CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

PLASTIC ANALYSIS IN FRAMED

STRUCTURES

Dr.-Ing. Girma Zerayohannes

Dr.-Ing. Adil Zekaria

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 1

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• 5.1 Introduction
• All codes for concrete, steel and steel-composite
structures (EBCS-2, EBCS-3, EBCS-4) allow the
plastic method of analysis for framed structures
• The requirement is that, sufficient rotation
capacity is available at the plastic hinges

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• In this chapter we will introduce the plastic
method of analysis for line elements. It is called
the “plastic hinge theory”
• The method is known as the “yield line theory”
for 2D elements (e.g. slabs)
• Both are based on the upper bound theorem of
the theory of plasticity
• Recall that the strip method is also a plastic
method of analysis based on the lower bound
theorem
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 3

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Therefore the capacity of the line elements
are greater or at best equal to the actual
capacity of the member. → a concern for the
designer,

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 4

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• 5.2 Design Plastic Moment Resistances of
Cross-Sections
• 5.2.1 RC Sections
• Such plastic section capacities are essential in the
plastic hinge theory, because they exist at plastic
hinges

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 5

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Determine using the Design Aid (EBCS-2: Part
2), the plastic moment resistance (the design
moment resistance) of the RC section shown
in following slide, if the concrete class and
steel grade are C-25 and S-400 respectively.

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 6

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

Fig. Reinforced Concrete Section

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 7

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Steps:
– Assume that the reinforcement has yielded
– Determine Cc → αc
– Determine MR,ds
– Check assumption of steel yielding

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• Assume Reinforcement has yielded
• → Ts = As×fyd = 2 ×314 ×(400/1.15) = 218435 N
Ts = Cc = α c f cd bd = 218435 N
• → Cc 218435
αc = = = 0.22
f cd bd 11.33 × 250 × 350
• → from General design chart No.1 → µSd.s= 0.195 →
M Sd , s = µ Sd ,s × f cd × bd 2
= 0.195 × 11.33 × 250 × 3502 = 67.66kNm
• Check the assumption that the reinforcement has
yielded

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 9

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• εyd = fyd/Es = 347.8/200000 = 1.739(0/00)
• εs = 9.4(0/00) ≥ 1.739(0/00) → reinforcement
has yielded
• Exercise for section with compression
reinforcement

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
12.0
d1 /d = 0.15
1.2

11.0 0.10 1.1

0.05
εs1
10.0 1.0

9.0 0.9
kz = z/
d
8.0 d2 εc 0.8
Cs
As2 Mu x εs2 Cc

k z , k x , αc
7.0 hd z 0.7
ye Nu
As1 εs1
d1
Ts
6.0 0.6

5.0 0.5
0.05
ε s , ε 's, ε c(% 0)

0.10
4.0 d1 /d = 0.15 0.4

3.0 0.3
x/d
kx =
2.0 αc 0.2

1.0 0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 MSd,s

0.0 µ Sd,s =
d2
/d fcd bd 2
-1.0 =0
.15
0.1
0 εs2 0.10
0 .0 d1 /d = 0.15
-2.0 5 0.05
εc
-3.0

-4.0
µ*Sd,s = 0.143 0.205 0.252 0.295
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 11

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• 5.2.2 Structural Steel Sections
• → Consider the solid rectangular section
shown in the next slide
• The plastic section capacity, Mpl is:
• Mpl = σy(bd2/4); (bd2/4) is called the plastic
section modulus and designated as Wpl
• The elastic section modulus Wel = bd2/6

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

Fig. Rectangular section :–

Stress Distribution ranging from elastic,
partially plastic, to fully plastic

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 13

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 14

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
σy

σy

Fig. Elasto-plastic behavior

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 15

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• From the stress distribution in the previous figure
d 
F1 = σ y b − βd  and F2 = σ y bβd
2 
• Total bending moment M about the neutral axis
 d βd  2 
M = 2 F1  +  + F2  β d 
 4 2  3 
bd  3
2
2 3 2
=σy  − 2β  = M y  − 2 β 
6 2  2 
When β = 0 ⇒ M = M pl = 1.5M y
When β = 1 2 ⇒ M = M el = M y

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• The ratio between Mpl and Mel which is equal
to the ratio between Wpl and Wel is called
shape factor αpl.
• For the solid rectangular section,
M pl σ y (bd 2 4) W pl
α pl = = = = 1.5
M el σ y (bd 2 6) Wel

• It is different for different sections

• For standard I-sections αpl ≈ 1.14
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 17

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Shape factors for common cross sections (check as a
home work)

Shape Shape factor, αpl

Rectangle 1.5
Circular solid 1.7 (16/3π)
Circular 1.27 (4/π)
hollow
Triangle 2.34
I-sections 1.1-1.2
(major axis)
Diamond 2

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• For singly and doubly symmetric sections, the
plastic neutral axis (PNA) coincides with the
horizontal axis that divides the section in to 2
equal areas

Neutral axis
In fully
plastic state

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 19

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Significance of shape factor

It gives an indication of reserve capacity of a section
from onset of yielding at extreme fibers to full
plasticization.

If My is known, Mp may be calculated.

A section with higher shape factor gives longer
warning before collapse.

A section with higher shape is more ductile and gives
greater deflection at collapse.

Greater is the αpl value, greater is the collapse load
factor.
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• 5.3 Plastic Hinge P

Theory
• It is based on the
hypothesis of a M<Mel
localized
P=Pel
(concentrated) M=Mel
M=Mpl P=Ppl
plastic hinge.

lpl

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 21

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• The load carrying capacity of a structure is
reached when sufficient numbers of plastic
hinges have formed to turn the structure into
a mechanism.
• The load under which the mechanism forms is
called the ultimate load.
• As an example, let us consider a typical
interior span of a continuous beam subjected
to UDL (see next slide)

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 23

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• The ultimate state is reached when 3 plastic
hinges form (2 over the supports plus 1 in the
span)
• The ultimate load Ppl corresponding to the
ultimate state is:
Ppl l 2
• From = 2M pl
8
16M pl
⇒ Ppl =
l2
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Compare with the elastic strength of the
continuous beam, Pel
• Here section capacities are determined on the
basis of linear elastic stress distribution where
only the extreme fibers have plasticized
2
• From structural analysis, M el = Pel l
12
• From 2
M el Pel l 12Wel M
σy = = ⇒ Pel = σ y 2
= 12 2el
Wel 12We l l

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 25

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• So that
Ppl 16M pl l 2 16  M pl  16  α pl M el 
= =   =   = β pl × α pl
Pel 12 M el l 2 12  M el  12  M el 
where βpl = (16/12) = 1.3333
• Summary- in continuous beams or frames
(statically indeterminate) there exist:
a) plastic cross-section reserve αpl
b) plastic system reserve βpl

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• In the above example with an I-section
(αpl = 1.14) →
• βpl×αpl = 1.52 → 52% increase

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 27

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• 5.4 Method of Analysis
• As in the linearly elastic method,
– either the equilibrium method or
– the principle of virtual work is applicable for the
plastic method of analysis.
• Examples for different types of framed
structures follow

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• 5.4.1 Single span and continuous beams
• (a) single span-fixed end beam
• System and loading→ see next slide
• Goal is to determine Fpl
• First we solve using the equilibrium method
and then repeat with the virtual method

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 29

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

F
a b

A 1 2 B
F
M M
1 Q23
M M
Q23 2

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (i) Equilibrium method
• From FBD of element 1→
∑M A = ( F + Q23 )a − 2M = 0 ⇒ Q23 = (2M / a ) − F

• From FBD of element 2→

∑M B = Q23b + 2 M = 0 ⇒ Q23 = −2 M / b
 a+b
• → (2M / a) − F = −2M / b ⇒ Fpl = 2 M  
 ab 

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 31

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (ii) Principle of virtual work
• External virtual work = internal virtual work
 2δ 2δ  a+b
• → Fδ = M  +  ⇒ Fpl = 2 M  
 a b   ab 

F
a b If a =b=l 2
B M
A 1 2 Fpl = 8
l
M
M δ
M M
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

• Determine Fpl for the following cases as a home work

F F
M
l/3 l/3 l/3 Fpl = 6
l
F F F

l/4 l/4 l/4 l/4

M
Fpl = 4
l
F F F F
M
l/5 l/5 l/5 l/5 l/5 Fpl = 3.33
l

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 33

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (b) Propped cantilevers under UDL
• System and loading→ see next slide
• NB- position of the plastic hinge in the span is not
known. Must be determined from the condition of zero
shear at location of Mmax
• (i) Equilibrium method
Pl M Pl M
A= − ; B= +
2 l 2 l
2
Px Px(l − x) Mx
M ( x) = Ax − = −
2 2 l
dM ( x) P M l M
= (l − 2 x) − = 0 ⇒ xo = −
dx 2 l 2 Pl
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures

B
A

A B

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 35

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Substituting xo in the expression for M(x) and
equating the maximum moment to Mpl
(Mpl≡M) results, after simplification in a
quadratic equation in P.
 12M  4M 2 M
P 2 −  2  P + 4 = 0 ⇒ Ppl = 11.65 2
 l  l l
l M l2
• → Substituting for x xo = −
2 l 11.65M
= 0.414l

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (ii) Principle of virtual work
• Knowledge of the location of the plastic hinge in the
span is a requirement for VWM
• Of course, the correct location of the plastic hinge can
be determined by trial and error, i.e., keep trying new
locations until the minimum Ppl is found
• For the present example, check the result using the
VWM
δ δ  δ δ 
• → P × 0.414l
2
+ P × 0.586l
2
= M
 0 .414l
+
0 .586

l
M
⇒ P = 11.65
l2
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 37

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (c) Continuous beams
• System and loading → see next slide
• The ultimate capacity of a continuous beam is
reached when a mechanism forms in one of
the spans. The ultimate load is determined as
the minimum of the different mechanisms in
all the spans

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 39

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (i) Equilibrium method
• Locations of plastic hinges are simple to
determine. They are at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
• The two mechanisms I and II are to be
investigated. It is not immediately obvious which
one governs
• Mechanism I
• 1− 3 : A = F − M
2 3 4×l
3l  F 4 M  3l 8M
1− 2 : A −M =0⇒ −  −M =0⇒ F =
8  2 3l  8 l
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• Mechanism II
2 M 3M 4 F M
3 − 5 : QBr =  2 F + − = − and
3 l 2l 3 2l
1 M 3M 2 F M
C =  2 F − + = +
3 l 2l 3 2l
l 3M  4 F M  l 5M
3 − 4 : QBr   − M − =0⇒ −  − =0
 3 2  3 2l  3 2
4 M 5M 6M
⇒ Fl − − =0 ⇒ F =
9 6 2 l
• → Mechanism II governs and Fpl=6M/l

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 41

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• (ii) Principle of virtual work
• Mechanism I  δ 2δ  8M
Fδ = M  +  ⇒ F =
 3l 8
3l 8  l
• Mechanism II δ 3 δ 2δ  6M
2 Fδ = M + M  +  ⇒ F =
l 3 2  l 3 2l 3  l
• Mechanism II governs with Fpl=6M/l
• PVW is much simpler in this case
• Figure at the bottom shows the moment diagram at
the ultimate capacity. Observe that the moment at all
sections is less than or equal to the respective plastic
section capacities

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• 5.5.1 Frames
• One of the important application areas of the
method of plastic hinge theory, which has
been proved by experiments are frames
• The procedure is one of trial and error as in
continuous beams using the basic or
combined modes

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 43

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures
• The combination procedure, based on
selective combination of the elementary
mechanisms leads to result more quickly
• Three elementary(basic) mechanisms (basic
modes of failure) are to be distinguished
• They are the beam mechanism, frame
mechanism, and joint mechanism (see next
slide)

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

Beam mechanism Frame (Sway) Joint mechanism

mechanism

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 45

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• The beam and frame mechanisms represent
independent failure mechanisms.
• Joint mechanism can occur only in
combination with another elementary failure
mechanism. It does not represent a failure
mechanism alone
• Number of elementary (basic) mechanisms k
is determined from:

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• k = m-n; where m = possible no of plastic
hinges depending on system and loading, and
n = degree of statical indeterminacy
• The no of possible combination including the
basic modes (elementary mechanisms) is
given by:
• q=2k-1
• The combination method will be explained by
means of the portal frame
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 47

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
3F

2Mp h=4

l=6

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• k = m-n = 5-3 = 2
• The no of possible combination q, which
includes the basic mode I and II is:
• q = 2k – 1 = 22 – 1 = 3
• See the three mechanisms in the next slide
with the plastic moments. When a plastic
hinge forms at a joint, it must be on the
columns and the hinge must be shown on the
column side of the joint
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 49

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• All member rotation angles are equal in this
example. In more complicated structures, the
relationships b/n the various rotations must be
determined.
• The virtual work equations are:
• Mechanism I:
l 3
3F δ = (M + 2 × 2 M + M )δ ⇒ Fl = 6M ⇒ F = 4Ml
2 2
• Mechanism II:
F(hδ) = (M+M+M+M)δ ⇒ Fh = 4M ⇒ F=4M/h

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 51

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• Mechanism III:
3F(l/2)δ +F(hδ) =(M+2×2M+M+M+M)δ
8M
⇒(3/2)Fl+Fh=8M ⇒ F = (3 2)l + h
• Substituting the values for l = 6 m and h = 4 m
• → Mechanism I: F=0.666M
• → Mechanism II: F=1.000M
• → Mechanism III: F=0.615M
• → Therefore Mechanism III governs with
Fpl=0.615Mpl

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• Two-bay frames
• System and loading- See next slide
• The frame is statically indeterminate to the 6th
degree→ n=6
• The no of hinges m are 10 so that the no of basic
mechanisms (modes) are:
• k=m-n=10-6=4 (I to IV)and the no of possible
combinations including the basic ones are:
• q=24-1=15 (too many!)

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 53

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in Framed

Structures

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• Basic mode IV is the joint mode and is not an
independent mode. Virtual work equations for
the 3 other basic modes are:
• Mechanism I:
• 1.5F(3.0δ)=(299+2×1172+1172)δ
⇒F=848kN
• Mechanism II:
• F(2.0δ)=(1172+2×1172+299)δ ⇒F=1908kN
Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 55

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• Mechanism III:
• F(4.0δ)=(2×299+2×863+ 2×299)δ
⇒F=730.5kN
• Now the basic modes will be combined in
search of a governing mechanism
• (i) Combination: I+III, the plastic hinge 4 will
be eliminated
• See the resulting mechanism on next slide
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 57

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• I+III:
1.5F(3.0δ)+F(4.0δ)=(299+863+299+2×1172
+1172+863+299)δ ⇒F=722.2kN
• (ii) Combination: II+III+IV, the plastic hinges 5
and 10 will be eliminated
• See resulting mechanism on next slide
• II+III+IV:
F(2.0δ)+F(4.0δ)=(299+863+299+299+1172
+2×1172+2×299)δ ⇒F=974.5kN
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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures

Dr.-Ing. Girma Z. and Adil Z. 59

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures
• (iii) Combination: I+II+III+IV, the plastic hinges4, 5 and
10 will be eliminated
• See resulting mechanism on next slide
• I+II+III+IV:
• 1.5F(3.0δ)+F(2.0δ)+F(4.0δ)=(299+863+299+2×1172
+2×1172+2×1172+2×299)δ ⇒F=865.8kN
• Other combinations involve more hinges resulting in
higher values for internal virtual work w/o increased
external virtual work and therefore in higher values of
Fpl → not governing
• The plastic limit load is thus Fpl = 722 kN

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CEng 5506 Structural design Chapter 5 - Plastic Analysis of Structures

Chapter 5- Plastic Hinge Theory in

Framed Structures

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