NMR OF OTHER NUCLEI AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS TO
INORGANIC MOLECULES
Natural % Magnetic Magnetogyric
Isotope Spin (I)
Abundance Moment (μ)* Ratio (γ)†
1H 99.9844 1/2 2.7927 26.753
2H 0.0156 1 0.8574 4,107
11B 81.17 3/2 2.6880 --
13C 1.108 1/2 0.7022 6,728
17O 0.037 5/2 -1.8930 -3,628
19F 100.0 1/2 2.6273 25,179
29Si 4.700 1/2 -0.5555 -5,319
31P 100.0 1/2 1.1305 10,840
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Notable nuclei
• 19F: spin ½, abundance 100%, sensitivity (H=1.0) : 0.83
2J 3 3
H-F = 45 Hz, JH-F trans = 17 Hz, JH-F Cis = 6 Hz
2J 3
F-F = 300 Hz, JF-F = - 27 Hz
• 29Si: spin½, abundance 4.7%, sensitivity (H=1.0) : 0.0078
The inductive effect of Si typically moves 1H NMR aliphatic
resonances upfield to approximately 0 to 0.5 ppm, making
assignment of Si-containing groups rather easy. In addition, both
carbon and proton spectra display Si satellites comprising 4.7% of the
signal intensity.
• 31P: spin ½, abundance 100%, sensitivity (H=1.0) : 0.07
1J 2
H-P = 200 Hz, JH-P ~2-20 Hz,
1J 2 3
P-P = 110 Hz, JF-P ~ 1200-1400 Hz, JP-P = 1-27 Hz
the chemical shift range is not as diagnostic as with other nuclei, the
magnitude of the X-P coupling constants is terrific for the assignment
of structures
Karplus angle relationship works quite well
In molecules, the nuclei are screened by the electrons.
So the effective field at the nucleus is:
Beff = B0(1-)
Where is the shielding constant.
The shielding constant has 2 terms:
d (diamagnetic) and
p (paramagnetic)
d - depends on electron distribution in the ground state
p - depends on excited state as well. It is zero for electrons in
s-orbital.
This is why the proton shift is dominated by the diamagnetic
term. But heavier nuclei are dominated by the paramagnetic
term.
INTRODUCTION TO 19F - NMR
19F NMR is similar to 1H NMR
19F is the only naturally occurring isotope
Sensitivity 0.83 when compared to 1H
Ideal nucleus for NMR
The resonance frequency is slightly lower than
1H @ a field of 1.4 T [1H 60 MHz, for 19 F 56.5
MHz]
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Chemical shift in 19F - NMR
19 F chemical shift more sensitive to solvent
effects
CFCl3 is used as reference
It is generally inert , volatile and give raise
to a sharp singlet.
The chemical shift values span in wider
range from 0 to 900 ppm
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Chemical shift in 19F - NMR
The paramagnetic shielding is predominant
Less than 1 % shielding is diamagnetic
The chemical shift values are difficult to
predict
Shifts are sensitive to electro
negativity, oxidation state and stereo
chemistry of the neighboring groups
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Chemical shift in 19F - NMR
The chemical shift values are so different that
always a first order spectrum is got
For ex the chemical shift of equatorial and axial F’s
of ClF3 differ by 120 ppm
Ethyl and methyl F’s differ by 60 ppm
Because of the large variations 19F NMR can be
used as a sensitive tool for following reactions and
structural changes
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Chemical shift in 19F - NMR
The variation in chemical shift values are
difficult to calculate and no trend seems to
emerge
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Functional Group Chemical shift ( ppm )
C-CF3 68 - 98
C=C-CF3 62 – 92
-CF2- 90 – 135
-CHF- 180 – 225
-CHF2 122 – 142
-CH2F- 188 – 242
-CF=C- 50 – 140
-CF2=CF- 152 – 205
-CF=CF- 95 -105
Ar-F 110 - 176
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Coupling constants in 19F NMR
[F-F coupling]
In general geminal F-F coupling ranges
from 40 to 370 Hz
Vicinal F-F coupling is 0 -40 Hz
cis F’s show J values 105 -150 Hz
A long range coupling over five bonds,
varies from 0 – 18 Hz
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Coupling constants in 19F NMR
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1H-19F Coupling
1H -19F coupling is also strong
Geminal coupling values range from 42 -80
Hz
Vicinal coupling is 1 -29 Hz
cis H - F : 0- 22 Hz ; trans – H – F :11 – 52 Hz
Benzene ring H also couple ortho :7-12,
meta: 4-8 Hz and para:0.2 – 3 Hz
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Coupling constants in 19F NMR
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Examples
CFCl3 – one singlet
C6H6 - one singlet
CH3F – one quartet
CH2F2 – one triplet
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CH3-CO-CH2-F
19 F – One singlet
(H decoupled)
_ in proton coupled 19F NMR quartet of a triplet
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19F NMR of IF7
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1-Bromo-1-fluoroethane
One signal in 19F
NMR
Split by geminal
proton in to a doublet
(J=50 Hz)
Each line of the
doublet is split in to a
quartet by the CH3
protons
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R5-nPFn
The 19FNMR spectra of the series of
compounds with formula R5-nPFn had been
studied
The number of peaks and J values are useful in
determining the structure.
For (CH3)2PF3 a trigonal bipyramidal structures
are assigned.
The NMR studies suggest that (JP-F = 170 Hz)
two methyl groups are equatorial and more
electro negative groups are at apical positions
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(CF3)2PF3
For this compound the low temperature
NMR shows that two CF3 groups are apical.
At room temperature , due to rapid
exchange only one signal is got.
At lower temperatures two distinct peaks
are got for (CH3)2PF3 .
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BrF5
The 19F NMR of BrF5 shows two peaks
One doublet and one quintet with intensity
ratio (1:4)
4 F atoms are equivalent and one is a
different type.
Consistent with the assigned square
pyramidal structure.
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The F’s are not equivalent
O
F
P P P
F F
O O
F
Ph
They give separate signals!!
Predict the 19F NMR spectrum of the above molecule
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Complicated proton spectra : CH3-CH2-S-PF2
Almost quintet
31P NMR
The only naturally occurring isotope is 31P
Magnetically similar to 1H and 19F
P is more important because of their
presence in nucleic acids
Its I value is ½
Standard for 31P NMR is 85% H3PO4
(external standard)
The chemical shift values are rather high
with reference to standard (±250ppm)
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Chemical shift in 31P NMR
31PNOE is positive for H decoupling with
maximum 1.23
Generally P(III) compounds have lower shift
values when compared to P(V) compounds
The chemical shift can be as low as -460ppm
(P4) and as high as 1362 ppm for phosphinidene
complexes like t-BuP(Cr(CO)5)2
Interpretation is difficult because of many
contributing factors
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Chemical shift in 31P NMR
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PCl5
Solution of PCl5 in CS2 shows a single
resonance at about 80 ppm (one type of P)
But in solid state two intense peaks are got
which shows that the structure is different
Actually PF5 disproportionates in solid state
and crystallize as [PCl4+][PCl6-] which have
chemical shifts of 95 and 280 ppm
respectively.
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Informations from the J values
The coordination number of P can be easily
assigned form the 1J PH values. Which is
typically in the region180-400 ppm
For pentavalent P it is larger 400-100 Hz
For trivalent 250-100 Hz
Similarly 1JPF is also different for trivalent
and pentavalent states.
In PF5 Fe and Fa can be distinguished form
the J values
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HPF2
The 31P NMR has a doublet of a
triplet
For one 31P - one signal
Split by two equivalent F in to a
triplet
Each line of the triplet is split by the
H in to a doublet
Here JPF >> JPH SANTHANAM SCSVMV
H3PO4,H3PO3 and H3PO2
One triplet one doublet one singlet
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P4S3
The 31P NMR of P4S3
contains two peaks
with intensity ratio
3:1
The intense peak
appears as a doublet
and weaker one as a
quartet
The only possible
structure is
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Geometrical isomers of
[Pt(PEt3)2(H)Cl]
The coupling constant of magnetically
active ligating atom is depending on the
relative geometrical arrangement.
Generally when ligands are trans to each
other cause more interaction.
In present example, the 1JPt-P is nearly 1400
Hz when the PEt3 ligands are trans to each
other and about 3500 Hz when they are cis
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Complicated Fluorine spectra : PF2-S-PF2
Second order spectra: 19F
Chemically equivalent
Magnetically non-equivalent
1J different from 3J
PF PH
This type of spectra is
frequent in transition metal
complex:
MCl2(PR3)2
Tin NMR
Tin is unique in that it has no less than three NMR
active spin ½ nuclei, 115Sn, 117Sn and 119Sn
They all yield narrow signals over a very wide
chemical shift range.
119Sn is very slightly the more sensitive
than 117Sn so 119Sn is therefore usually the
preferred nucleus.
115Sn is much less sensitive than
either 117Sn or 119Sn.
Tin NMR is mostly used for the study of organotin
compounds, but is also applicable to inorganic tin
compounds.
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• All the tin nuclei couple to other
nuclei, 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P, etc., couplings have been reported.
One bond couplings to 13C are between 1200 and 1500 Hz.
1H one bond couplings are from 1750 to 3000 Hz, 19F from
130 to 2000 Hz and for 31P they are from 50 to 2400 Hz
Two-bond Sn-H coupling constants are approximately 50
Hz.
Homonuclear 119Sn-119Sn and heteronuclear119Sn-117Sn
have been reported from 200 to 4500 Hz. Three and four
bond couplings have been reported.
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Tetramethyl stannane
Satellite peaks due to
Sn 119
SANTHANAM SCSVMV
NMR – From Spectra to Structures An Experimental approach
Sn-119
Second edition (2007) Springler-Verlag
Terence N. Mitchellm Burkhard Costisella
3 isotopes with spin ½ :
Sn-115 a=0.35%
Sn-117 a=7.61%
Sn-119 a=8.58%
Tetramethyl stannane
All the 12 H are equivalent – 1- signal in 1H NMR
Magnetically active 117Sn splits the signal in to a
doublet (Centre line –partially resolved)
On both sides of the central resonance two weak
doublets appear – satellite peaks
Satellite peaks occur due to isotopically dilute
spin systems.
Here it is because of 119Sn abundance 8.6% , I
=1/2
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1H NMR of Sn(CH3)4
One signal due to one
type of Sn
12 equivalent protons
split the signal in to 13
lines
[2 X 12 X (1/2) +1]
The outer most four
lines are very weak to
be observed
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1H Spectrum of GeH4
73Ge has I = 9/2
Natural abundance of 7.76 %.
Consequently the central singlet (from the
nuclei with I = 0,71Ge)
surrounded by ten equally spaced lines
arising from coupling to the 73Ge nucleus
(No. of lines = 2nI + 1
(2×1×9/2)+ 1 = 10).
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1H NMR spectrum of Si2H6
The silicon analogue of ethane. The natural
abundance of 29Si (I = ½) is 4.7 %. The
remaining 95.3 % of silicon is 28Si (I = 0).
So 90.82 % of molecules will have two 28Si
nucleus , 8.96 % will have one 28Si and one
29Si and the remaining 0.22% will have two
29Si atoms
The resonances due to molecules with two
29Si atoms are too weak to be observed.
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The spectrum shows the usual intense central
line arising from 28Si2H6, and a more complex
pattern of satellites.
The large coupling is 1 J{29Si –1H}, giving a
doublet.
The doublet is then split into a quartet by the
three protons on the 28Si.
There is also a second set of resonances, which
are mostly obscured by the central singlet.
This arises from coupling of 29Si to the protons
on the 28Si (2 J{29Si –1H}).
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Because the coupling is longer range the J-value is
much smaller (as indicated on the diagram).
This doublet is split into quartets by the three
protons on the second silicon.
The outermost lines of these resonances can be
seen on the central line.
Note that the spectrum arising from 29Si2H6 would
be a pair of doublets, with a large 1 J{29Si –1H}
coupling and a small 2 J{29Si – 1H} coupling.
Note that there is no 1H - 1H coupling in this case,
as all the protons are now equivalent since they
are all attached to 29Si.
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1H NMR of PF215NHSiH3
Three equivalent protons give raise to one signal.
1H splits in to two lines
15N splits the doublet in to a doublet of doublet
Two equivalent F’s split each of the line in to
triplets
31P splits all the resulting lines in to doublets
So we expect a doublet of a triplet of a doublet of
a doublet ( 1 X 2 X 3 X 2 X 2 = 24 lines)
But many lines overlap due to the comparable J
values
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15N Decoupled 1H-NMR of PF215NHSiH3
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1H NMR of [HV(CO)5]2-
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1H NMR of [HV(CO)5]2-
One signal for the single proton present
Split by the magnetically active 51V in to
(2 x 1 x 7/2 +1) = 8 lines
50 V (I=6) is not giving a satellite because
of its extreme low abundance
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Differentiation of geometrical isomers
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cis-trans isomerism
2JH-P is 153.5 Hz for the
phosphine trans to the
hydride, but only 19.8
Hz to the (chemically
equivalent) cis
phosphines
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Pt-195 Shifts
I = ½ a=33.8%
K2PtCl6 ref set to 0.
Scale: -6000 to + 7000 ppm !!
Platinum is a heavy transition element. It
has wide chemical shift scale: 13,000
ppm
The shifts depends strongly on the donor
atom but vary little with long range.
For example: PtCl2(PR3)2 have very
similar shifts with different R
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Many platinum complexes have been studied
by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR. But products not
involving those nuclei can be missed : PtCl42-
Major part of Pt NMR studies deals with
phosphine ligands as these can be easily
studied with P-31 NMR.
Lines are broad (large CSA) large
temperature dependence (1 ppm per
degree)
195Pt NMR
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Complicated satellite spectra
In the case of Pt about 33% of the nuclei are
spin active
So a compound with 3 Pt atoms will have at
least one active Pt nucleus
Three different types of molecules can exist
2/3 x 2/3 of molecules will have no active Pt
2/3 X2/3 molecules have at least one active Pt
1/3 X 1/3 of molecules will have two active Pt
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If there is no active Pt – the 13 C resonance will
have a singlet
If there is one active Pt then we get a doublet
If there are two active Pt it results in a triplet.
All this effects add up and results in a 5 line
pattern with an intensity ratio [Link]
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CSA relaxation on 195Pt can have unexpected
influence on proton satellites. CSA relaxation
increases with the square of the field. If the
relaxation (time necessary for the spins to changes
their spin state) is fast compare to the coupling,
the coupling can even disapear!
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H6 : dd
J4-6 = 1.3 Hz
J5-6 = 6.2 Hz
JH6-Pt195 = 26 Hz
195Pt NMR
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31P NMR of P(OCH3)
One signal for - one P
Split in to 10 lines by
nine equivalent protons
of three methyl groups
The outer most lines are
too weak to be
observed.
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31P NMR of [Cu(PCH3)3]+
One P -1
One Cu with I value 3/2 -4
One P -2
Nine 1H - 10
So totally
1 X 4 X 2 X 10 = 80 lines are expected
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P-31 Spectrum of PF2H(NH ) labeled with 15N
1 2 2 t
t JP-H
Triplet 1JP-N
Quintet 2JP-H
1J
P-F
1J
P-F
2 x 3 x 3 x 5 = 90 lines !
Coupling with H (largest coupling : doublet)
Then we see triplet with large coupling with fluorine
With further coupling to 2 N produce triplets, further coupled
to 4protons => quintets
31P NMR of PF2H(15NH2)2
All nuclei present are magnetically active
There are
Two equivalent 19F’s
-3
One 1H -2
Two 15N -3
Four equivalent 1H - 5
so total number of expected lines
1 X 3 X 2 X 3 X 5 = 90
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Boron NMR
For Boron: we have the choice between 2 nuclei:
10B : Q= 8.5 * 10-2 a=19.6% I=3
11B : Q= 4.1 * 10-2 a=80.4% I=3/2
11B : Higher sensitivity
10B NMR of B10H14
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