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Chapter 2: Network Transform Representation and Analysis

2.1. Introduction
The interconnection of various electric elements in a prescribed manner in order to perform a
desired function is termed as an electric network as described in ch-1. The electric elements
include controlled and uncontrolled source of energy, resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors,
diodes, transmission lines, etc. Analysis of electric networks/circuits refers to computations
required to determine the unknown quantities such as voltage, current and power associated with
one or more elements in the network/circuit given the network and the excitation. In this section
the analysis focus on linear, passive, time invariant networks that is RLC circuits.

In the analysis process the problems encountered will be twofold. First, we must write the
differential problems of the network using Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws. Next, we must
solve these equations for a specified current or voltage in the network. But solving deferential
equations may be difficult or most of the time complex domain is preferred for analysis so either
the deferential equation or the circuit is transformed.

2.2. Important Laws and Equations

Kirchhoff’s laws are basic analytical tools in order to obtain the solutions of currents and voltages for any
electric network; whether it is supplied from a direct-current system or an alternating current system. But
with complex circuits the equations connecting the currents and voltages may become so numerous that
much tedious algebraic work is involve in their solutions.

There are two Kirchoff’s laws.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law(KCL): KCL states that at any node (junction) in a circuit the algebraic sum of
currents entering and leaving a node at any instant of time must be equal to zero. Currents entering and
currents leaving the node must be assigned opposite algebraic signs. For the figure shown below the
applying KCL at the node gives, I1 + I2-I3-I4.

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(KVL): states that in a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of all source voltages
must be equal to the algebraic sum of all the voltage drops. Voltage drop is encountered when current
flows in an element (resistance or load) from the higher potentiol terminal toward the lower potential
terminal. Voltage rise is encountered when current flows in an element (voltage source) from lower
potential terminal (or positive negative terminal of voltage source) toward the higher potential terminal
(or positive terminal of voltage source). KVL equation for the circuit shown below is expressed as:

V1-IR1-IR2-V2-IR3-IR4+V3-IR5-V4

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Mesh Equation

The mesh equation is based on KVL and a mesh is a special case of loop that does not have any
other loops within it or in its interior. Hence a mesh equation is the I-V relation of a given circuit
found by applying KVL along all meshs of the circuit.

General steps to write mesh equation:

Step-1: Draw the circuit on a flat surface with no conductor crossovers.

Step-2: Label the mesh currents (Ii) carefully in a clockwise direction.

Step-3: Write the mesh Equations by inspecting the circuit. (No. of independent mesh equations
= No. of branches(b) – no. of principle nodes(n)+1)

Node Equation

Node equation is based on KCL. To develop the node equation of a given circuit the the
following steps are used.

Step-1: Identify all nodes in the circuit. Select one node as the reference node (assign as ground
potential or zero potential) and label the remaining nodes as unknown node voltages with respect
to reference node.

Step-2: Assign branch currents in each branch. (the choice of direction is arbitrary)

Step-3: Express the branch currents in terms of node assigned voltages.

Step-4: Write the standard form of node equations by inspecting the circuit. (No. of node
equations = No. of nodes (N) - 1)

2.3. Analysis of first and second order circuits

First order circuits are networks which contain a single energy storing device (capacitor or
inductor). In such cases the voltage-current equation in time domain will be deferential equation
of first order. Typical first order circuits are R-C and R-L circuits shown in the figure below.

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Now, let us review the voltage-current relationships for the resistor, the inductor, and the
capacitor.
Resistor: the resistor defines a linear proportionality relationship between v(t) and i(t), namely,

v(t) = R i(t)
1
i(t) = G v(t) where G =𝑅

Where R is given in ohms and G in mhos.

Capacitor: capacitor defines a linear proportionality relationship between v(t) and q(t), and
related as follows,

q(t) = Cv(t) 2.1

dq(t)
But i(t) = 2.2(a)
dt

→ q(t) = ∫ i(t)dt 2.2(b)

Substituting equation 2.2(b) to the former equation(equation 2.1) and integrating both sides gives:

dv(t)
i(t) = C
dt

1 𝑡
v(t) = ∫0_ i(τ)dτ + vC(0_)
𝐶

Where C is given in farads and the initial value vC(0_)is the voltage across the capacitor just
before the excitation is supplied to the network. .

Inductor: In this case the flux and the current through the inductor are proportional.
Mathematically this can be represented as:

Φ = Li

The voltage flux linkage relation being v = dΦ/dt, then the v-i relationships are:

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di
v(t) = L
𝑑𝑡

1 𝑡
i(t) = ∫0_ 𝑣(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 + iL(0_)
𝐿

Where L is given in henrys and the initial value iL(0_) is the current across the inductor just
before the excitation is supplied to the network.

Conclusion a network that contains a single inductor or capacitor will have an i-v equation of
firest order deferential equation relating the excitation (voltage or current sources) to the
response (the voltages and currents of the elements).

Steps to analys first order circuits.

Step-1: Write the i-v equation using either mesh or node equation. The selection over mesh and
node depends largely upon the unknown quantities for which we must solve.

Step-2: Determine intial conditions. vC(0+) for capacitor or iL(0+).

Step-3: Solve the diferential equation.

Analysis of Second Order Circuits

In this case the network contains two energy storage devices and the i-v equation relating the
response and exitation becomes second order deferential equation. Examples of second order
circuits is shown below.

The analysis procedure is the same as firest order networks. For the above network the network
equation relating the excitation and the response is deferential equation can be found simply by
using node equation. The equation is:

𝒅𝟐 𝒗(𝒕) 𝟏 𝒅𝒗(𝒕) 𝟏
dig(t) = C + + 𝒗(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑹 𝒅𝒕 𝑳

After we develop this equation the next step is to find a solution for the deferential equation. This
may be done by transforming in to laplace domain to simplify things.

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2.4. Transformed network equations and analysis

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Necessary conditions to represent the Dp immitance and transfer functions:

a). Necessary conditions to represent the DP immitance function( with common factor N(s) and
D(s) cancelled):

1. The coefficients in N(s) and D(s) must be positive and real.

2. poles and zeros must be conjugate if imaginary or complex.

3. real parts of all poles and zeros must be negative or zero

4. the polynomial N(s) and D(s) have no missing terms between the highest and the lowest
degree.

5. the highest degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by zero or only one.

6. the lowest degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by zero or only one.

Example:- Check whether the given transfer function is suitable in representing the transfer
function

4𝑠4 +𝑠2 −3𝑠+1 𝑠2 +𝑠+2

b). Necessary conditions to represent the transfer function (with common factor N(s) and D(s)
cancelled):

1. The coefficients in N(s) and D(s) must be real and for thus D(s) must be positive.

2. Poles and zeros must be conjugate if imaginary or complex.

3. Real parts of all poles and zeros must be negative or zero.

4. The D(s ) may not have missing terms b/n the higest and the lowest degree unless all even or
all odd terms are missing.

5. N(s) may have missing terms and some of the coefficients may be negative.

6. i) for G, the maximum degree of N(s) is equal to the degree of D(s).

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ii). For Z and Y the maximum degree of N(s) is equal to the degree of D(s) plus one.

i.e. N(s)= D(S) +1.

THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!