalent Pipe Length
Loss Coefficient
PL
P
+
v2
2
+g z = F = K
v2
2
= WL K= 1
2 v2
v2
EL = F = K 3 forms:
2 Energy, pressure, head
2
v
PL = F = K Constant times:
2
F v2 Kinetic energy
hL = =K Dynamic pressure
g 2g
Velocity head
P v2 f Lv 2 KL v 2
Rewrite with pipe Energy: -EL + +g z =
2 2D 2
losses and minor
losses P+
v2
+ g z =
f L v2 KL v 2
Pressure: -PL 2 2D 2
P v2 f Lv 2 KL v 2
Head: -hL + + z =
g 2g 2Dg 2g
2
5
Equivalent Length
Head Loss Form.
f Lv 2 Kv 2
Compare pipe term 2gD and fitting term 2g
Put the fittings loss in terms of the pipe loss
f Leq
Set equal, then K=
D
D
Leq = K
Or f
Given fitting K, solve for Leq and increase the
pipe length by this amount.
Note the definition of K:
+
Dont subtract out the length of the valve
Losses
Losses are due to complex flow path
Swirling, turbulent eddies where stresses are higher than regular pipe
flow.
May persist downstream not just localized at the fitting
Place flowmeters 10-20 D away to minimize fittings effects & better
agree with manufacturers calibrations
Types of fittings/losses
Expansions
Contractions
Bends
Valves
Determine Experimentally
Use the velocity in the smaller of two pipe sections (e.g. expansions,
contractions)
3
7
Expansions
Consider pipe into a tank
Without losses:
v2 is small
P2 increases, recovering KE drop as
pressure rise
Actually, all KE is converted to 1 2
friction, as flow enteres and eddies
around
Then P1=P2
Note included (~1)
K =
P v2 v12 Kv12
+ 2 =
This is as bad as it gets. 2 2
Expansion with finite area ratio:
K = (1-A1/A2)2
A1=A2 K=0; A2 >> A1 K=
Sudden expansion
[Link]
[Link]
4
9
Sudden Expansion
P KE Loss
2
P2 P1 v2 A21 KL v12 v12 A1
+ 1 = = 1
2 A22 1 2 2 A2
Vary the area ratio,
0.4 P
Compare terms: KE
Pressure,
P, KE, Loss Terms (m /s )
Loss
2 2
Kinetic Energy 0.2
Loss
0
Take
=1,
v1=1, -0.2
P1=0, 1 2 1 2 1 2
=1
-0.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A1/A2
10
Contraction
Sharp edges flow cant make the turn and separates.
Flow is squeezed through the vena contracta
Recirculation losses.
Rounding edges makes a big impact.
Square K = 0.5
Round K = 0.03 (r/D=0.2)
Round K=0.12 (r/D=0.12)
Gradual expansion/contraction helps
SEE TABLE 8.4 FOR MORE DETAILS
5
11
Valves
Ball Valves Globe Valves Gate Valves
Butterfly Valves Check Valve
12
Relative Valve Losses
12
10
Loss Coefficient
0
Ball Gate Gate (1/2 Check Angle Globe
(open) open)
6
13
How important are the minor losses?
Leq = KD/f L/D = K/f
Take smooth pipe with Re=10,000 f=0.03
L/D
Open globe valve 400
Open ball valve 1.7
Sharp contraction 16
Smooth contraction 1
Expansion 33
90 deg. Smooth bend 10
90 deg. Sharp bend 36
As Re increases, f decreases, and L/D increases
14
Quiz (not graded)
Water flows from a reservoir, into a sharp-edged pipe (KL=0.5), through a couple of 90o miter bends
(KL=1.1) to a lower reservoir as shown in the figure. The difference in the levels of the reservoirs is
H=100 m. The water flows through a pipe of length L=200 m and relative roughness e/D=0.002. The
velocity in the pipe is v=10 m/s, giving a very high Re. If the power generated by the turbine is
Wt=4,437,500 J/s, Find the required pipe diameter.
turbine
