Spatial Analyst Tools
GIS III: GIS Analysis
Overview
Spatial Analyst Toolbox
Density Tools
Interpolation Tools
Statistics Tools
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What is GIS Analysis?
Mapped data shows you
where objects are located but
cannot explain why
GIS analysis searches for
patterns and meaning in
mapped data using GIS
software
Allows you to link, query,
collect and display your
spatial data
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Elements of Spatial Analysis
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Geoprocessing
Geographic
analysis and data
management
Performs an
operation on an
input dataset,
resulting in a new
output dataset
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Storing Abstracted Objects
Two primary methods for
digital storage
- Vector formats discretely
identify shape coordinates
- Raster formats assign
square cells to real world
entities
Spatial Analyst Tools Toolbox
Specialized tools for analysis
Raster based
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Density Tools
Population per square mile
Number of features per acre
Uses
- Produce a continuous surface from a point layer
- Visualize overlapping points
- Identify hot spots
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Density Tools
Three density tools in Spatial Analyst
- Line density: Calculates a magnitude per unit area
from polyline features that fall within a radius around
each cell
- Point density
- Kernel density
All density tools produce new raster datasets
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Density Tools
Point Density
Calculates a magnitude
per unit area from point
features that fall within a
neighborhood around
each cell
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Density Tools
Kernel Density
Calculates a magnitude
per unit area from point
or polyline features using
a kernel function to fit a
smoothly tapered surface
to each point or polyline
Module 02 11
Point vs. Kernel Density
Point Density Kernel Density
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Density Tools
Point Density Kernel Density
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Interpolation Tools
Interpolation creates a continuous surface from
individual point values
Examples:
- Elevation data
- Temperature
In ArcMap interpolation
creates a new raster
dataset
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Interpolation Tools
There are many different interpolation techniques
Different methods produce different results
Method parameters will also affect results
Three common interpolation models
- Inverse Distance Weighted
- Spline
- Kriging
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Inverse Distance Weighted
IDW determines values by weighting sample points
Weight determines the influence of sampled points
Use IDW for simple interpolation or in cases where
closer points are thought to be similar
Examples:
- Temperature
- Precipitation
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Inverse Distance Weighted
Example:
Point 1 has
less influence 1
than point 2
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Spline
The Spline method estimates values using a mathematical
function that minimizes overall surface curvature,
resulting in a smooth surface that passes exactly
through the input points
The amount of smoothing can be adjusted
through the tension
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Kriging
Based on the idea that closer points are more similar
Kriging uses a statistical model to weight sample
points
Models based on the spatial autocorrelation between
points
The model produces an error surface
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Comparison
IDW
Spline
Krig
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Why Use Interpolation?
To estimate values where there is no data
Visualization of complex point data
Analysis of trends over space and time
Creation of discrete boundaries between values
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Zonal Statistics
Can calculate:
- Majority
- Maximum
- Mean
- Median
- Minimum
- Minority
- Range
- Standard Deviation
- Sum
- Variety
Other Useful Spatial Analyst Tools
Extraction Subset raster datasets by values or
locations
Map Algebra Run any algebraic operation on two
rasters
Overlay Combine multiple rasters into one layer,
applying weights to the input datasets
Reclass Change the values of rasters
