PHYSICS CBSE-XII-2018 EXAMINATION CAREER POINT

PHYSICS SET-1
Paper & Solution
Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70
General Instruction :
(i) All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
(ii) This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D, Section E.
(iii) Section A contain five questions of one mark each. Section B contains five questions of two marks each,
Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D contains one value based question of
four marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks,
one question of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weightage. You have to attempt only
one of the choices in such questions.
(v) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary :
c = 3 × 108 m/s
h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js
e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
μ0 = 4π × 10–7 T mA–1
ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2
1
= 9 × 109 N m2 C–2
4πε0
me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
Mass of Neutrons = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
Mass of proton = 1.673 × 10–27 kg
Avogadro's number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1

SECTION A

Q.1 A proton and an electron travelling along parallel paths enter a region of uniform magnetic field, acting
perpendicular to their paths. Which of them will move in a circular path with higher frequency ? [1]
Sol. As we know charge particle enters into perpendicular magnetic field it trace circular path.
mv 2
= qvB
r
mv
r=
qB

v = rω
v
ω=
r

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v
ω=
mv
qB
qB
ω=
m
qB
2πf =
m
qB
f=
2πm
1 1
f∝ frequency ∝
m mass
Thus electron has less mass. So electron will move with high frequency.

Q.2 Name the electromagnetic radiations used for (a) water purification, and (b) eye surgery. [1]
Sol. (a) For water purification ultra violet (uv) rays use
(b) For eye treatment infrared wave used

Q.3 Draw graphs showing variation of photoelectric current with applied voltage for two incident radiations of
equal frequency and different voltage for two incident radiations of equal frequency and different intensities.
Mark the graph for the radiation of higher intensity. [1]
Sol.
(I)
Photo Electric I2
Current I1>I2
I1

v0 Collector
Stoping plate potential
potential

Q.4 Four nuclei of an element undergo fusion to form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy. Which of the
two - the parent or the daughter nucleus - would have higher binding energy per nucleon ? [1]
Sol. Nuclear fusion : The process in which two light nuclei combined to form a single heavier nucleus is called
nuclear fusion.
The mass of the heavier nucleus formed is less than the sum of masses of the combining nuclei.
So mass defect is more in daughter nuclei so binding energy is more per nucleon in daughter nuclei.

Q.5 Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast services ? [1]
Sol. Sky wave propagation : When radio wave propagates from one place of earth to other after reflection by
ionosphere, the range of frequencies from few MHz to 30 MHz gets reflected back by ionosphere. This
range also reflected as short wave band. This mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast service.

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SECTION B
Q.6 Two electric bulbs P and Q have their resistances in the ratio of 1 : 2. They are connected in series across a
battery. Find the ratio of the power dissipation of these bulbs. [2]
Sol. For series combination, power dissipated by a bulb is directly proportional to its resistance.
P∝R
P1 R 1
= 1 =
P2 R2 2

Q.7 A 10 V cell of negligible internal resistance is connected in parallel across a battery of emf 200 V and
internal resistance 38 Ω as shown in the figure. Find the value of current in the circuit. [2]
10V

200V 38Ω

OR

Sol.
10V
D C

i
A B
200V 38Ω
Applying Kirchoff's loop ABCDA
10 – 200 + 38 i = 0
38 i = 190
190
i= =5A
38
OR
⎛l ⎞
An internal resistance of the cell r = R ⎜⎜ 1 −1⎟⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠
Here R=9Ω
l1 = 350
l2 = 300
⎛ 350 ⎞
r = 9⎜ −1⎟
⎝ 300 ⎠
⎛7 ⎞
r = 9⎜ −1⎟
⎝6 ⎠
1 3
=9× = = 1.5 Ω
6 2

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Q.8 (a) Why are infra-red waves often called heat waves ? Explain.
(b) What do you understand by the statement, "Electromagnetic waves transport momentum" ? [2]
Sol. (i) Infra-red waves have frequencies lower than those of visible light they have ability to vibrate not only
the electrons but the entire atom on molecules of a body this vibration increases the internal energy and
temperature of the body.
(ii) As electromagnetic wave contains both electric and magnetic fields, if there are charges they will be set
and sustained in motion by electric and magnetic fields of the em wave. The charges thus acquire energy
and momentum from the waves. This just illustrates the fact that an electromagnetic wave carries energy
and momentum.
If total energy transferred to a surface in time t is u, it can be shown that the magnitude of total
momentum delivered to surface
u
P= P = momentum
C
Electromagnetic wave transfer momentum but C = 3 × 108 is very large, the amount of momentum to
transferred is extremly small.
Q.9 If light of wavelength 412.5 nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which ones will show
photoelectric emission and why ? [2]
Metal Work Function (eV)
Na 1.92
K 2.15
Ca 3.20
Mo 4.17
hc
Sol. E=
λ
6.67 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108
E=
412.5 × 10 −9
E = 0.048 × 10–17 Joule
1
1J= eV
1.6 × 10 −19
0.048 × 10 −17
E= eV
1.6 × 10 −19
E = 3 eV
Thus metals having work-function less than energy of photon of falling light will show photoelectric effect.
So Na and K will show photo electric effect.

Q.10 A carrier wave of peak voltage 15 V is used to transmit a message signal. Find the peak voltage of the
modulating signal in order to have a modulation of 60 %. [2]
Sol. Peak voltage = 15 V
Modulation index = 60 % = 0.60
Amplitude of modulating wave = Am
Amplitude of carrier wave = Ac
A
µ= m
Ac
Am
0.60 =
15
0.60 × 15 = Am
9 V = Am

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SECTION C
Q.11 Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side 'a' as shown in the figure.
Q q

q Q
a
Find the
(a) resultant electric force on a charge Q, and
(b) potential energy of this system. [3]

OR
(a) Three point charges q, –4q and 2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side 'l' a
shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant electric force acting on the
charge q.
A
q

–4q 2q
B C
l
(b) Find out the amount of the work done to separate the charges at infinite distance.
Sol. (a)
F1
F2

F1 q
Q

2a

q Q
a
F1 → force act at Q by q
F2 → force act at Q by Q
k.q.Q k.Q.Q
F1 = 2
, F2 =
a ( 2a ) 2
k.q.Q k.Q 2
F1 = , F2 =
a2 2a 2
Fnet = 2 F1 + F2
k.Q.q k.Q 2
= 2 2
+ [F of F1 and F1 will be 2 F1 because F1 and F1 perpendicular]
a 2a 2
(b) Potential energy of system
k.Q.q
W1 =
a
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k.q 2
W2 =
2a
k.Q.q
W3 =
a
k.q 2
W4 =
a
k.q 2
W5 =
a
k.Q.q
W6 =
2a
W = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 + W6
OR
(a)
F1 120º
q
Fnet
60º

60º
–4q 2q
l
k.2q.q k.4q.q
F1 = , F2 =
l2 l2
Fnet = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 cos120º
1
Fnet = F12 + F22 − F1F2 cos120º = –
2
(b) Work done required to separate the charges at infinity equal to electric potential energy of system. So
q

–4q 2q
l
k.q.2q k.(−4q).q k.(−4q).(2q)
W1 = , W2 = , W3 =
l l l
2k.q 2 − 4k.q 2 − 8k.q 2
W1 = , W2 = , W3 =
l l l

W = W1 + W2 + W3
2k.q 2 4k.q 2 8k.q 2
W= − −
l l l
− 10k.q 2
W=
l

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Q.12 (a) Define the term 'conductivity' of a metallic wire. Write its SI unit.
(b) Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity of a wire in
terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence, obtain the relation between current density and the
applied electric field E. [3]
Sol. (a) Conductivity: The reciprocal of the resistivity of a material is called its conductivity and is denoted by σ.
Thus
1
Conductivity =
Re sistivity
1
σ=
ρ
The SI unit of conductivity is (ohm–1 m–1)
(b) When a potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length l, the drift velocity in term of v is
given by
eE eV
vd = τ= τ
m ml
If area of cross-section A and n number of electron per unit volume the current through
⎛ eE ⎞ ⎛ eE ⎞
I = nevdA = neA. ⎜ τ ⎟ ⎜ vd = τ⎟
⎝m ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠
ne 2 Eτ
I=
m
Ane 2 V ⎛V ⎞
I= τ ⎜ = E⎟
ml ⎝l ⎠
V Ane 2 V
= τ (V = IR)
R ml
ml
R=
Ane 2 τ
ρl ml ⎧ ρL ⎫
= 2 ⎨R = ⎬
A ne Aτ ⎩ A⎭
m ⎛ 1⎞
ρ= ⎜⎜ σ = ⎟⎟
ne 2 τ ⎝ ρ⎠
ne 2 τ
σ=
m
V = IR Ohm's law
⎛ ρl ⎞
V=I ⎜ ⎟
⎝A⎠
I ⎛ I⎞
V= .ρ.l ⎜j= ⎟
A ⎝ A⎠
V
=j.ρ
l
E = j.ρ
⎛1 ⎞
σE = j ⎜⎜ = σ ⎟⎟
⎝ρ ⎠

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Q.13 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is aligned at 60º with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.44 T.
Calculate (a) the work done in turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment (i) normal to the magnetic
field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic field, and (b) the torque on the magnet in the final orientation in case (ii).
[3]
Sol.

N B = 0.44 Tesla (magnetic field)

60º µ = 6 J/T (Magnetic moment)

ΔW = µB[cosθ1 – cosθ2]
(a) (i) Magnetic moment align normal to magnetic field
θ1 = 60º , θ2 = 90º
ΔW = 6 × 0.44 [cos60º – cos90º]
⎡1 ⎤
= 6 × 0.44 × ⎢ − 0⎥
⎣2 ⎦
= 3 × 0.44
ΔW = 1.32 J
(ii) Opposite to magnetic field θ1 = 60º, θ2 = 180º
ΔW = 6 × 0.44 [cos60º – cos90º]
⎡1 ⎤
ΔW = 6 × 0.44 × ⎢ − (−1)⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡3⎤
ΔW = 6 × 0.44 ⎢ ⎥
⎣2⎦
= 3 × 0.44 × 3
ΔW = 3.96 J
(b) Torque acting on magnet placed in magnetic field
τ = µBsinθ
τ = µBsin180º = 0

Q.14 (a) An iron ring of relative permeability µr has windings of insulated copper wire of n turns per metre.
When the current in the windings is I, find the expression for the magnetic field in the ring.
(b) The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853. Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the
modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field. [3]
Sol. (a)
P
8 r
O

I I
Applying Amper's Law
r r
∫
B.d l = µ0Σi

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∫ [Link] cos 0º = µ Σi 0

B ∫ d l = µ Σi
0 [cos 0º = 1]
B.2πr = µ0[n.2πr.i]
µm
B = µ0ni µr =
µ0
B = µr.µ0ni µm (permeability of iron) = µr.µ0
B = µr.µ0ni
(b) x = 0.9853
the susceptibility of paramagnetic is less than 1 so it is paramagnetic material which is weakly attracted
by magnetic field.

Magnetic field
Q.15 (a) Show using a proper diagram how unpolarised light can be linearly polarised by reflection from a
transparent glass surface.
(b) The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism having
3 4
refractive index , placed in water of refractive index . Will this ray suffer total internal reflection on
2 3
striking the face AC ? Justify your answer. [3]
A

B C
Sol. (a)
A

60º

30º
B 60º C
3 4
(b) n1 = , n2 = (water)
2 3
Incident of light on Ac face is 60º
For total internal reflection
sin i c 4/3
=
sin 90º 3/ 2
8
sin ic = = 0.88
9
3 1.732
sin 60º = = = 0.816
2 2
So incident angle is smaller than ic
Total internal reflection does not take place.

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Q.16 (a) If one of two identical slits producing interference in Young's experiment is covered with glass, so that
the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50 %, find the ratio of the maximum and minimum
intensity of the fringe in the interference pattern.
(b) What king of fringes do you expect to observe if white light is used instead of monochromatic light ?
[3]
Sol. (a) Intensity ratio
2
I max ⎛ I + I2 ⎞
=⎜ 1 ⎟
I min ⎜ I − I ⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠

Assume

I1 = I
I2 = I/2
2
I max ⎛ I + I/2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
I min ⎜ I − I/2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 2I + I ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
=⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2I − I ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
2
⎛ 2. I + I ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2. I − I ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ I ( 2 + 1) ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
⎜ I ( 2 − 1) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
I max ⎛ 2 +1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
I min ⎜ 2 −1⎟
⎝ ⎠
(b) The light should be monochromatic other wise different colours will produce different interference
patterns and fringes of different colours will overlap.
White light has seven colours.
Q.17 A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive index 1.5, is placed on a
layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An optical needle with its tip on the
principal axis of the lens is moved along the axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle
itself. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and
repeating the experiment, the distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive index of the
liquid in terms of x and y. [3]

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Sol.

µ = 1.5
f1
f2

µ
In first case there are two lens in combination double convex (µ = 1.5) and plane concave lens.
The image overlaped at object when it placed on focus
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f 2
The distance x given so f1 = x
1 1 1
= + .....(i)
x f1 f 2
When liquid removed distance given y
So
1 1
=
f1 y
f1 = y
1 1 1
= −
f2 x f1
1 1 1
= −
f2 x f1
1 1 1
= −
f1 x y
Here
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= (µ – 1) ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
y ⎝ R1 R 2 ⎠
1 ⎛1 1⎞
= (1.5 – 1) ⎜ + ⎟
y ⎝R R⎠
1 1 2
= ×
y 2 R
y=R
For f2
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
= (µ – 1) ⎜ − ⎟
f2 ⎝−R ∞⎠
1 ⎛ −1⎞
= (µ – 1) ⎜ ⎟
f2 ⎝R ⎠
1 (µ − 1)
=
f2 −R
1 1−µ
=
f2 R
1 1−µ
= (y = R)
f2 y

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From equation (i)

1 1 1
= +
x f1 f 2
1 1 1−µ
= +
x y y
1 1+1− µ
=
x y
1 2 −µ
=
x y
y
=2–µ
x
y
µ=2–
x

Q.18 (a) State Bohr's postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de Broglie's hypothesis explain
the stability of these orbits ?
(b) An hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4 level.
Estimate the frequency of the photon. [3]
nh
Sol. (a) For stable orbit the angular momentum of revolving e– equal to
2π
nh
mvr =
2π
According to de-Broglie's hypothesis

l
nλ = αl
revolving e– is stable orbit also associated with wave character. Hence a circular orbit can be taken to be
stable orbit if it contains an integral number of de-Broglie wavelengths
2πr = nλ
⎛h⎞
2πr = n ⎜ ⎟
⎝P⎠
nh
Pr =
2π
nh
mvr =
2π
Only a certain number of wavelengths would fit in the electron orbits.
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞
(b) = R⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟
λ ⎝1 4 ⎠
1 ⎛ 1⎞
= R ⎜1 − ⎟
λ ⎝ 16 ⎠
1 ⎛ 15 ⎞
=R ⎜ ⎟
λ ⎝ 16 ⎠

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C
ν=
λ
⎛ 15 ⎞
ν=C×R ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 16 ⎠
15
ν = 3 × 108 × 1.09 × 107 ×
16
ν = 3 × 1015 Hz

Q.19 (a) Explain the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy per
nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.
(b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years. How long will it take for the activity to reduce to
3.12 % ? [3]
Sol. (a) Nuclear fission : In a nuclear fission, the sum of the masses of final products is less than the sum of the
masses of the reactant components. The difference of masses called mass defect, is converted into energy.
If we devide this energy with nucleons then it is called binding energy per nucleons.
Nuclear fusion : The process in which two light nuclie combine to form a single heavier nucleus is called
nuclear fusion.
The mass of heavier nucleus formed is less than the sum of the masses of the combining nuclei. The
mass defect is released as energy. If we devide this energy by nucleons than it is called binding energy
per nucleons.

(b) N = N0e–λt
3.125
N= × N0
100
1 N
N= × N0 = 0
32 32
N0
= N0e–λt
32
N0 × 2–5 = N0e–λt
25 = eλt
5 log 2 = λt
5 log 2
t=
λ
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log 2
λ=
T1/ 2
log 2
λ=
10
5 log 2
t= × 10
log 2
t = 50 years

Q.20 (a) A student wants to use two p-n junction diodes to convert alternating current into direct current. Draw
the labeled circuit diagram she would use and explain how it works.
(b) Give the truth table and circuit symbol for NAND gate. [3]
Sol. (a) Device use to convert AC to DC is rectifier.
Here full wave rectifier will be used
D2
AC source A
~

(DC)
RL
Load
D1
resistance
B
(AC) Diode
When first half cycle diode D2 behave forward and D1 behave reverse biased current passes from A to B
force second half cycle D1 behave forward but D2 behave reverse so current again pass from A to B.
Due to both cycle current in output pass in same direction if can convert AC current into DC.
(b)
A Y = A.B
B

Truth table
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Q.21 Draw the typical input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how these
characteristics can be used to determine (a) the input resistance (r1), and (b) current amplification factor (β).
[3]
Sol. (a) Common Emitter (CE)

N
P
N
VCC
+
– VBB

Input characteristics : VCC = constant

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VBB = increase from zero

IB
Base
current

VBB
cut off voltage
VBB
(input resistance) Ri =
IB
Output characteristics : VBB = constant
VCC = increase from zero

saturation region
Ib = 15µA
IC(mA) active region
Ib = 10µA
Collector
current Ib = 5µA
cut off region
VCC
knee voltage
ΔI C
Current amplification (β) =
ΔI B

Q.22 (a) Give three reasons why modulation of a message signal is necessary for long distance transmission.
(b) Show graphically an audio signal, a carrier wave and an amplitude modulated wave. [3]
Sol. (a)
(i) Practical antenna length : To transmit a signal effectively, the height of antenna should be comparable to
λ
the wavelength of the signal at least in length
4
wave velocity
Wave length =
freqeuncy
3 × 108
=
20 × 10 3 Hz
λ = 15 µm
λ
l= = 3.75 km
4
3.75 km antenna practically not possible.
(ii) effective power radiated by antenna :
2
⎛l⎞
Power radiated ∝ ⎜ ⎟
⎝λ⎠
Thus the power radiated by short wavelength would be large

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(iii) Multiplexing frequency : In order to transmit different audio signals simultaneously through one
antenna, each signal is translated to a low frequency range so that it is easily distinguishable from other
signals at the receiving station.
(b)

C(t) Carrier wave

m(t) Message wave

C(t) Modulated wave

SECTION D
Q.23 The teachers of Geeta's school took the students on a study trip to a power generating station, located nearly
200 km away from the city. The teacher explained that electrical energy is transmitted over such a long
distance to their city, in the form of alternating current (ac) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in
the city, the voltage is reduced to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is reduced. Geeta listed to
the teacher and asked questions about how the ac is converted to a higher or lower voltage.
(a) Name the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause for
power dissipation in this device.
(b) Explain with an example, how power loss is reduced if the energy is transmitted over long distances as
an alternating current rather than a direct current.
(c) Write two values each shown by the teachers and Geeta. [4]
Sol. (a) The device which convert high voltage to low or low voltage to high voltage is transformer. Power can
loss by heat and flux leakage.
(b) Electric power is transmitted from power station to homes through cables. These cables have resistance
power is wasted in them as heat.
Suppose power P is delivered to a load R via cables of resistance Rt. If V is the voltage across load R
and I current.
P = V-I
P2R t
Power wasted Pt = I2Rt =
V2
1
Pt ∝
V2
So high voltage waste less power
(c) They should be polite and thankful to each other.

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SECTION E
Q.24 (a) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ?
A point charges q is at a distance of d/2 directly above the centre of a square of side a, as shown in the
figure. Use Gauss' law to obtain the expression for the electric flux through the square.
q

d/2
d

d
(b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance 'd' from the centre of the square and the side of the square
is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected. [5]
OR
r
(a) Use Gauss' law to derive the expression for the electric field ( E ) due to a straight uniformly charged
infinite line of charge density λ C/m.
(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance 'r' from the line of charge.
(c) Find the work done in bringing a charge q from perpendicular distance r1 to r2 (r2 > r1).
Sol. (a) Electric flux : The number of electric field lines passing through any area normally is known as electric
flux (d).
It is scalar quantity.

q
d/2
d

d
Making square the cube and charge becomes at centre.
q
φ = in
∈0
q
φ=
∈0
Flux from only one square of cube
q
φ=
6 ∈0
(b) If we moved point charge d from centre

q
d

2d

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q
φ=
∈0
q
φ=
6 ∈0
Flux will remain same in both cases.
OR
(a)
+
dEsinθ dE
+
+
+ + θ
+ θ dEcosθ
+ r
+ +
dEsinθ dE
+
+
Q total ch arg e
λ=
l total length
Vertical component cancel and horizontal add if we assume whole wire made up with pair of λ then
resultant field will be horizontal.
da1
+
+ +
l1 ++ r da2
+ +

da3

r r
φ= ∫ [Link]
r r r r r r
φ = ∫ [Link] + ∫ [Link] + ∫ [Link]
1 2 3
r r r r r r
φ = ∫ [Link] cos 90º + ∫ [Link] cos 0º + ∫ [Link]
1 2 3 cos 90 º

φ = ∫ [Link] 2

φ = E.2πrl1
Σq in λl 1
φ= =
∈0 ∈0
equate them
λl 1
= E.2πrl1
∈0
λ
E=
2πr ∈0

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(b)

E λ
E=
2πr ∈0
1
E∝
r
r
(c) Work done to moving from r1 to r2
dV = ∫ [Link]
r2
λ
dV = ∫ 2π ∈
r1 0 r
dr

r2
λ 1
dV =
2π ∈0 r r r ∫
dr
1

λ ⎡ r2 ⎤
= ⎢log ⎥
2π ∈0 ⎣ r1 ⎦

W = qV
⎛ λ ⎛ r ⎞⎞
W = q⎜ log⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ 2π ∈ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎠

Q.25 (a) State the principle of an ac generator and explain its working with the help of a labelled diagram. Obtain
the expression for the emf induced in a coil having N turns each of cross-sectional area A, rotating with a
r
constant angular speed 'ω' in a magnetic field B , directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
(b) An aeroplane is flying horizontally form west to east with a velocity of 900 km/hour. Calculate the
potential difference developed between the ends of its wings having a span of 20 m. The horizontal
component of the Earth's magnetic field is 5 × 10–4 T and the angle of dip is 30º. [5]
OR
A device X is connected across an ac source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt. The current through X is given as
⎛ π⎞
I = I0 sin ⎜ ωt + ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠
(a) Identify the device X and write the expression for its reactance.
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
(c) How does the reactance of the device X vary with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation graphically.
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X.
Sol. (a) AC Generator : Consider a coil PQRS free to rotate in a uniform magnetic field B. The axis of rotation
of the coil is perpendicular to the field B. The flux through the coil.
Nφ = N.B.A cosθ
Nφ = N.B.A cos (ωt)
dφ d
N = N.B.A. cos(ωt ) differentiate
dt dt
dφ ⎛ dφ ⎞
N = –NBAω sin(ωt) ⎜ ε = −N ⎟
dt ⎝ dt ⎠

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–ε = –NBAω sin(ωt) ε0 = NBAω

ε = ε0sin (ωt)

The AC generator work on change in flux induce emf in coil on [EMI]

1000
(b) V = 900 × = 250 m/s
3600
l = 20 m
When aeroplane going in west to east its wings cross vertical component of earth magnetic field.
B = 5 × 10–4 Tesla
θ = 30º
B sinθ = B⊥
B⊥ = 5 × 10–4 × sin 30º = 2.5 × 10–14
ε = Blv
= 2.5 × 10–4 × 20 × 250
= 50 × 25 × 10–3
= 125 × 10–2
= 1.25 volt
OR
(a)

I
V = sin(ωt) q
V=
~

Applying Kirchoff's law

q
V0sin(ωt) – =0
C
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q
V0sin(ωt) =
C
V0C sin(ωt) = q
d dq
V0C sin(ωt ) =
dt dt
ωV0C cos(ωt) = i
V0
cos(ωt ) = i
1 / ωC
V0
cos(ωt ) = i
XC
⎛π ⎞ V0
i0sin ⎜ + ωt ⎟ = i i0 =
⎝ 2 ⎠ X C → capacitive reactance (Ω)
Here X is capacitor
(b)

I
V

1
(c) XC =
ωC
1
XC ∝
ω

XC

ω
(d)

v = v0sin(ωt)
I0sin(ωt+π/2) = I
ωt

Q.26 (a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real, inverted and
magnified image of the object.
(b) Obtain the mirror formula and write the expression for the linear magnification.
(c) Explain two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope. [5]
OR
(a) Define a wavefront. Using Huygens' principle, verify the laws of reflection at a plane surface.
(b) In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does
this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band ? Explain.
(c) When a tiny circular obstalce is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at
the centre of the obstacle. Explain why.
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Sol. (a)

B′ θ
B θ Pole
F
A′
C

(b)
u
A
M
focal length
B′
B P
C F
A′

ΔA′B′F and MPF are similar (A-A)

So
A′B′ B′F
= ....(i)
MP FP
ΔABP and A′B′P are similar (A-A)
A′B′ B′P
= .....(ii)
BP BP
MP = AB (By geometry)
A′B′ B′F
= ....(iii)
AB FP
equate (ii) and (iii)
B′P B′F
=
BP FP
( − v) B′P − FP
=
(− u ) FP
v ( − v ) − ( −f )
=
u −f
− vf −uv + uf
=
uvf uvf
1 1 1
− = − +
u f v
1 1 1
= +
f v u

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From equation (ii)

A′B′ B′P
=
AB BP
−h′ −v
=
h −u
h′ −v
m= =
h u
v
m= h′ → height of image, h → height of object
u
h′
m=
h
(c) (i) Reflecting telescope have height resolving power due to a large aperture of mirror.
(ii) Due to availability of paraboloidal mirror, the image is free from chromatic and spherical aberration.
OR
(a) Wavefront : A wavefront is defined as the continuous locus of all such particle of the medium which are
vibrating in same phase at any instant. Wave (secondary wavelets) emit from wavefront perpendicularly.
There are different type of wavefront
(i) Spherical wavefront
(ii) Plane wavefront
(iii) Cylindrical wavefront
Explanation of Reflection

D
A

r
r
i
B C

Here in triangle ABC and BDC

BC = BC
∠BAC = ∠BDC = 90º
AC = BD
ΔABC ≅ ΔBDC
i=r hence law of reflection i = r
(b) In diffraction
dsinθ = λ d = slit size
dθ = λ
λ
θ=
d
Linear width of central maximum : If D is the distance of the screen from the single slit, then the linear
width of central maximum will be
2Dλ
β0 = D × 2θ =
d

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If we increase size of width 2d than central maxima becomes half

2Dλ
β0 =
2d
2β = β0
β
β= 0
2
Intensity of central maximum becomes 4 times.
(c) When tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the
centre.

Light when pass from border of circular obstacle it diffracted toward centre of the obstacle.
In centre part all diffracted wavefront meet thats why centre becomes bright.

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