HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
PREPARED BY
S RATH
PGT BIOLOGY
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HEALTH
Defined as a state of complete physical,
mental and social well- being of a person.
Healthy people are efficient at work. This
increases productivity and economic
prosperity.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
HEALTH
Balanced diet
Personal hygiene
Regular exercise
Good habits
HOW TO ACHIEVE GOOD
HEALTH ?
Knowledge about diseases, their cause and
effect
Vaccination/ immunisation
Control of vectors
Proper disposal of waste
Consumption of clean food and water
Maintenance of hygiene
INFECTIOUS DISEASE TYPES
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Sl. No. Causal agent Diseases
1 virus Common cold, polio, measles
2 bacteria Typhoid, pneumonia, plague,
diphtheria, tetanus
3 protozoa Malaria, amoebiasis
4 fungi ringworm
5 helminthes Ascariasis, filariasis, taeniasis
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY
INNATE ACQUIRED
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INNATE IMMUNITY
BARRIERS
PHYSICAL
PHYSIO
CYTOKININ BARRIER
LOGICAL
CELLULAR
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Acquired after birth
Pathogen specific
Present only in vertebrates
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Specificity- ability to distinguished many
different foreign molecule
Memory
Capacity to distinguish self and nonself
molecules/ cells
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Acquired immunity
Humoral /
Cell mediated
antibody mediated
immunity
immunity
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Consists of antibodies in body fluids.
Produced by B- lymphocytes in response to
antigen.
Collectively antibodies called
immunoglobulins.
Types of immunoglobulins- Ig A, Ig D, Ig E,
Ig M, Ig G.
ANTIBODY
Has 4 polypeptide chains
Held together in the form of ‘Y’
Tips of upper 2 arms bind to antigen and
form antigen-antibody complex.
Two chains are long (heavy or H) and 2 are
short Light or L) chains.
So the antibody referred to as H2L2.
AN ANTIBODY MOLECULE
ANTIBODY MOLECULE
ANTIBODY MOLECULE
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Mediated by T lymphocytes
Two groups of lymphocytes- cytotoxic/ killer
T cells and helper T cells.
Killer T cells kill specific target cell by various
mechanisms.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Helper T cells activate specific B cells to
produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes responsible for graft rejection.
ACTIVE VS PASIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Antibodies develop by our Antibodies develop in
own cells. other vertebrates and
injected into our body.
Takes time to develop Response is faster.
immunity.
Stays for longer period. Stays for short period.
E.g. immunity developed E.g. immunity to infants in
due to natural exposure to colostrums, tetanus
antigen or by vaccination. antitoxin
IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary immune response-
Immunity developed in the body due to first
encounter with an antigen.
Takes longer time to develop
It is feeble and declines rapidly.
Secondary immune response-
Produced by memory cells, formed during primary
response.
Heightened immune response in a shorter time.
Stays for longer time.
VACCINATION AND
IMMUNISATION
Based on memory of immune system.
Generates antibodies that neutralise toxin or
pathogen.
Produce memory cells.
ALLERGY
Hypersensitive reaction of the immune
system to certain antigens of environment.
Allergen is the substance that cause allergy.
The antibodies produced in response to
allergen is Ig E type.
Common symptoms- sneezing, watery eyes,
rashes, running nose, difficulty in breathing.
LYMPHOID ORGAN
Lymphoid organ
primary secondary
Bone marrow Spleen
thymus Lymph nodes, tonsils
AIDS-TRANSMISSION
By sexual contact with the infected person.
Transfusion of contaminated blood.
Sharing infected needles.
Infected mother to child through placenta.
HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS
Who multiple sexual partner
Drug addict (taking drugs intravenously)
Repeated blood transfusion persons
Children born to an infected woman
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
Virus enters into the body, enters macrophages.
RNA of virus replicates into DNA by reverse
transcriptage.
Viral DNA incorporates with cell DNA.
Infected macrophage cell produce virus particles.
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
Virus then enters helper T cells, replicates and
form progeny viruses.
Progeny viruses attack other T cells, thus no. of T
cells decrease in blood.
The person is unable to protect himself/herself
from infection.
PREVENTION OF AIDS
NACO and NGO are trying to educate people
about AIDS.
Steps taken by WHO-
Use of disposal needles
Checking blood for HIV
Free distribution of condoms and advocating safe
sex
PREVENTION OF AIDS
Controlling drug abuse
Regular checkup for HIV in susceptible
populations
Diagnosing AIDS by ELISA test
Treatment with anti- retroviral drugs( partially
effective)
CANCER- CAUSES
Due to physical, chemical and biological
agents which bring about uncontrolled
proliferation of cells.
Physical carcinogen – UV ray, X ray, gamma
ray
Chemical carcinogen – aniline rays, chemicals
of tobacco
Tumor viruses (oncogenic virus)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CANCER CELLS
Breaking down of regulatory mechanism
which control normal cell growth.
So, uncontrolled cell division and
differention.
Do not show contact inhibition.
Show metastasis
TYPES OF TUMOUR
BENIGN MALIGNANT
Remain confined in Proliferating cells, grow
their original location rapidly.
Do not spread Cells show metastasis
Cause little damage Cause more damage
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
Biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue
Blood and bone marrow test (for leukemia)
MRI, CT scan or radiography
Use of antibodies against cancer specific
antigen
TREATMENT OF CANCER
Surgery
Radio therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
DRUGS
Kinds of drugs
Opioids
Cannabinoids
Coca-alkanoids
Barbiturates
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
LSD
PREVENTION OF DRUGS
Avoid undue peer pressure
Educating and counseling to face problems,
stress, to accept failure etc
Help from parents and peers
Professional and medical help
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"The belief in a thing makes it happen."
- Frank Lloyd Wright
-MRS. [Link]
