COMPLEX INTEGRATION

Introduction: The advantage of complex integration is that certain complicated real

integrals can be evaluated and properties of analytic functions can be established.
Line Integrals in Complex plane:
Introduction:
Curve: Let x(t ) and y(t ) be continuous functions of the real variable t , then the
equation z z(t ) x(t ) iy(t ), a t b represents a curve in the complex plane.
Example: z(t ) r cos t ir sin t reit , o t 2 represents a circle in the complex
plane.
Smooth curve: Suppose set of points ( x, y) defined by x f (t ), y g (t ) with the
parameter t in the interval (a, b) . If f and g are differentiable then the curve is said
to be smooth.
Simple curve: A curve C is said to be simple if it doesnot intersect itself.
Example: Semi-circle above x-axis, z reit ,0 t
Simple Closed curve: A curve is said to be a simple closed curve (Jordan curve) if
it is a simple curve and its endpoints coincide.
Example: Circle.
Contour: It is a continuous chain of a finite number of smooth curves.
Simply connected region: It is a region such that every simple closed curve in R
contains only points of R..
Example: Interior of a circle, rectangle, triangle and ellipse.
Multiply connected region: A region which is not simply connected is called
multiply connected.
Example: Open annulus.

Simply Connected Doubly Connected Triply Connected

Line integral in the complex plane:

Consider a function f ( z ) defined at all

points of a curve C having end points
A and B . Divide C into n parts at the
points A z0 , z1 ,...., zn B . Let
zi zi zi 1 and ai be any point on the
n
curve zi 1 zi . Then nlim

f (ai ) zi is
zi 0 i 1

called the line integral of f ( z ) taken along the path C. ie

f ( z)dz
c

f ( z)dz (u iv)(dx idy) (udx vdy) i (udy vdx)

c c c c

Properties:
1) (k f ( z) k g ( z))dz k f ( z)dz k g ( z)dz
c
1 2 1
c
2
c
B A
2) f ( z)dz f ( z)dz
A B

3) f ( z)dz f ( z)dz f ( z)dz

c c1 c2
where C consists of the curve c1 and c2
4) | f ( z )dz | ML where M is a constant f ' | f ( z) | M for all z on C and L is the
c

length of the curve C.

Problems:
2i

(z )
2
1) Evaluate dz along
0

i) The line y x / 2
ii) The real axis to 2 and then vertically to (2 i) .
Soln:
i) z x iy; dz dx idy; z x iy x(1 i / 2)

Along the line y x / 2

z x ix / 2 x(1 i / 2); dz (1 i / 2)dx
2i 2
8

0
( z ) 2 dz (1 i / 2) 2 x 2 (1 i / 2)dx (1 i / 2) 2 (1 i / 2)
0
3
8 8 5
(1 i 1/ 4)(1 i / 2) (5 / 4 i5 / 8) (2 i).
3 3 3

ii) Along x-axis

y 0; z x, dz dx
2 2
8
( z ) dz x dx 3 .
2 2

0 0

Along y-axis,
x 2, dz idy
z 2 iy
( z )2 4 i 4 y y 2
2i 1

2 0i
( z ) 2 dz (4 i 4 y y 2 )idy
0

1 1
(4 2i )i (4 )i 2
3 3
1
i2
3
8 1 1
c f ( z )dz 3 2 3 i 3 (14 11i)
 2) Integrate f ( z) ( z z0 )m where m is an integer, z0 is a constant, in the
counter clockwise sense around the circle with radius r and centre z0 .
Soln:
c | z z0 | r
z z0 rei d
2 2

( z z0 ) dz r e irei d
m im
f ( z )dz m

0 0
i ( m 1)

ir
e
m 1
|02
c i (m 1)
r m 1
(cos(m 1) |02
m 1
0 if m 1
If m 1
2
1 1
c ( z z0 ) dz re ire
i
i
d 2 i
0

3) If C is a circle | z 2 | 1 , evaluate ( z )2 dz (Ans: 8 i )

c

4) Evaluate ( z z )dz where C is | z 2 | 3 (Ans: 30)

2

5) Evaluate Re zdz where C is

c

a) The path from 1 i to 3 2i

b) Along the straight line from (1,1) to (3,1) and then from (3,1) to (3,2)
6) Evaluate zdz where C is
c

a) | z 2 | 3
b) Square with vertices at z 0, 2, 2i, 2 2i

Theorem: If f ( z ) is analytic on simple curve C, then the line integral f ( z )dz

c
is

independent of the path chosen, it depends only on the end points.

7) Evaluate (4 z 3)dz where C is the straight line from I to i .
c

8) Evaluate zdz from z 0 to z 4 2i along the line from z 0 to z 2i and

c

then the line from z 2i to z 4 2i .

 18 26i
9) Evaluate z 2 dz
c
3
a) Along the straight line from z 0 to z 3 i
b) Along the real axis from z 0 to z 3 and then vertically to z 3 i .

CAUCHYS INTEGRAL THEOREM

If ( ) is analytic in a simply connected domain D then f ( z)dz 0 for simple

C

closed curve C lying entirely within D

Proof:
Consider f ( z)dz udx vdy i udy vdx , u and v have continued partial
C C C

derivatives in D because f ( z ) is analytic and f '( z ) is continuous. Applying Greens

theorem in the plane i.e.) if M ( x, y) and N ( x, y) be continuous in a domain R of the
xy-plane bounded by a closed a curve C, then
N M
Mdx Ndy ( x
C E
y
)dxdy

v u u v
f ( z)dz ( x y )dxdy i ( x y )dxdy
C R R

v v u u
= ( )dxdy i ( )dxdy
R
x x R
x x
 =0.
Note: Cauchys Integral Theorem is also known as Cauchys theorem.

f ( z)dz e dz 0
z
Ex.1: for any simple closed curve C because e z is an analytic
C C

function.
1 1
Ex.2: z
z
2
dz 0 but
z2
is not analytic at z=0

f ( z )dz 0 doesnot implies that f(z) is analytic.

C

dz 1 3
Ex.3:
C
z
2 i where R : z . Hence the condition that the domain D is
2 2
1 1 3
simply connected is essential. But f ( z ) is analytic in z .
z 2 2

Independence of path:
Let f ( z ) be analytic in a simply connected domain D. Let C1 and C2 be any

two paths in D joining any two points z1 and z2

in D and having no further points in common
then f ( z )dz f ( z )dz both C1 and C2
C1 C2

traversed in the same direction ie) the integral

of f ( z ) from z1 and z2 is independent of the path
joining them.
Proof:
The two curves C1 and C2 together form a simple closed curve C in D.

By Cauchys theorem, f ( z)dz f ( z)dz f ( z )dz 0

C C1 C2

(Or) f ( z)dz f ( z)dz f ( z)dz .

C1 C2 C2

Cauchys theorem for multiply Connected Domains:

If f ( z ) is analytic in the domain D between two simple closed curves C and C1 then
 f ( z)dz f ( z)dz .
C C1

Proof:

By Cauchys integral theorem

ABC1BAC
f ( z )dz 0

i.e.
AB
f ( z )dz f ( z )dz
C1

BA
f ( z )dz f ( z )dz 0
C

f ( z)dz f ( z)dz f ( z)dz .

C C1 C1

Where C and C1 are traversed in same direction.

Note: If C1 , C2 ,........, Cn be any number of closed curves within C then

f ( z)dz f ( z)dz ............

C1 C2 Cn
f ( z )dz

Examples: for Cauchys Integral Theorem

z2
1) z 1 z 3dz 0 Since z=3 lies outside z 1 .
1
2)
z 1
z 2
2
dz 0 Since z 2i lies outside z 1 .

Derivative of analytic functions:

If a function f ( z ) is analytic in a simply connected domain D, then its
derivative at any point z a of D is also analytic and is given by
1 f ( z)
f '(a)
2 i C ( z a) 2
dz

Proof:
1 f ( z)
By Cauchys Integral formula f (a)
2 i C z a
dz .Let (a+h) be any point in the

neighborhood of a.
 1 f ( z)
f ( a h)
2 i C z (a h)
dz .

f ( a h) f ( a ) 1 f ( z) 1 1
h

2 i C h z a h z a
dz

1 f ( z) z a z a h
= .
2 i C h ( z a h)( z a)
dz

f ( a h) f ( a ) 1 f ( z)
f '(a) lim
h 0 h

2 i C ( z a) 2
dz .

n! f ( z)
In general f n (a)
2 i C ( z a)n 1
dz .

Problem:
sin 2 z
1) ( z 3)( z 1)
C
2
dz , C is a rectangle with vertices at 3 i, 2 i, 2 i,3 i .

z2
2) Evaluate C z 2 4dz where C is the rectangle with vertices 2 i4 .
1
3) z
C
4
1
dz where C is the circles (i) z 3 1(ii) z 1 1(iii) z i 1(iv) z 1 1.

z2 1
4) dz where C: z 1
C
z (2 z 1)
z
5) (z
C
2
1)( z 2 9)
dz Where (i) C : z 2 (ii) C : z 2 2 .

z3 2z 1
6) ( z i)2 dz Where C: z 2 10 i .
C

sin 2 z
7)
dz; C : z 1.
C ( z )3
6
sin z 2 cos z 2
8) ( z 1)( z 2) dz Where C : z 3 .
C

ez
9) ( z 1)4 ( z 2)dz Where C : z 1 3 .
C

z2 1 1
10) C z 2 1dz Where C is (i) z 2 (ii) z i 1 (iii) z i 1 (iv) z 2i 2 .
 z3 z
11) ( z 2)dz where C is (i) z 3 12 i (ii) z 2 1 12 i (iii) z 1 0 .
C

Cauchys Integral Formula: If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on simple closed curve C

1 f ( z)
and if a is any point within C then f (a)
2 i C z a
dz .

f ( z)
Note: Suppose is not analytic at z=a and z=b. Then write
( z a)( z b)
f ( z) A B
then apply Cauchys theorem.
( z a)( z b) z a z b

Cauchys Integral Formula:

Let ( ) be analytic in a simply connected domain Let be any simple closed
f ( z)
curve in enclosing any point in Then z adz 2 if (a), where
C
is traversed

in counter clockwise direction.

Proof:

f ( z)
Consider the function which is
za
analytic at all points within except at
With as centre and radius
draw a small circle lying entirely
within
f ( z)
Now being analytic in the region
za
enclosed by and We have by Cauchys Theorem for multiply connected
f ( z) f ( z)
domains, z adz z adz (1) .
C C1

f ( z)
Consider z adz
C1
where C1 : z a r.
 2
f (rei a)
Therefore
C1
rei
rie d
0
f (rei a)id (2)

As circle shrinks to a point i.e. r 0.

2
f ( z)
From (2),
C1
za
dz
0
f (a)id 2 if (a).

f ( z)
From (1), z adz 2 if (a) .
C

ez
1. Evaluate z i dz over each of the following contours C: (i)
C
z 2 (ii)

z
2
(iii) z 1 1 .
ez
Solution: C z i dz is not analytic at z i .
( x, y) (0, )
(i) z 2
z i lies within the circle z 2 .
f ( z)
z adz 2 if (a) 2 ie
i
Therefore 2 i(cos i sin ) 2 i.
C

(ii) z
2

(0, ) lies outside z .
2
f ( z)
Therefore z adz 0.
C

(iii) z 1 1
z i lies outside C.
f ( z)
Therefore dz 0.
C
za
1
2. Evaluate z
C
4
1
dz where C: (i) z 1 1 (ii) z 3 1 (iii) z i 1

(iv) z 1 1 .
 1 1
Solution:
z 1 ( z 1)( z 1)( z i)( z i)
4

(i) z 1 1
Since z 1 lies onside C. We have

f ( z) 1 2 i i
z adz 2 if (1) 2 i (1 1)((1)
C
2
1)

(2)(2)
.
2
(ii) z 3 1
f ( z)
z 1,1, i, i lies outside C. We have z adz 0.
C

(iii) z i 1
f ( z) 1 2 i
z i dz 2 i (i 1)(i 1)(i i) (2)(2i) 2 .
C

(iv) z 1 1
f ( z) 1 i
z adz 2 i (1 1)(1 1)
C
2
.

z2 1
3. Evaluate C z(2 z 1) dz where C: z 1 .

1
Solution: z 0, z lies outside C, we have
2
5 z
z2 1 1 - 1 1 1
2 2
z (2 z 1) z (2 z 1) 2 2 z(2 z 1)

f ( z) i
z adz 2 if (0) 2 if ( ) 0 2 i 2 i(5)
1

2
.
C
2

z
4. Evaluate (z
C
2
1)( z 2 9)
dz where C: z 2 and z 2 2 .

z
Solution: (z
C
2
1)( z 2 9)
dz 2 if (i ) 2 if (i ).

z i i
2
( z 9) 8( 2i ) 8(2i )

( z i )( z i ) z i z i
 f ( z) i
z adz 2 i(16 16 )
1 1
.
C
4

z2 2

z
z 2
( z 1)( z 3i )
f ( z) .
( z 1)( z 3i)( z 3i)
2
z 3i

f ( z) 3i
z adz 2 if (3i) 2 i (9 1)6i 8 .
C

z
5. Evaluate (z
C
2
1)( z 2 9)
dz where C: z 2 and z 2 2 .

f ( z) i
z adz 2 i( f (i) f (i)) 2 i( 16 16 ) 5 .
1 1
Solution:
C

f ( z) i
z 3dz 2 if (3) 2 i(106 ) 10 .
3

sin z 2 cos z 2
6. Evaluate C ( z 1)( z 2) dz where C: z 3.
sin z 2 cos z 2 1 1
Solution:
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2
f ( z)
z adz 2 i( f (2) f (1)) 2 i 2 i 4 i.
C

sin 2 z
7. Evaluate (z )
C
3
dz where C: z 1.
6

Solution: 1 . Therefore z lies outside C.
6 6
f ( z) 2 i ( n ) 2 i ''
( z a)
C
n 1
dz
n!
f (a )
2!
f (a) i (2cos 2 z ) 2 i cos i.
6 3
z2 1
C z 2 1 dz where C: z 2 , z i 1, z i 1, z 2i 2.
1
8. Evaluate

Solution: C: z 12

f ( z)dz 0 .
1
z i, i lies outside z . Therfore
2
C

C : z i 1.
 f ( z) ( 11)

C
z i dz 2 if (i) 2 i (ii) 2 .
C : z i 1.
f ( z) ( 11)

C
z i dz 2 if (i) 2 i ( i i )
2 .

C : z 2i 2.
f ( z)
C
z i dz 2 .
z2 2z 2

1
9. Evaluate dz where C: z i .
C ( z 1) z
2 2 2

z2 2z 2
Solution: f ( z ) .
z ( z i ) 2 ( z i )2
z i lies inside C.
Therefore f ( z)dz 2 if '(i) (2i 1).
C

z 3 sin 3z
10. 3
dz where C: z 2.
C (z )
2
f ( z) 2 i ''
Solution: ( z a) dz
C
3
2!
f ( ) i(6 z 9sin 3z ) z 3 i( 3).
2 2

z 4
e z
11. dz where C: z 2.
C z3 ( z i)2
ez 2 i ''
Solution: z3 dz
C
2!
f (0) ie0 i.

z 4
2 i '
C
( z i)2 dz 1!
f (i ) 8 i( z 3 ) i 8 .

ez z4
Therefore z3
C

( z i)2
dz (i 8) .

z4
12. 2
dz where C: (i)the circle z 1, (ii) z 1 i 2, (iii) z 1 i 2.
C z 2z 5

z4 z4 z4 z4
Solution: .
z2 2z 5 z2 2z 1 4 ( z 1)2 22 ( z 1 2i )( z 1 2i )
(i) z 1, f ( z)dz 0 .
C
 f ( z ) has singularities at -1-2i and -1+2i i.e. ( x, y) (1, 2)and (1, 2)
f ( z ) is not analytic.
(ii) z 1 i 2,
Centre at (-1,1) and radius 2.
Let d1 (1 1)2 (2 1)2 3
Distance d1 is greater than radius.
Therefore (-1,-2) lies outside the circle.
d2 (1 1)2 (2 1)2 1 r.
(1, 2) lies inside C .
f ( z) (2i 3)
dz 2 if (1 2i)
C
( z 1 2i) 2

iii) | z 1 i | 2

Centre at (1, 1) and radius 2. Let d1 (1 1)2 (2 1)2 1 r 2 .

(1, 2) lies inside .

Let d2 (1 1)2 (2 1)2 3 r 2.

(1, 2) lies outside .

f ( z)
dz 2 i f (1 2i )
C
z 1 2i
2 i (1 2i 4) (3 2i)

(1 2i 1 2i) 2
(2i 3)

2
dz
13) z4
C
where C :| z | 1

dz
Soln: z4 0
C

dz
14) Evaluate z2
C
around

i) the circle z 2 4
 ii) the circle z 1 5

iii) the rectangle with vertices at (3 2i), 2 2i .

iv) triangle with vertices at (0,0),(1,0),(0,1) .
1
Soln: i) since f ( z ) is not analytic at z 2 .
z2

We have z 2 4ei , 0 2
dz 4iei d
2
4iei
I
0
4ei
d 2 i

dz
ii) z 2 2 i f (2) 2 i
C

iii) Along AB ,
3
1
I1 x 2i 2dx log( x 2i 2)
3
2
2

log(1 2i) log(4 2i)

Along BC , ( x 3, y varies)
2
1
I2 3 iy 2 idy log(3 iy 2)
2
2
2

log(1 2i) log(1 2i)

2
1 2
Along CD , ( y 2, x varies) I3 dx log( x 2i 2) 3
3
x 2i 2
log(1 2i) log(2i 4)
2
1 2
Along DA , ( x 2, y varies) I 4 idy log(iy 4) 2
2
2 iy 2
log(2i 4) log(2i 4)

I I1 I 2 I 3 I 4
log(1 2i ) log(4 2i) log(1 2i) log(1 2i)
log(1 2i ) log(2i 4) log(2i 4) log(2i 4)
0
 dz
iv) By Cauchys Integral Theorem, z2 0.
C

Since, along OA , ( x varies,y 0) , we have

1
dx
I1 log( x 2) 0
1

0
x2
log(1) log(2) log 2
0
idy
I2 log(iy 2) 1 log(2) log(i 2)
0

1
iy 2
log 2 log(i 2)

Along AB , A (1,0), B (0,1) we have

y 0 x 1
y x 1 y 1 x, 0 x 1
1 0 0 1
dy dx
z x iy x i (1 x)
dz (1 i )dx

(1 i )
0
I3 dx log (1 i ) x (i 2) 1
0

1
(1 i) x i 2
log(i 2) log(1 i i 2)
log(i 2)

I I1 I 2 I3 log 2 log 2 log(i 2) log(i 2) 0

z2 z 1
15) Evaluate dz where i) C : z 1 1 ii) z 2 iii) z 1
C
z 2 2 2

z2 z 1
Soln: i) By Cauchys Theorem, z 2 dz 0
C

f ( z)
ii) z 2 dz 2 if (2)
C

2 i(4 2 1)
6 i

z2 z 1
iii) By Cauchys Theorem, z 2 dz 0
C
16) Verify Cauchys Theorem for the function z 2 with C as the boundary of the
rectangle with vertices 1, 1, 1 i, 1 i .
1
(1 iy )3
1
(1 i )3 1
1
Soln: Along BC , I1 (1 iy) idy 2

y 0
3 0 3

1 1
( x i )3 (1 i)3 (1 i)3
Along CD , I 2 ( x i) dx 2

1
3 1 3
0
(1 iy)3 1 (1 i)3
0
Along DA , I3 (1 iy) idy 2

1
3 1
3

1 1
x3 2
Along AB , I 4 x dx 2

1
3 1
3

I I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 0

By Cauchys theorem, f ( z)dz 0 .

C

Extra Problems:
e2 z
1) Evaluate dz where C : z 2 .
C
( z 1) 4

e2 z 2 i 2 i '''
C ( z 1)4 dz (4 1)! f (1) 3! f (1)
(4 1)
Soln:

23 i 2 z 8 i
[e ]z 1 2
3 3e

ez
2) Evaluate C z(1 z)3 dz where C is the circle i) z 1 2 ii) z 1 1 2 iii) z 2
Soln: i) Consider z 1 2

ez e z (1 z ) 3
z (1 z )3 dz C z dz
C

2 if (0)
2 i
ii) Consider z 1 1 2 .

ez
ez
C z (1 z )3 dz C (1)3 ( zz 1)3 dz
2 i ''
(1) f ( z)
2!
ze z e z z 2 ( z 1)e z z 2e z ( z 1)e z 2 z
Where f ' ( z ) and f ''
( z )
z2 z4

ez
dz ie
C
z (1 z )3

iii) Consider z 2 .
Since z 0, z 1 both lie inside C , we have
ez ez ez ez ez
z(1 z)3 dz C z dz C 1 z dz C (1 z)2 dz C (1 z)3 dz
C

ez ez ez
2 if (0) dz dz ( z 1)3 dz
C
(1)( z 1) C
( z 1) 2 C

2 i 2 ie 2 ie ie
i (2 e)

ez
3) Evaluate ( z 2 2 )2 dz where C : z 4
C

1 1
Soln:
(z )
2 2 2
( z i ) ( z i ) 2
2

i 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
4 4 4 4
z i ( z i ) 2 z i ( z i ) 2

ez i 1 ' i 1 '
C ( z 2 2 )2 dz 4 3 f (i ) 4 2 f (i ) 4 3 f (i ) 4 2 f (i ) 2 i
i 1 i 1
3 2 (1) 3 2 (1) 2 i
4 4 4 4
i


 5z 2 4 z 3
4) Determine (2), (4), (3i), '(i), ''(2i) if ( ) dz where C is the
C
z
ellipse 16 x2 9 y 2 144 .
2 2

Soln: Given C :16 x 9 y 144 i.e, 1

2 2 x y
3 4

5z 2 4 z 3
i) Consider (2) dz
C
z

but f ( z ) is not analytic at z 2 . It lies inside C .

5z 2 4 z 3
By Cauchys Integral Formula, z dz 2 if (2)
C

where f ( z) 5z 2 4 z 3
5z 2 4 z 3
z dz 2 if (2) 2 i 5 4 4 2 3 30 i
C

5z 2 4 z 3
(4) dz
ii) C
z 4

z 4 lies outside C. Hence by Cauchys integral theorem (4) 0

5z 2 4 z 3
(3i) dz
iii) C
z 3i

z 3i lies inside C. Hence by Cauchys integral formula,

5z 2 4 z 3
z 3i dz 2 if (3i)
C

2 i 5(3i) 2 4(3i) 3

2 i 12i 42

12 i 2i 7
 5z 2 4 z 3
iv) For any lying inside C, is not analytic at z
z

By Cauchys formula,
5z 2 4 z 3
C z dz 2 if ( ) Where f ( z) 5z 4z 3
2

( ) 2 i 5 2 4 3

' ( ) 2 i(10 4) and " ( ) 2 i(10)

" (i) 4 i(5i 2) and " (2i) 20 i

4z2 z 5
5) Determine (4), (i), ' (1), " (i) , (3.5) if ( ) dz where
C
z

2 2

C: 1
x y
2 3

4z2 z 5
Soln : i) Consider (4) dz
C
z4

By Cauchys integral theorem (4) 0, (3.5) 0

4z2 z 5
ii) Consider (i) dz
c
z i
By Cauchys integral formula,
4z2 z 5
c z i dz 2 i 4i i 5 2 i(i 1)
2

4z2 z 5
iii) For any lying inside C, is not analytic at z
z
By Cauchys integral formula,
4z2 z 5
c z dz 2 if ( )
2 i(4 2 5)
( ) 2 i(4 2 5)
' ( ) 2 i(8 1), " ( ) 2 i(8)
' (1) 2 i(8 1) 14 i, " (i) 16 i
 3z 2 7 z 1
6) Determine F (3), F ' (1 i), F " (1 i), if F ( ) dz where
C
z

C: x2 y 2 4
Sol:
3z 2 7 z 1
F (3) dz
C
z 3

By Cauchys integral theorem,

f ( z )dz 0
C

F (3) 0
F ( ) 2 i(3 2 7 1)
F ' ( ) 2 i(6 7), F " ( ) 2 i(6)
F " (1 i ) 2 i (6 6i 7) 2 i(13 6i), F " (1 i) 12 i

ez
7) z 1
C
4
( z 2)
dz Where C: z 1 3

Sol: Since z 1, z 2 lies inside C, we have

1 A B C D E

z 1 ( z 2) Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 ( Z 2)
2 2 3 4

1 A( z z 3 3z 2 5 z 2) B( z 3 3 z 2) C ( z 2 z 2) D( z 2)
4

E ( z 4 4 z 3 6 z 2 4 z 1)

Upon solving we get,

1 3 1 1 1
A ,B ,C , D , E
81 81 9 3 81

1 3 1 1 1
1 81 81 9 3 81

z 1 ( z 2) ( z 1) ( z 1) 2 z 13 z 14 ( z 2)
4
 ez 1 3 2 i 1 2 i 1 1
C ( z 1)4 ( z 2) dz 81 2 ie 81 2 ie 9.2! e 3.3! e 81 2 ie
1 1 2

1 3 1 1 2 i 2
2 ie 1 e
81 81 18 18 81
2 i 13 2 i

e 81 81e2
2 i 1
13
81e e