May I help you?

First Lesson (1st)

Modals (1st group)

Asking Permission

Can Could May Might

We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or
possible (or not). We also use modals to do things like talking about ability,
asking permission making requests and offers, and so on.

We use can to ask for permission to do something:

Can I ask a question, please? Yes, tell me what it is.
Can we go home now? No, we may work a little more.

Could is more formal and polite than can:

Could I speak with him? Yes, wait some minutes.
Could you lend me some cash? No, I left my wallet at home.

May is another more formal and polite way of asking for permission:
May I try? Yes, you may.
May she let me in? No, she may respect the rules.

We use can to give permission: You can go home now if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.

May is a more formal and polite way of giving permission: You may go home now, if you like.

We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:

We can go out whenever we want.
Students can travel free.
May is a more formal and polite way of saying that someone has permission:
Students may travel free.
Might is very formal but it is not used very often. Might I interrupt for a minute?
With MIGHT we don’t give short answer. Might you explain again? Yes, I might.
Might I have a little more? No, you might not.
Might we tell the police?

We use could you as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something:

Could you take a message please? Could is also considered as the past form of
Yes, of course. the verb CAN, so use it for past situations:
Could I have my bill please? Could you speak with her that day?
There you are. No, I Couldn’t, I was nervous.

Make questions with the worked modal and use the verbs given and answer them:
 Open: _____________ ?
 Do: _______________?
 Give: ______________?
 Make: _____________?
 Spell: ______________?
 Fix: _______________?

This modal verbs can express probability but depending on the situation.

Can 100% sure I can see that.

May 90% sure I may find her.

Could Not so sure I could do it.

Might Not sure I might repeat it.

Negations and Questions

 Mayn’t can be set instead of may not.
Mightn’t can be set instead of might not.

Set the appropriate modal verb to the next sentences:

1. Sir, ________ you give me some seconds?
2. The doctor ________ help you with that illness.
3. They ________ be at home this night because they have to watch the kids.
4. ___________ start the English course last year?
5. But it _________ look very different in September.
6. I ________ help you with that but wait some minutes.
7. She _________ be the one.
8. ___________ I wait here until then? Examples
-May I have your attention please?
-Can I ask you a favor please?
- Would I be able to ask you to give me a hand?
- Do you mind if I sit here with you?
- Do you think I should go to this party or not?
- What do you think if I spend more time
working on the train project and forget others?
- I think I’m going to buy this piece of art for our
living room. Is that okay?
- What do you say about firing John?
- Taylor: I’m full already, so would you like to
have the rest of my fries?
Bob: Don’t mind if I do!

Write a text taking into consideration some modal verbs:

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Modals (2nd group)

Must Should
Ought
 Advices and Recommendations

SHOULD: To give advice, a recommendation or a suggestion

This is to say that it is the right thing to do or the correct thing.
 Does your tooth still hurt? You should make an appointment with the dentist.
 I think you should study for the test so that you don't fail.
 Should I get a haircut?
 You really shouldn’t go to the new restaurant on Main Street.

SHOULD FOR OBLIGATION, DUTY, CORRECTNESS.

Another use of should (also similar to ought to) is to indicate a kind of obligation, duty or
correctness, often when criticizing another person:
- You should be wearing your seat belt. (obligation)
- I should be at work now. (duty)
- You shouldn't have said that to her. (correctness)
- He should have been more careful.(Criticizing)

OUGHT TO: Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in
some ways like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like modal
verbs, it does not change form for person:
 I ought to phone my parents.
 It ought to be easy now.
  Ought you to call your parents?
 You oughtn’t to have said that about his mother.*

*Oughtn’t is the negative for but it is in disuse. By the way, with negative you can diminish the
preposition TO. Ex: I ought not criticize them.

INTERROGATIVE: Ought she to call a doctor?

Note: This king of questions isn’t so used we better use SHOULD instead.
Ex. Should she call a doctor?
MUST: A strong recommendation; Something that is highly recommended
(stronger than using should)
 We really must get together for dinner sometime.
 You must see the new Peter Jackson movie, it's fantastic.
 Must I tell it to my wife?
 You mustn’t try whisky with Red Bull.

Make a Brief Explanation of the Next Words and Add Examples:

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Other Uses
must certainty 1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.
(Positive Forms)2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this
street.
(Negative Forms) 1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to have red hair.
2. That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around
 here somewhere.

must not prohibition You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.
You must not forget to take your malaria medication while you are in the tropics.
Prohibition usually refers to the near future.

must strong recommendation *Americans prefer to use Should.

(Positive Forms) 1. You must take some time off and get some rest.
-You should take some time off and get some rest.
(Negative Forms) 1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for your health.
-You Shouldn’t drink so much. It´s not good for your health.

must necessity (Americans prefer the form "have to.")

(Positive Forms) 1. You must have a permit to enter the national park.
-You have to have a permit to enter the national park.

(Negative Forms) 1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"

We don't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
Now Make a Long Dialogue Used in This Second Group:
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HOW TO GIVE PEOPLE GOOD ADVICE

Remember when giving good advice, strategy is even more important than language. Here is some
advice about when and how to give advice.
First of all, make sure that the person who is talking to you is actually soliciting advice.
 Listen carefully to the person asking for advice. Every
situation is unique.
Put yourself in their shoes (imagine it is you living their
problem in their situation).
Think about the consequences of taking your advice.
Empathize. The other person reaction will not be just
rational, but also emotional.
Brainstorm to get good ideas.
Be honest about the good and bad things of your advice.
Set a good example. If you don’t follow your own advice,
nobody will listen to you.
Understand that that person may or may not take your
advice, it’s their choice.

Now write a short text about New Jersey College, giving us some recommendations to get
a better function:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Are we supposed to know this? Second Lesson (2nd)

Rights and Duties

Modals (3rd group)

Have to Had to Supposed to

HAVE TO: We often use “have to” to say that something is obligatory:
Children have to go to school.
She has to study for chemistry.
The “Have/hast to” can’t work alone to make question neither to answer negatively like:
Have you to study for Chemistry?
No, I haven’t to study for Chemistry.
For the above cases we should use the auxiliaries DO and DOES
Do you have to study for Chemistry?
No. I don’t have to study for Chemistry.
HAD TO: It is the past form of HAVE TO, and of course it’s related to obligations that you
were supposed to do .
Ex. You had to add sugar and butter before the flour.
It is worked for affirmative and negatives sentences as any verb in past form, using the rules
of simple past for:
Affirmative You had to tell me before doing it.

Interrogative Did I have to tell you efore doing it.

Negative You didn’t have to tell me before doing it.

Spanish Translations
1ts One: Yo tuve que…
I had to 2nd One: Yo tenía que…
3er One: Yo he tenido que…

1st Case Ex: -I had to renew the lease of my office.

-I had to share the case notes with four other lawyers.
-Although I didn't like math, I had to study logarithms.
-I had to do this myself.

2nd Case Ex: -I had to help with the housework.

-The citizens had to pay tax for luxury.
-The teacher had to give us the grammar aspects first.
-Before starting with the operation, doctors had to check the exams.
3rd Case Ex: -However, I had to abstain.
-I had to walk home because of you.
-That is why we all had to vote against him.
-You had to pay that.

SUPPOSED TO
It is part of a modal verb phrase meaning expected to or required to. Although suppose to crops
up frequently in casual speech and writing, it should not be used in that sense. Suppose (without
the d) should only be used as the present tense of the verb meaning to assume (something to be
true).
When to Use Supposed To
To be supposed to is a common phrase that functions the same way a modal verb does. Modal
verbs, also called auxiliary or helping verbs, add meaning to the main verb in a sentence by
expressing possibility, ability, permission, or obligation. Supposed to, like have to, can fall into
the “obligation” category.
Ex. -I have to be home by midnight or my coach will turn into a pumpkin.
-I am supposed to be home by midnight or my coach will turn into a pumpkin.
It can also be used to indicate what a person (or thing) is likely to do or is reputed to do.
Ex. -It was supposed to rain today.
-She is supposed to be the best poodle breeder in town.
Whenever it is used in either of these senses, supposed to will be preceded by a form of to
be and followed by a verb.
-He is supposed to turn in his homework on Friday mornings.
-Were we supposed to be here so early?
Negative form and Interrogative Form
Are we supposed to irrespect the laws?

No, we aren’t supposed to irrespect the laws.

As you can see at the examples we are going to consider the Verb To Be to make them.
Write Negative Examples of the Previos Worked Words:
-____
-____
-____

Rights and Duties

People tend to view themselves as having rights and duties. Some tend more to feel they have a
right to things. Others see themselves more in having the duty to provide. This can have a significant
effect on how they behave.

Rights Duties

A Right is an expectation about something you Duties are a direct result of the acceptance
deserve or a way to act that is justified through of rights. Each person has a duty to uphold or
a legal or moral foundation. Humans have all types respect another person's rights, just as he has
of rights, including legal, moral, spiritual, natural the duty to uphold your rights. An example of duty
and fundamental rights. Examples of rights is to respect, and sometimes defend, the rights of
include the right to education provided by society, others. This can be also the homework and
freedom of speech. housework you have to accomplish.

Make a comparative Chart from Rights and Duties

 _____ _____

_____ _____

_____ _____

_____ _____

According to You Which Are the Most Important Rights and Duties
- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Read the Next Article and Get Ready for the Tasks:
Give a certein definition to the next words:
 Citizen: ____
 Citizenship: ______
  Freedom: ____
 Workship: ____
 Prompt: ______
 Trial: ______
 Jury: ______
 Employment: _____
 Persuit: _____
 Laws: _____
 Constitution: _____
 Income: _____
 Taxes: _____
Give an abstract of the first part of the text using the Modal Verbs from this group:
______

Let’s Analize Rigts and Responsabilities:

What does to run for elected office mean?
___
What to pay income and taxes honestly refere to?
___
Would you like to serve in a jury? (Support your answer)
___
What is you opinion about “to defend the country if the need should arrive?
___
The last right mentiond above, what refers to?
____
What do you consider is the most important right and responsibility from that chart?
(Don’t forget to support them)
___

Finally write 5 major rights and 5 major responsabilities from your country:
RIGHTS RESPONSABILITIES
 Modals (4th group)

Need Dare
NEED: Need is a semi-modal verb because in some ways it is like a modal verb and in other ways
like a main verb.
We use need mostly in the negative form to indicate that there is no obligation or necessity to
do something:
Affirmatives with the semi-modal need are not common and they are used in formal contexts.
There is almost always a negative word (e.g. no one, nobody, nothing) or phrase in the clause,
even if the verb phrase is affirmative:
No one need think that we are doing this every week.
Nobody need know the name of the person who made the complaint.
Not a thing need change on this page.
Need comes first in the verb phrase (after the subject and before another verb):
Let’s forget about it. No one need know about it.
We can’t use another modal verb with need:
No one need read this.
No one need must read this. or No one must need read this.
Negatives We form the negative by adding not after need. Need not can be contracted
to needn’t. We don’t use don’t/doesn’t/didn’t with the semi-modal verb need:
You need not spend a lot of money on presents. (formal)
You needn’t spend a lot of money on presents.
You don’t need spend a lot of money on presents.
Questions The question form of the semi-modal need is not very common. It is rather formal.
The subject and need change position to form questions. We don’t use do/does/did.
Need we write this down?
Do we need write this down?
No obligation (needn’t) The semi-modal need is most common in the negative. We use it to show
that there is no obligation:
We needn’t spend much time on this topic. It’s not going to be in the exam.
Cans of soup needn’t be kept in the fridge.

Write a dialog talking about leaving the country and using different NEED statesments:
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________
(__): _____________

DARE is consider a semi-modal. It means "have the courage to do something" and can behave
either as a modal verb or as a main verb:
As a modal verb, dare is used in negative and interrogative
sentences; it is followed by a bare infinitive:
I daren't think how many victims there are.
How dare she criticise us?
Dare as a main verb can be followed by a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive:
Do you dare (to) tell him what happened to his bike?
Who dares (to) argue with me?
He didn't dare (to) look back.
No one would have dared (to) think about it.
But in the expression Don’t you dare…, it is always followed by a bare infinitive:
Don't you dare interrupt me!

Other Uses: Dare can mean ‘challenge somebody’. With this meaning,
it is a main verb and requires an object. Any verb that follows it is in
the to-infinitive:
 Go on, I dare you.
Some snakes can bite but I dare you to hold this big snake.

Dare also means ‘to be brave enough or rude enough to do something’. With this meaning, it can
be used as an ordinary main verb which can be followed by a to-infinitive or an infinitive
without to. Less commonly, it can be used as a semi-modal verb followed by an infinitive
without to.
Affirmative statement:
If Sally dares (to) go there again, she’ll be in big trouble! (ordinary verb)
Negative statement:
He doesn’t dare (to) go there. (ordinary verb)
No one dares (to) go there. (ordinary verb)
Affirmative question:
Does anyone dare (to) go there?(ordinary verb)
Dare anyone go there? (semi-modal verb)
Negative question:
Doesn’t he dare (to) go there?(ordinary verb)
Daren’t he go there? (semi-modal verb)

Typical error. We don’t use infinitive with to after semi-modal dare in the expression How
dare you. Ex: How dare you suggest she was lazy!
Not: How dare you to suggest…
Write a text icluding characters dialogues where the expression DARE takes part as semimodal and main
verb:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
 Codes: : C: countable U: uncountable T: transitive

Now Write an Example of Each Challenge Form

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Have you accepted anychallenge test? How was it?__________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Do you like the chellenges? Why? ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
We have passed many chellenges a long of our live, tell us some of them. _________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Which challenge do you consider is the most difficult to pass? And why? _________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Nowadays is very comun find viral challenges in waysites, have you done any of them? Tell us…
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Tell us which is the harder challenge that you have found in this course? How did you passed it?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Write a challenge that you can do with your classmates.
_______________________________________________________________________

Discovering Our Amazing World Third Lesson (3rd)

There are five continents: they are America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Our continent is
America, it has three regions: North America, Central America and South America.
 The United States of America, Canada and
Alaska are in North America.
 Mexico, Belice, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama,
and The Caribbean Islands are in Central
America.
 Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil,
Guyana, are in South America.

The world has 5 oceans, they are the Pacific

Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean,
the Artic Ocean and the Antarctic
Ocean/Southern Ocean.
 How is the earth planet divided? ...

Latitude: Imaginary lines on a globe that

show the distance from the Equator.

Longitude: Imaginary lines on a globe that

show distance from the prime meridian.

EARTH, our home planet, is a world unlike any other. The third planet from the sun, Earth
is the only place in the known universe confirmed to host life.
Earth is the fifth largest planet in our solar system, and it's the only one known for sure to
have liquid water on its surface. It is the only planet that has an atmosphere containing 21
percent oxygen.

The Sun gives life to the

Earth and the Earth would have no
life at all without the energy it
receives from the Sun. The Sun is
only one of millions and millions of
stars in the Galaxy. We see it as a
large round red ball only because we
are much closer to the Sun than to any of the other stars. Other stars may be larger, brighter,
smaller or fainter than our Sun but they are so very far away that we only see them as points of
light in the night sky. The Sun is 92.96 million miles or 149.6 million kilometers from the Earth.
The Sun is bigger than can really be imagined, over one million times bigger than the Earth.

After the Sun The Moon is obviously the most familiar celestial body in our sky. The Moon
orbits the Earth. You can see the surface of the Moon by using a small telescope. The Moon’s
surface shows the damage caused by these large pieces of rock hitting it billions of years
ago. The surface is covered in craters. The Moon has no atmosphere.

The Earth is one of nine planets that

orbit round the Sun in what we call
the Solar System. Along with
numerous moons, asteroids, comet
material, rocks, and cosmic dust. Our
Sun is just one star among the
hundreds of billions of stars in our
Milky Way Galaxy.

The universe
It is all of the galaxies

Answer the following questions.

How many continents are there? ...Name them._________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
How many oceans does our world have? _______________________________________

Are there four regions in the American continent? ______________________________

Can we live in Mars? …Why? Explain your answer. ______________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Do you think there is life on another planet? Explain your answer. _________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Can we live in the earth without the sun? Why? _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
Does the Moon have atmosphere? ___________________________________________

Why the moon’s surface is covered by craters? ________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Name the planets of our solar system: _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

The Perfect tenses in English are formed with the auxiliary "have". They express the idea of
something having been done before a given point in time. As many other languages don't have
perfect tenses, this can be one of the most confusing aspects of English grammar for students
and teachers, especially native speakers.
Present Perfect Tense
It is generally used in two situations:
1. Past events that occurred at unknown times. Ex: She has already eaten her breakfast.
They have gone to the market.
2. Past events that have occurred on multiple occasions. Ex: We have been to Paris three times.
I have read five books in the past year.
Structures:
Affirmatives
Subject + have/ has + verb (p.p) + complement

Sarah has studied English

Negations
Subject + negative auxiliary (hasn´t/haven’t) + verb (p.p) + complement

Sarah hasn´t studied English

Yes/no Questions

Auxiliary (has/have) + subject + verb (p.p) + complement + ?

Has Sarah studied English ?

WH Questions

WHQ + Auxiliary + subject + verb (p.p) + complement + ?

where Has Sarah studied English ?

(+) (-) (?) (WH?)

I have played I haven’t played Have I played? Where have I played?

You have played You haven’t played Have you played? Where have you played?

He has played He hasn’t played Has he played? Where has he played?

She has played She hasn’t played Has she played? Where has she played?

It has played It hasn’t played Has it played? Where has it played?

We have played We haven’t played Have we played? Where have we played?

You have played You haven’t played Have you played? Where have you played?

They have played They haven’t played Have they played? Where have they played?

Complete the sentences in perfect present tense using the verb given.

They __________ London this month. (Leave)

He __________ a lot of English papers. (Bring)
She _________ me about it. (Tell)
I ___________ a long letter from father this week. (Get)
She just __________; she will speak to you in a minute. (Come)
I ________ to Radio City. (Be)
I _________ my office. (Paint)
We ________ her since she arrived to our city. (Know)
I __________ her name. (Forget)
He _________ the door. (Close)
He __________ it since we left him. (Do)

Change the next sentences into (Y/N) questions and answer them negative or
positive form as the example.

They have completed their homework. She has eaten lobster on the beach.
Have they complete their homework? Has she eaten lobster on the beach?
Yes, they have. No, she hasn’t
  They have walked by the park every morning.
____________________?
Yes,

 He has given her his last penny.

____________________?
No,

 She has written her name on my book.

____________________?
Yes,

 You have bought a new car.

____________________?
No,

 She has found a new job

____________________?
Yes,

 Children have eaten the whole pudding

____________________?
No,
Read and answer the following questions.

Recently, it has snowed in Charlotte’s town. In the last week, it has snowed three times.
Charlotte has always loved the snow. She has played in the snow many times before.
Charlotte's dog, Sparky, has never played in the snow. This is Sparky's first snow. He has not
felt the cold yet.
Charlotte has just received a new sled for Christmas. She puts on her warm clothes and snow
boots. She pulls the sled up the hill. Sparky has run outside with Charlotte. Sparky has followed
Charlotte up the hill. He feels good!
Charlotte has finally reached the top. She sits on her sled. She rides down the hill. Sparky runs
beside the sled. They have finally reached the bottom. Sparky has followed Charlotte all the
way down the hill. Sparky has decided that he likes the snow too.

Recently, where has it snowed? ________

How many times has it snowed last week? _________
Has Sparky ever played in the snow before? ___________
Has Charlotte always loved the snow? ___________
How has Charlotte gotten the sled? ___________
Where has sparky followed Charlotte? __________
Rewrite the following sentences into negative form and make (wh) questions.

Marie has cut her finger with a knife.

____________________________
Wh? ________________________ ?

Our team has won the first prize.

____________________________
Wh? ________________________ ?

You have read many detective stories.

____________________________
Wh? ________________________ ?

They have spoken very well.

____________________________
Wh?_________________________ ?

The teacher has looked my exercise over and over.

_____________________________
Wh? _________________________ ?
Now we are going to learn the parts of the car.…

Cars give people to freedom to travel

where they want and when they want.
Cars of today are the result of more than
120 years of development and
improvement. Now they are more quickly
and safely than ever before and they use
more less fuel.
How learning to drive a car is easier than
it looks, but you must take into account
that you must also know and respect the
rules and traffic signs.
Before leaving you should check if the tank has enough fuel, the water level of the radiator and
the engine oil is fine and if the tires have enough air. You must also have a license to drive, for
this you must pass your driving test and a written exam of the traffic rules and signals.
 The traffic light
Red means to ‘stop’: When the signal turns red, all the vehicles have to
stop.
Yellow means to slow down: When the signal turns yellow, vehicles should
slow down and prepare to stop.
Green means ‘go’: Only when the signal turns ‘green’, vehicles move ahead.

Pedrastians must also respect the transit

signals. They must not cross a street in the
middle of it.

Never cross the road if the

sign says ‘Don’t Walk’ or if the
walking man symbol turns red.
The ‘Walk’ or a walking man
symbol at intersections are
for pedestrians.
Cross the road only if these
signs turn green. But look to
the left and right to ensure no
vehicles are approaching.

Answer the following questions.

What does car mean to you? __________________________________

What must you know to drive? _________________________________
Do you know to drive a car? ___________________________________
What should you check out before leaving? _______________________
________________________________________________________
What does red light mean? ___________________________________
What does yellow light mean? __________________________________
What does green light mean? __________________________________
When must pedrestians cross the stree? _________________________
Where must pedrestians cross the stree? _________________________
Which are the parts of the stree? _______________________________
_________________________________________________________
Do you prefer a gas car or an electric one? Why? ____________________
_________________________________________________________
Do you think that the car would be obsolet in a near future? Why? _______
_________________________________________________________
Almost 1.4 billion people in the world use this
vehicle, and it is obviously one of the most
popular, cost-effective and ecologic vehicles
in use today. It has several uses such as
police applications, courier services and
cycling sports as well as adult recreative and
fitness equipment.
Introduced in the 19th century in Europe,
first verifiable ‘bicycle machine’ was invented
in 1817 by the German Baron Karl von Drais,
commonly called a Velocipede. J.K. Starley`s
1885 Rover was the first modern bicycle in its
true sense with even wheels and a proper seat.
Answer the questions:
When did you learn to ride a bicycle? ____________________________________
Do you like to ride bicycle? Why? _______________________________________
How often do you ride a bicycle? ________________________________________
Do you consider that the bicycle is a practice transportation way? Why?___________
__________________
Name others applications to the bicycle nowadays? ____________________
__________________

Past perfect Fourth Lesson (4th)

Past perfect is generally used in two situations:
1. To indicate which of two past events occurred first
Ex. I had taken a shower before I ate breakfast.
2. To indicate that an event occurred before a specific past time.
Ex. I had taken a shower before 8:00 am.

Structures:
Affirmatives
Subject + had + verb (p.p) + complement

Sarah had studied English

Negations
 Subject + negative auxiliary (hadn’t) + verb (p.p) + complement

Sarah hadn´t studied English

Yes/no Questions

Auxiliary (had) + subject + verb (p.p) + complement + ?

Had Sarah studied English ?

WH Questions

WHQ + Auxiliary + subject + verb (p.p) + complement + ?

where Had Sarah studied English ?

(+) (-) (?) (WH?)

I had lost the bag I hadn’t lost the bag Had I lost the bag? Where had I lost the bag?

You had lost the bag You hadn’t lost the bag Had you lost the bag? Where had you lost the bag?

He had lost the bag He hadn’t lost the bag Had he lost the bag? Where had he lost the bag?

She had lost the bag She hadn’t lost the bag Had she lost the bag? Where had she lost the bag?

It had lost the bag It hadn’t lost the bag Had it lost the bag? Where had it lost the bag?

We had lost the bag We hadn’t lost the bag Had we lost the bag? Where had we lost the bag?

You had lost the bag You hadn’t lost the bag Had you lost the bag? Where had you lost the bag?

They had lost the bag They hadn’t lost the bag Had they lost the bag? Where had they lost the bag?

Complete the sentences in perfect present tense using the verb given.

The boys performed all the tasks we ___________ for them. (Plan)
Circumstances ___________ him to leave school when he was just ten. (Force)
He heard that his brother _________. (Arrive)
He ________ before I reached his place. (Leave)
He forgave his enemies who ________ him. (Wrong)
Shakespeare’s plays _________ translated into almost all languages. (Be)
When Melanie came into my office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think, she
__________. (Cry)
Indians ________ skilled mathematicians for thousands of years. (Be)
Make sentences with the words given below then change into (Y/N) questions and answer
them negative or positive form as the example.

(She / eat / octopus) (They / miss / the train)

__________________ _______________________
__________________? _______________________?
Yes, No,

(They / go / to Scotland) (You / find / your wallet)

__________________ _____________________
__________________? _____________________?
No, Yes,

(He / live / here for three years) (She / pass / the exam)
__________________ _____________________
__________________? _____________________?
Yes, No,

I / lose / my keys) (He / drink / too much coffee)

__________________ __________________
__________________? __________________?
No, Yes,

Read and make (WH) questions about the text.

Christine and Margot are friends. They had been both busy because the work and study! But
despite that they had talked about a meeting for a coffee the Friday before, but they hadn’t
had enough time, so they had made a decision, don't allow their occupations to separate them
and end their friendship. What could they do?
Margot had called to Christine to know what were going to do that weekend.
"Well, she had a big project to finish for her design class. But if she could finish it on Friday,
she'd do something fun as a treat," said Christine.
"That had sounded great!" thought Margaret. "She had thought the ballet had come to town. If
it wasn't too expensive, she could buy tickets. So she asked Christine if she would like to go."
"Well, I don't really like ballet very much, answered Christine but if the ballet was in the
evening, they could do something in the morning,"

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 The different types of transport are
by air, water, and land.
Other modes also exist, including
cable transport, and space transport.

There are public transport (everybody can use it) and private transport (it belongs to you).
Also there are collective (more than one person) and individual (one person).
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Many people prefer to travel long distances by plane or by train, others prefer to travel
by car. Nowadays more people prefer to travel short distances by bicycle or even walk because
this way is more ecologic. Today we can count with a lot options to travel, even in a near future
people could travel to space as a normal travel by ship crossing the ocean. so every time that
you use any transport way, you have to think that less than one hundred years ago people only
could travel by ship or train, and in the city the most popular was horse carriage.
Answer the following questions
 What is your favorite way to transport? And why? ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________

 Name some kind of individual transport. ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
 What ways do you usually used to transport? ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 Have you traveled by ship? _____________________________________________
 How many times did you traveled by plane last year? __________________________
 Has you driven a motorcycle? ___________________________________________
  What do you think is the most used means of public transport and why? ___________
_________________________________________________________________
 Do you think that people will soon be able to travel to space? And why? ____________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
 Would you travel to space if you had the opportunity? _________________________
There are a list of people who signed up to colonize the planet Mars in a near future.
Would you like to be in that list? And why? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Let’s go on holidays
Finally! The day has arrived for our family’s
day at the beach. My parents have been
planning our family excursion to the beach
ever since the summer holidays had
started. So last Friday evening, my dad took
some time off early from work so that he,
mom and I can go to the grocery store and
purchase everything that we are going to
need on our trip to the beach on Sunday.

There were so many things that we had

bought for our family day at the beach, like snacks and refreshments and meats and rice and so
the list goes on. Now that the day had finally arrived, On Sunday morning, my mom and dad had
been busy cooking the food in the kitchen while I helped packed the refreshments in a large
cooler box with ice.
By the time my parents had finished preparing the food, they had packed it into a large box
with plates and spoons and forks. Then we had started packing everything into our family
caravan, in the next hour, we were driving through the main road, and we were on our way to the
beach, which is actually my favorite place in the world so far.
The sea water was blue and beautiful. There were a few people here and there on the beach.
Some were busy playing cricket, while a few kids were building sand castles just for fun. I was
already excited to go into the water and enjoy a fine sea bath. My mom had seemed to have
read my mind so she told me that’s it lunch first, and then we all can go into the water.
The food was incredibly delicious. Baked chicken, lasagna, egg salad, shepherd pie and Apple
pie, it was truly an amazing meal that I’ve ever eaten so far. Then I drank some iced cold lemon
lime juice to wash it down. Well, I have to say that I was already enjoying our family day at the
beach so far. After that incredible lunch, my parents and I relaxed like for half an hour until it
was officially time to have some real fun. We all ran into the sea water and dived in. The water
was cool and wonderful that we stayed there until it was time for us to pack up and go home.
 It was five o’clock that evening when we all had packed up our belongings and put them back
into our family caravan. As I sat in the back seat of the caravan, I looked out of the window to
have a quick look at the clear blue sea water one more before we drove off. I can see that sun
was already setting above the horizon of the ocean. But I know that some other again, we shall
return to enjoy another family day at the beach
After you read the text ask to the teacher 10 questions about the text and then Answer
the following questions.
Have you gone to the beach? ________
What would you pack for a day at the beach?_____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What do you prefer among rivers, pools, beaches or mountains for a day of family fun? And
why? ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
To you what cant miss in a family fun day? _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Now write a short story about a long weekend with your family or Friends.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

People around the world can feel a lot of moods throughout their lives, we can even go from
being happy to being sad and be furious in a matter of seconds.
For example if our team wins we feel excited, but if it loses, we feel sad, angry or even jealous
of having lost.
 Mood states are a feeling or the specific mental state of a person at a certain time. Also
in literature, music and other expressive arts. Moods set the general tone for speech or writing
and are an important element in daily life. Moods are commonly used to describe how a person
feels at a given time, they can also be used to describe the atmosphere of groups of people,
places and times.
Now translate the following words, you can use a dictionary.

Positive moods Negative moods

Amused Afraid
Astonishing Annoyed
Amazing Apathetic
Awesome Ashamed
Brilliant Awkward
Blissful Bored
Calm Cranky
Cheerful Depressed
Content Dejected
Curious Disappointed
Dreamy Dizzy
Ecstatic Envious
Energetic Frustrated
Excited Gloomy
Excellent Grumpy
Flirty Guilty
Giddy Hater
Great Humble
Inlove Indifferent
Impressed Irritated
Joyful Jealous
Loving Nervious
Mellow Melancholy
Optimistic Pessimistic
Peaceful Rejected
Proud Restless
Silly Shy
Sympathetic Stressed
Shining Weird
Answer the following questions.

 How would you feel if you won the lottery? __________________________________

 How would you feel if your father would be fired of his job?
__________________________________
 How would you feel if you´d lose your keys? _________________________________
 How would an actress feel if she won the Oscar for best actress?
__________________________________
 How would you feel if you saw a ghost? _____________________________________
 How would a mother feel if she lost her son in the city?
__________________________________
 How do you feel when you do the right thing? ________________________________

 How do you feel when you hear a baby crying? ________________________________

 How do you feel on your birthday? _________________________________________

 How do you feel when someone you trust lies to you?

__________________________________
 How would you feel if someone who cheats wins the game?
__________________________________
 How do you feel when you are sick? _______________________________________

 How would you feel if you saw an alien? _____________________________________

 How would you feel if someone stole your house? ______________________________

 How do you feel when you graduated as the best student in this academy?
__________________________________
 How do you feel after watching a scary move at midnight?
__________________________________
 How do you feel when you are laying on the grass seeing stars?
__________________________________
 How do you feel after practicing anysport long time? ___________________________

 How do you feel after a nap? _____________________________________________

 How does your mother feel when you are late at night?

___________________________________

 How would you feel if suddenly you are naked in public?

___________________________________

 How do you feel when you eat ice-cream in a hot day? __________________________
 Neither Fifth Lesson (5th)
It has several meanings that can be easily confused with the either.
 When it is used with NOR in conjunction (to join two sentences) in this case means
NI
Example: Neither cheap nor nice.
Neither Italy nor France got to the quarter finals last year.
Apples are neither blue nor purple.
She wants neither sugar nor cream with her coffee.
Now try to translate the following sentences.
Ni esto ni lo otro. ______________________________________________

Ni sabe ni le importa. ___________________________________________

No me parecio ni Bueno ni malo. ____________________________________

No me gusta el café ni el te. ______________________________________

Answer the following question using neither/nor.

Are pears blue or purple? ___________________________________________

Will you study in China or Japan? ______________________________________

Have you traveled to the moon or Mars? _________________________________

Does your mother speak French or German? ______________________________

 It can be an adjective that is to say it can qualify a thing. In this case means
NONE (NINGUNO) but it used when we talk about two things, because if we talk
about more things we usually use ANY.
Examples: Neither twin was invited to the party.
Neither statement is true.
Neither project was approved. (Ninguno de los dos proyectos fue aprobado)
Neither colors was chosen for the walls.
Now try to translate the following sentences.
Neither candidates of the left became president.
______________________________
Neither of the two laws was eliminated from the Constitution.
______________________________
Neither bullfighter could with the bull.
______________________________
Neither soldiers surrendered.
______________________________
 It can be a pronoun that is to say it can replace a name, in this case it also means
NONE (NINGUNO) but its function is different. At the same way it used when we
talk about two things, because if we talk about more things we usually use ANY.
Examples: I got two presents, but I liked neither. (See how it replaces the word gift)
I like neither of them.
Neither of them is too good.
Neither of them became president.
Now try to translate the following sentences.
Hay dos Buenos hoteles aqui, pero tú no te puedes quedar en ninguno de ellos.
__________________________________
Both the pupies were pure breed but neither was cute.
__________________________________
Yo pregunte a dos personas el camino a la estacion, pero ninguno de ellos pudo ayudarme.
__________________________________
Neither of us said anything.
__________________________________
Hay dos kioscos al final de esta calle, pero ninguno tiene el periodico.
__________________________________
Neither of them wanted to argue in court.
__________________________________
Yo tengo dos carros pero ninguno tiene suficientemente grande.
__________________________________
 Also it can mean neither (TAMPOCO)

Examples: Neither do I accept that we were slow to act.

Neither do I share his fears in this respect.
I don’t want to study. – Neither do I. (ME NEITHER it's an informal response)
Did you see that movie? …No. –Neither did I.
It isn’t our idea. Neither the idea of our friends.
Now try to translate the following sentences.
Tampoco pienso que debamos prohibir esto.
_________________________________
Neither do I believe that our institution can overlook this fault.
______________________________
Tampoco comparto esa idea. ____________________________________________
Neither do I accept the new political reform.
______________________________
 Tampoco deseo lo mismo que tu. _________________________________________
Neither do I discuss the facts.
____________________________________________
Answer the following question using neither.

I won’t go to the Sophia’s party and you… ________

I can’t fly that plane and you… ________
I haven’t visited Lavoure museum and you… _______
Matthew didn’t read the book and you… ______
Sarah doesn’t eat onion and you… ______

Either
Just like neither has several meanings and as in several sentences the use of either is
optional with respect to neither. That is, the same idea can be expressed with either and with
neither.
 used in conjunction with OR in this case means (OR / OR WELL) (O / O BIEN)
Example: You can have either wine or beer
I would like to have either a house or a car.
She wants to eat either meat or chicken.
We can study either Saturday or Sunday.
He is going to give a party either tomorrow or next week.
Now try to translate the following sentences.
Puedes tomar o pan o bien galletas. _______________________________________

Pedro o Ana pueden hacerlo. ____________________________________________

Las manzanas pueden ser o rojas o bien verdes. ____________________________

Quiero helado de chocolate o vainilla. ______________________________________

Would you like to use a pen or a pencil? ____________________________________

Do you prefer blue pants or black ones? ____________________________________

Where will you travel? (Mexico-Argentina) __________________________________

What didn’t john drink? (Tequila- Scotch) ___________________________________

 In front of a noun is an adjective means ANY (CUALQUIERA) and it is used when we

talk about option between two things not between various, because with more than
two usually we would use any.
Examples: You can use either key. Either tire will serve.
You can wear either coats. You can eat either cake pieces.
 Now try to translate the following sentences
Cheque or credit card – you can use either.
________________________________
This applications are welcomed from people of either sex and any age.
________________________________
It was a long time before either of them spoke.
________________________________
Olive oil and corn oil are both suitable, so you could use either.
________________________________
 can be a pronoun, be used to replace a name:
 In an affirmative phrase means ANY (CUALQUIERA).
Examples: Either of them is good.
You can take either
Either both it’ll serve
 In a negative phrase means NONE (NINGUNO).
Examples: I can’t read either of those books.
I don’t know either of them.
I won’t receive either credicard.
 In an interrogative phrase means (some) (alguno).
Examples: either of you know him? (The use of DO/DOES is optional)
Does either of you speak Chinese?
Can either do this?
Is either of them at home?
 Either" is used in negative sentences to add an agreeing thought.
Examples: Jane doesn't speak French. Sam doesn't speak French either.
I don't love chocolate. I don't love pizza either.
Frank cannot come with us. Nancy cannot come with us either.
"Either" usually comes at the end of a clause.
Examples:

 I cannot speak French either.

 I am not studying economics either.
 I don't want to eat either.
 I didn't like the movie either
 Mr. Harris doesn't speak a word of French! He doesn't have any international
experience either.
 I don't really like tomatoes. My brother doesn't like them either.
 Too vs. Either

AND…TOO AND…NOT EITHER

I am eleven today, and my cousin is too. I am not a child, and my cousin isn't either.

I am waiting for our new school to open, and my I am not worrying, and my cousins aren't
cousin is too. either.

I have a new book, and my classmates do too I don't have a desk, and my classmates
/ have too don't either/ haven't either

I wished for a new school, and my parents did I didn't want to be uneducated, and my
too.
friends didn't either.
I will work very hard, and my classmates will
I won't be late, and my classmates won't
too.
either.

Positive and negative responses

So + auxiliary verb + Subject Neither + auxiliary verb + subject
Subject + auxiliary verb + too Subject + auxiliary verb + not + either

I like chocolate… so do I. I do not like liars… neither do I.

I do too. I don’t like either.
Me too. Me neither.

I can sing… so can I.

I can too.
Me too. I can’t fly… neither can I.
I can’t either.
Me neither.
I will eat pizza… so will I.
I will too. I won’t eat meat… neither will I.
Me too. I won’t either.
Me neither.

I have been at Paris… So have I.

I have too. I have never been to N.Y… neither have I.
Me too. I haven’t either.
Me neither.
 ...TOO VS ALSO

 "Also" is used in positive sentences to add an agreeing thought.

Examples:
 Jane speaks French. Sam also speaks French.
 I love chocolate. I also love pizza.
 Frank can come with us. Nancy can also come with us.

"Also" comes after "to be."

Examples:
 I am also Canadian.
 I was also there.
With verbs other than "to be," "also" comes before single verb forms.
Examples:
 I also sing.
 He also helped us.
In verb tenses with many parts, "also" comes after the first part and before the second.
Examples:
 I have also been to Hong Kong.
 I am also studying economics.
 I can also speak French.
 I should also be there.

 "Too" is used in positive sentences to add an agreeing thought. It has the same meaning
as "also," but its placement within the sentence is different.
Examples:
 Jane speaks French. Sam speaks French too.
 I love chocolate. I love pizza too.
 Frank can come with us. Nancy can come with us too.

"Too" usually comes at the end of a clause.

Examples:
 I am Canadian too.
 I can speak French too.
 I am studying economics too.
 If he wants to go too, he should meet us at 8:00.

Although "too" is usually placed at the end of a clause, it can sometimes be used with
commas after the subject of the sentence. This is usually only done in formal speech.
Examples:
 Mr. Jones wanted the contract. Ms. Jackson, too, thought it was necessary.
 Donna is working on a solution to the problem. I, too, am trying to find a way to resolve the
conflict.
Put the right Word (too or also) depending the case.

1- Henry is very athletic. He loves swimming, surfing, snowboarding and skiing. Jason ______
loves to swim and surf, but he hates all winter sports because he can't stand cold weather.

2- I am taking a great art history class at the junior college downtown. Sarah is in the
class _____. We both love it.

3- Frank didn't like the layout of the apartment. He ________ thought the location was rather
inconvenient, so he decided to keep looking for a place to live.

4- Three experts came to the conclusion that the project had to be terminated at once.
________ finally realized the project was too dangerous to proceed.

5- Dave has been living and working in Poland for over five years. He has _______ been taking
night classes in Polish the entire time, so he speaks Polish very well.

6- Sam has a guidebook and a map of the region. He has a compass ______, so I think we
should let him guide us out of here.

7- Sharon realized her boss had been embezzling money from the company and she wanted to
go to the authorities. Doug, ______ thought it was time to call in the police.

8- I don't really feel like going out tonight, and I am ______ really tired. Let's just stay home
tonight.

9- Jim is an amazing skiier, and he loves to snowboard _______.

10- Henry is very athletic. He loves swimming, surfing, snowboarding and skiing.
Jason _______ loves to swim and surf, but he hates all winter sports because he can't stand
cold weather.