International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

ANTENNA USING MATLAB
Amarjeet Singh Rathaur, Assist. Prof. Sanjay Jangra
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
Advanced Institute of Technology and Management, Palwal, MDU, Rohtak , India

ABSTRACT This project focuses on the development of the radiation

An antenna is “a means for radiating or receiving radio pattern which provides us the antenna parameters such as
waves.” In other words the antenna is the transitional directivity, gain, electric field intensity, beam width along
structure between free-space and a guiding device. the main lobe and co-existence of circular polarization.
Antennas are employed in systems such as radio and The existing designs of dipole, aperture, various types of
television broadcasting, point-to-point radio horn, micro-strip, TWT and loop antenna were simulated
communication, wireless LAN & radar. There are several using MATLAB in my project.
critical parameters affecting an antenna’s performance that Firstly, a literary survey of basic and existing antenna
can be adjusted during the design types was done. The basic antenna types included the
process. These are field patterns, power pattern, resonant dipole, aperture, various types of horn, helical, micro-strip,
frequency, impedance, gain, polarization, directivity, TWT and loop antenna. The next step was to perform the
efficiency and beam width out of these we will incorporate mathematical analysis of these types of antennas to
mainly seven parameter of the antenna. In this MATLAB calculate the mathematical equations for the electric field
2012 is used for the programming of the antenna. and magnetic field intensities. These equations were then
MATLAB stands for “MATrix LABoratory” and is a simulated in MATLAB to generate the corresponding
numerical computing environment and fourth-generation outputs. The outputs were verified theoretically.
programming language. MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data, 2. DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT ANTENNAS
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, 2.1 Dipole Antenna
and interfacing with programs with programs written in Dipoles antennas are also known as wire linear or curved
other languages. antennas. A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be
made of a simple wire with a center-fed driven element. It
Keywords - E & H field patterns in 2D& 3D, power consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented
patterns in 2D &3D, HPBW, Directivity, Beam width, etc. parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each
other), with a small space between them. As the name
1. INTRODUCTION suggests the dipole antenna consists of two terminals or
While designing an antenna various parameters need to be "poles" into which radio frequency current flows. This
taken care of. The important among them are the Gain, current and the associated voltage causes electromagnetic
Directivity, Field Intensity, and Beam width. An antenna or radio signal to be radiated. Being more specific, a dipole
should possess its maximum energy in the direction of is generally taken to be an antenna that consists of a
main lobe while possessing a minimum of side and back resonant length of conductor cut to enable it to be
lobes. For this reflector surfaces are used. connected to the feeder. For resonance the conductor is an
Metallic surfaces act as superb reflectors, while dielectric odd number of half wavelengths long. The current
surfaces absorb the Electromagnetic radiation falling upon distribution along a dipole is roughly sinusoidal. It falls to
them. Hence, it is imperative to have a design that extends zero at the end and is at a maximum in the middle.
to handle these factors effectively. Various losses arise in Conversely the voltage is low at the middle and rises to a
the transmission due to mismatching and the reflections maximum at the ends. It is generally fed at the centre, at
suffered by the waves in the atmosphere due to the point where the current is at a maximum and the
precipitation, dust, water-vapours etc. Rain drops play the voltage a minimum. This provides a low impedance feed
most important role due to spherical symmetry, due to point which is convenient to handle. High voltage feed
which circular polarization becomes a necessity. To points are far less convenient and more difficult to use.
increase the bandwidth various methods such as use of There are different types of dipole antenna depending upon
thicker wires and combination of multiple antennas to give the length dipole such as infinitesimal dipole (L<< λ),
a single assembly is preferred. Small dipole (λ/50<L≤ λ/10), half wavelength dipole
(L=λ/2), quarter-wavelength dipole (L=λ/4). One of the
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Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017

most commonly used antennas is the half-wavelength

dipole. Because its radiation resistance is 73 ohms, which
is very near the 50-ohm or 75-ohm characteristic
impedances of some transmission lines.
E- and H-fields associated with the dipole antenna is given
as:

(1)

(2)

Where, λ = 3× /freq., k = 2π/ λ, Io= 1, = 120π

Directivity associated with the dipole antenna is given as:

(3)

Where, Fig 2.2 3D amplitude patterns of a dipole for E-Plane

(4)

HPBW associated with the dipole antenna is given as:

L 3-dB beam width =900
L 3-dB beam width =870
L 3-dB beam width =780
L 3-dB beam width =640
L 3-dB beam width =47.80

Amplitude patterns of a circular loop for E-Plane & H-

Plane when frequency=3e10hz, L=1.5cm, R=1cm

Fig 2.3 2D amplitude patterns of a dipole for H-Plane

Fig 2.1 2D amplitude patterns of a dipole for E-Plane

Fig 2.4 2D amplitude patterns of a dipole for H-Plane

2.2 Loop Antenna

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Loop antennas take many different forms such as a HPBW of loop antenna is given as:
rectangle, square, triangle, ellipse, circle, and many other HPBW = 90
configurations. Because of the simplicity in analysis and Amplitude patterns of a circular loop for E-Plane when
construction, the circular loop is the most popular and has frequency=3e10hz, a=0.759cm, R=0.01cm
received the widest attention. It will be shown that a small
loop (circular or square) is equivalent to an infinitesimal
magnetic dipole whose axis is perpendicular to the plane
of the loop. That is, the fields radiated by an electrically
small circular or square loop are of the same.
Loop antennas are usually classified into two categories,
electrically small and electrically large. Electrically small
antennas are those whose overall length (circumference) is
usually less than about one-tenth of a wavelength (C <
λ/10). However, electrically large loops are those whose
circumference is about a free-space wavelength(C ~ λ).
Most of the applications of loop antennas are in the HF (3–
30 MHz), VHF (30–300 MHz), and UHF (300–3,000
MHz) bands. When used as field probes, they find
applications even in the microwave frequency range. The
radiation resistance of the loop can be increased, and made
Fig 2.5 2D amplitude patterns of a circular loop for E-
comparable to the characteristic impedance of practical
Plane.
transmission lines, by increasing (electrically) its perimeter
and/or the number of turns. Another way to increase the
radiation resistance of the loop is to insert, within its
circumference or perimeter, a ferrite core of very high
permeability which will raise the magnetic field intensity
and hence the radiation resistance. This forms the so-called
ferrite loop.
The main advantage of loop antenna is that this is simple,
inexpensive, and very versatile antenna. Loop antennas
with electrically small circumferences or perimeters have
small radiation resistances that are usually smaller than
their loss resistances. Thus they are very poor radiators,
and they are seldom employed for transmission in radio
communication. When they are used in any such
application, it is usually in the receiving mode, such as in Fig 2.6 3D amplitude patterns of a circular loop for E-
portable radios and pagers, where antenna efficiency is not Plane.
as important as the signal to-noise ratio. They are also used
as probes for field measurements and as directional
antennas for radio-wave navigation.

E- and H-fields associated with the loop antenna is given

as:
Eφ = J1([Link] (5)

H = = J1 ([Link] (6)
Where, λ = × /freq., k = π/ λ, Io= 1, = π

Directivity of loop antenna is given as:

D0 = 3/2= 1.761 dB [ a < λ/6π,C < λ/3)] (7)
Fig 2.7 2D amplitude patterns of a circular loop for H-
D0 = 0.677(C/ λ [ a ≥ λ/ ,C ≥ . λ ] (8)
Plane.

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017

Eφ=

(12)
t1’’= (13)

t2’’= (14)

Directivity of E-plane sectoral horn antenna is given as:

DE = (15)
Fig 2.8 3D amplitude patterns of a circular loop for H-
Plane HPBW of E-plane sectoral horn antenna is given as:
HPBW= (16)
2.3 Horn Antenna
One of the simplest and probably the most widely used The E-plane pattern is much narrower than the H-plane
microwave antenna is the horn. The horn is widely used because of the flaring and larger dimensions of the horn in
as a feed element for large radio astronomy, satellite that direction.
tracking, and communication dishes found installed Amplitude patterns of a E- plane sectoral horn for E-Plane
throughout the world. In addition to its utility as a feed for when frequency=3e10Hz, A1=1cm, B1=2.75cm,
reflectors and lenses, it is a common element of phased A=0.5,B=0.25,R=0.1cm,rho1=6λ
arrays and serves as a universal standard for calibration
and gain measurements of other high gain antennas. Its
widespread applicability stems from its simplicity in
construction, ease of excitation, versatility, large gain, and
preferred overall performance.
An electromagnetic horn can take many different forms.
The horn is nothing more than a hollow pipe of different
cross sections, which has been tapered (flared) to a larger
opening. The type, direction, and amount of taper (flare)
can have a profound effect on the overall performance of
the element as a radiator.

2.3.1 E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna

E- and H-fields associated with the E- plane sectoral horn
antenna is given as:
E-Plane (φ = π/2)
Er = Eφ = 0
E { (1+cos Fig 2.9 2D amplitude patterns of a E- plane sectoral horn
for E-Plane.
)F(t1’,t2’)} (9)

t1’= (10)

t2’= (11)

H-Plane ( )
Er = Eθ = 0

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2.3.2 H-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna

E- and H-fields associated with the H- plane sectoral horn

antenna is given as:
E-Plane ( )
Er = Eφ = 0
E =jE2

(17)
Y= (18)
Fig 2.10 3D amplitude patterns of a E- plane sectoral horn
for E-Plane.

H-Plane ( )
Er = E = 0
Eφ=jE2

(19)
Where,

Fig 2.11 2D amplitude patterns of a E- plane sectoral horn

for H-Plane.

Directivity of H-plane sectoral horn antenna is given as:

DE = (20)
Fig 2.12 3D amplitude patterns of a E- plane sectoral horn
for H-Plane.

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Where, u = ,v=
HPBW of H-plane sectoral horn antenna is given as:
HPBW = (21)

Amplitude patterns of a H- plane sectoral horn for E-Plane

when frequency=3e10Hz, A1=1cm, B1=2.75cm,
A=0.5,B=0.25,R=0.1cm,rho2=6λ

Fig 2.15 2D amplitude patterns of a H- plane sectoral horn

for H-Plane.

Fig 2.13 2D amplitude patterns of a H- plane sectoral horn

for E-Plane.

Fig 2.16 3D amplitude patterns of a H- plane sectoral horn

for H-Plane.

2.3.3 Pyramidal Horn Antenna

E- and H-fields associated with the Pyramidal horn
antenna is given as:
E = jkE0 (22)

Eφ = jkE0 (23)

I1 = {[C(t’2)-C(t’1)]-j[S(t’2)-

S(t’1)]}+ {[C(t’’2)-C(t’’1)]-j[S(t’’2)-S(t’’1)]})
(24)
I2= {[C(t2)-C(t1)]-j[S(t2)-S(t1)]}

(25)
Fig 2.14 3D amplitude patterns of a H- plane sectoral horn
Where, Eo= 1, = π
for E-Plane.

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Fig 2.19 2D amplitude patterns of a pyramidal horn for

Directivity of pyramidal horn antenna is given as: H-Plane.
DP = (26)

Amplitude patterns of a pyramidal horn for E-Plane when

frequency=3e10Hz, A1=12cm, B1=6cm, A=0.5, B=0.25,
R=0.01cm, rho1=6λ, rho2=6λ.

Fig 2.20 3D amplitude patterns of a pyramidal horn for

H-Plane.
2.4 Helical Antenna
Fig 2.17 2D amplitude patterns of a pyramidal horn for E- Helical Antenna is a basic simple and practical
Plane. configuration of an electromagnetic radiator. It is an
antenna consisting of a conducting wire wound in the form
of a helix. In most cases, helical antennas are mounted
over a ground plane. The feed line is connected between
the bottom of the helix and the ground plane.
E- and H-fields associated with the Helical antenna in end
fire mode is given as:

E = sin (27)

Where, Ψ =

P= For ordinary end-fire radiation

Fig 2.18 3D amplitude patterns of a pyramidal horn for E- P= ForHansen-Woodyard end-fire

Plane.
radiation.

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HPBW of Helical antenna (end-fire mode) is given by

HPBW(degrees) (28)
Directivity of Helical antenna (end-fire mode) is given by
D0(dimensionless) (29)
Amplitude patterns of a Helical Antenna for E-Plane when
frequency=3e10Hz, N=10, C=1cm, S=0.231cm

Fig 2.23 2D amplitude patterns of a helical antenna for H-

Plane.

Fig 2.21 2D amplitude patterns of a helical antenna for E-

Plane.

Fig 2.24 3D amplitude patterns of a helical antenna for H-

Plane.

2.5 Travelling Wave Tube Antenna

Antennas can be designed which have traveling wave
(uniform) patterns in current and voltage. This can be
achieved by properly terminating the antenna wire so that
the reflections are minimized if not completely eliminated.
An example of such an antenna is a long wire that runs
horizontal to the earth. In general, all antennas whose
current and voltage distributions can be represented by one
Fig 2.22 3D amplitude patterns of a helical antenna for E- or more traveling waves, usually in the same direction, are
Plane. referred to as traveling wave or non resonant antennas.
E- and H-fields associated with the traveling wave
antenna is given as:
E≃j
(30)
Hφ ≃ (31)

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Directivity:

D0 = πUmax/Prad = (32)

Two and Three-dimensional amplitude patterns of

traveling wave antenna for E-Plane when
frequency=3e10Hz, L=5cm, K=1, R=1cm.

Fig 2.27 2D amplitude patterns of a TWT antenna for H-

Plane.

Fig 2.25 2D amplitude patterns of a TWT antenna for E-

Plane.

Fig 2.28 3D amplitude patterns of a TWT antenna for H-

Plane.
2.6 Rectangular Aperture Antenna
It is probably the most common microwave antenna
because of its configuration, the rectangular coordinate
system is the most convenient system to express the fields
at the aperture and to perform the integration. The three
most common and convenient coordinate positions used
for the solution of an aperture antenna.
E- and H-fields associated with the rectangular aperture
antenna is given as:
E-plane φ = )
Er = Eφ = 0
Fig 2.26 3D amplitude patterns of a TWT antenna for E-
Plane. E = (33)

H-plane φ = )
Er = E = 0

Eφ = (34)

Half-power beam width (degrees):

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017

HPBW = (35)

Directivity:
D0 = 4 (36)
Amplitude patterns of a aperture antenna for E-Plane when
frequency=3e10Hz, A=3cm, B=2cm, R=0.01cm.

Fig 2.31 2D amplitude patterns of a rectangular aperture

antenna for H-Plane.

Fig 2.29 2D amplitude patterns of a rectangular aperture

antenna for E-Plane.

Fig 2.32 3D amplitude patterns of a rectangular aperture

antenna for H-Plane.

2.7 Micro-Strip Antenna

In high-performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, and
missile applications, where size, weight, cost,
performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profile
are constraints, low-profile antennas may be required.
Presently there are many other government and
commercial applications, such as mobile radio and
Fig 2.30 3D amplitude patterns of a rectangular aperture wireless communications that have similar specifications.
antenna for E-Plane. To meet these requirements, micro strip antennas can be
used. These antennas are low profile, conformable to
planar and non planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to
manufacture using modern printed-circuit technology,
mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces and
when the particular patch shape and mode are selected,
they are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency,
polarization, pattern, and impedance. Major operational
disadvantages of micro-strip antennas are their low
efficiency, low power, poor polarization purity, spurious

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017

feed radiation and very narrow frequency bandwidth,

which is typically only a fraction of a percent or at most a
few percent.
The effective dielectric constant is defined as the
dielectric constant of the uniform dielectric material. For a
line with air above the substrate, the effective dielectric
constant has values in the range of
For most applications where the
dielectric constant of the substrate is much greater than
unity , the value of Ireff will be closer to the
value of the actual dielectric constant of the substrate.
For low frequencies the effective dielectric constant is
essentially constant.

εreff = + (37)

Fig 2.33 2D amplitude patterns of a Micro-strip antenna

(38) for E-Plane.
(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

Fig 2.34 3D amplitude patterns of a Micro-strip antenna

for E-Plane.

(43)

Amplitude patterns of a micro-strip antenna for E-Plane

frequency=1e10Hz, Er=2.2, H=0.1588cm.

Fig 2.35 2D amplitude patterns of a Micro-strip antenna

for H-Plane.

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[2] J. D. Kraus, “Antennas”, McGraw-Hill, New York,

1988.
[3] R. E. Collin, “Antennas and Radio wave
Propagation”, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1985.
[4] Getting Started with MATLAB “A Quick Introduction
for Scientists and Engineers”, Oxford Publication, Indian
Edition, 2011.
[5] [Link]
[6] William H. Hayt, Jr. John A. Buck, “Engineering
Electromagnetics”, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
2001.
[8] Matthew N. O. Sadiku, “Elements of
Electromagnetics”, Oxford Publication ,Third
Edition,2004.

Fig 2.36 3D amplitude patterns of a Micro-strip antenna

for H-Plane.

3. CONCLUSION
A novel approach for designing of Antennas is presented
in this project. A user friendly GUI (Graphical User
Interface) is designed for this project. The working of
antenna was understood. The major parameters ( such as
Radiation Patterns and beam width ) that affect design and
application were studied.
This software finds its vast application in the research
field. It is of great use for the RF engineers. It can be used
to choose between the different antennas for a particular
application. It can also be used to design some new and
specified type of antennas as well as the new arrays, if the
directivity and radiation intensity is given than by using
these data we can tell the size of antenna and various other
parameters.
By using this software we can find out which antenna
will work better in a particular geographical area and
which antenna will work with clusters. One can also
perform comparisons with different types of antennas that
are designed in this project.
The results that I have got is based on the calculations
and software only, these results can be checked with
implementing hardware for a particular antenna. We can
also create a whole system for communication by the help
of this software. We can transmit a wave, receive it and
check errors. The comparison of the antenna for a
particular application can be done in future to select the
best one out of the designed antennas.

REFERENCES
[1] Constantine A. Balanis, “ANTENNA THEORY
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN”, A JOHN WILEY & SONS,
INC., PUBLICATION, THIRD EDITION, 2005.

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