DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,B.E.

C,BAPATLA
CHE 413: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
TUTORIAL SHEET –VI(2hrs)
Course Coordinator: [Link] Dt: 08-09-10

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN SOLIDS AND IN LAMINAR FLOW

Conversions Needed: 1.8 0F = 1 0C , 1 BTU = 252 Cal , 1 Cal = 4.187 J , 1 m = 3.28 ft , 12

in = 1 ft

1. A standard Schedule 40 two-inch steel pipe (inside diameter 2.067 in. and wall
thickness 0.154 in) carrying steam is lagged (i.e., insulated) with 2 in of 85 per cent
magnesia covered in turn with 2 in. of cork. Estimate the heat loss per hour per foot of
pipe if the inner surface of the pipe is at 250 F and the outer surface of the cork is at
90 F. the thermal conductivities of the substances are
Steel : 26.1 Btu/([Link].F)
85 per cent magnesia : 0.04
Cork : 0.03
2. Oil is acting as a lubricant for a pair of cylindrical surfaces. The angular velocity of
the outer cylinder is 7908 rpm. The outer cylinder has a radius of 5.06 cm, and the
clearances between the cylinders are 0.027 cm. What is the maximum temperature in
the oil if both wall temperatures are known to be 158 F? The physical properties of
the oil are
viscosity : 92.3 cp = 92.3 x 10-3 kg/(m.s)
density : 1.22 g/cc = 1.22 x103 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity: 0.0055 cal / ([Link].C)
3. Current carrying capacity of a wire: A copper wire 0.040 in. in diameter is
insulated uniformly with plastic to an outer diameter of 0.12 in. and is exposed to
surroundings at 100 F. The heat transfer coefficient from the outer surface of the
plastic to the surroundings is 1.5 Btu/(hr.Ft2.F). What is the maximum steady current,
in amperes, that this wire can carry without heating any part of the plastic above its
operating limit of 200 F. The thermal and electrical conductivities may be assumed
constant at the values listed below.
K ke
Btu/([Link].F) [Link]-1
Copper 220 5.1x105
Plastic 0.20 0
4. Free Convection Velocity: What is the average velocity in upward moving stream in
the system described in Fig 9.9-1 for air flowing under the following conditions?
Pressure: 1 atm
Temperature of the heated wall: 100 C
Temperature of the cooled wall: 20 C
Spacing between the walls: 0.6 cm.
5. The insulating power of a wall: The “insulating power of a wall” can be measured
by means of arrangement shown in fig. One places a plastic panel against the wall. In
the panel two thermocouples are mounted flush with panel surfaces. The thermal
conductivity and thickness of the plastic panel are known. From the measured steady
state temperatures shown in the figure, calculate
a) The steady state heat flux through the wall: Ans: 14.4 Btu/hr.ft2.F
b) The “Thermal resistance” Ans: 4.24 [Link].F/Btu.
6. viscous heating in a ball point pen: You are asked to decide whether the apparent
decrease in viscosity of ball point inks during writing results from “shear thinning”
(decrease in viscosity because of non-Newtonian effects) or “temperature thinning”
(decrease in viscosity because of temperature rise caused by viscous heating). If the
temperature rise is less than 1 K, then temperature thinning will not be important.
Estimate the temperature rise from the following data:
Viscosity: 104 cp
Diameter of the ball: 1 mm
Clearance between the ball and holding cavity: 5x10-5 inch
100
Speed of writing: 100 in./min =  0.0423 m / s
12 * 3.28 * 60
5 x104 x 4.187
Thermal conductivity of the ink: 5x10-4 cal/[Link].C =  0.21W / m.K
10 2

 max  T  18 Vk 2 =0.011 K

Ans: T

7. Temperature rise in an electrical wire: a) A copper wire, 5 mm in diameter and 15

ft long, has a voltage drop of 0.6 V. Find the maximum temperature rise in the wire if
the ambient air temperature is 25 C and the heat transfer coefficient is 5.7 Btu/hr.ft2.F
b) Compare the temperature drops between the wire and that of the surrounding air.
8. Heat conduction from a sphere to a stagnant film: A heated a sphere of radius R is
suspended in a large, motionless body of fluid. It is desired to study the heat
conduction in the fluid surrounding the sphere in absence of convection.
a) Set up the differential equation describing the temperature T in the
surrounding fluid as a function of r, the distance from the center of the sphere.
The thermal conductivity k of the fluid is constant.
b) Integrate the differential equation and use the boundary conditions to
determine the integration constants: at r = R, T = TR and r = , T = T.
c) from the temperature profile, obtain an expression for the heat flux at the
surface. Equate the result to the heat flux given by “Newton’s law of cooling”
and show that a dimensionless heat transfer coefficient known as (Nusselt
number ) is given by Nu = 2.
d) in what respect Biot and Nusselt number differ? (Biot number contains k of
the solid where Nusselt number contains k of the air).
9. Viscous heating in slit flow: Find the temperature profile for the viscous heating
problem. When given the following boundary conditions: at x = 0, T = T0, at x = b , qx
= 0.

T  x 1x
2
Answer:      
V0 / k  b  2  b 

10. Solve the equation of energy for the steady state temperature distribution in a plane
wall, if the internal heat generation per unit volume varies according to S  S0e   px / L 

, where  is constant. The two faces of the wall represented by x = 0 and x = L are
maintained at temperatures T0 and TL respectively.
11. Two concentric porous spherical shells of radii kR and R. The inner surface of the
outer one is at T = T1 and the outer surface of the inner one is to be maintained at a
lower temperature Tk. Dry air is at temperature T = Tk is blown outward radially from
the inner shell into the intervening space and out through the outer shell. Develop an
expression for the required rate of heat removal from the inner sphere as a function of
the mass rate of flow of gas. Assume steady state laminar flow, and low gas velocity.
12. A heated sphere of radius R is suspended in a large motionless body of fluid. Show
that Nu = 2 for the case of steady heat conduction form sphere to stagnant fluid.
13. Liquefied gases are sometimes stored in well-insulated spherical containers vented to
the atmosphere. Develop an expression for the steady state heat transfer rate through
the walls of such a container. Call the radii of the inner and outer walls r0 and ri . Let it
be assumed that the temperatures T0 and T1 (at r = r0 and r = r1) are known. Assume
that the thermal conductivity of the insulation varies linearly with the temperature
according to the relation.
 T  T0 
K  K 0  K1  K 0   .
T 
 1 0T

Solutions and Hints

26.1x252 x4.187 x3.28x1.8
1. ks teel   45.1 J /(s.m.K )
3600 x1x1
kmag = 0.0692 w/(m.k)
kcork = 0.0519 w/(m.k)
T = 160/1.8 = 88.89 K
r0 = 0.02625 m , r1 = 0.030 m, r2 = 0.081 m, r3 = 0.1318 m

Q U 0 2 xr LT (But L = 1 ft)

0

1
U 0 r0  = 0.0421 (W/m2.K)
ln r1 / r0  ln r2 / r1  ln r3 / r2 
 
K 01 K12 K 23

Q U 0 2 xr LT = 23.5 J/(s.m.K) = 23.5 w/(m.K)

0
2. Thermal conductivity : 0.0055 cal / ([Link].C) = 0.0055 x 4.187 /(s.0.01 m K)
=2.303 J/(m.s.C)
7908
V  5.06 x10  2 x 2 ( )  41.88 m / s
60
  2
Solution: T  T0  1  V 2  x    x  
   
2 k  b  b 

Which implies T max will occur at x = b/2.
1  2 92.3 x10 3 x 41.882
Therefore, T  T0  V  * 1.8  15.82 F
max 8k 8 x 2.303
Ans: Tmax 158 15.82 173.82 F

e
  0 0

3. S R 2  U .2r .T ( This is in W/m and should be converted to w/cm).

00
 
2 U r T 
1
2T

ln r0 / R  
12
2T
ln0.06 / 0.02
 4.52Btu /(hrft .F )  4.35W / m
 
ro h0 Kp 0.06 *1.5 0.2
where K p is thermal conductivity of plastic layer.

And Se is the volume electrical source. That is power dissipated per unit volume. i.e
Watt/ Volume
I2
Se  where I is the current density that is current per unit cross sectional area of the
ke
wire. i.e, amp/cm2
ke is the electrical conductivity in ohm/cm.
2 2
i 2 2  0.02  5.1x107 * 4.35  179.73Amp2
Therefore 2
 S x R  4.35W / m  i  3.14 *  
R k e  12 x3.28 
e
i = 13.4 amps.
  1
4. T  60 C  333 K ,    3x10 3 K 1

T



 g Tb 2  3 
vz      is the velocity profile.
12   

 
 
 g Tb 2 0  3   g Tb 2  1 
vz 
12
   d  12  4  where b is half the spacing between the
 
1
plates.

Ans: 2.3 cm/s

R
d rqr  Ser 2 Se r Ser 2 S R2
7.  Se .r  rqr   qr   k  T T   Tmax  T  e
dr 2 2 Tmax 4 4k
0
Se R
At solid – air interface rqr r  R  R.h.(T  Tair )  T  Tair 
2h
S R 2 Se R
Tmax  Tair  e  =1.6x10-4+ 0.77 = 0.77 K
4k 2h
2 2
I 2 E ke
Se  
ke k L2
e

The temperature drop in the wire is nearly 4 times smaller / lesser than that of the
surrounding air.