PUMPS

3.1 Centrifugal Pumps:-

The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy to hydraulic energy are
called pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy
is converted, into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic
machine is called centrifugal pump.

The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that
when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the
rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is
proportional to the square of tangential velocity of the liquid at that point (i.e. , rise in pressure

2 2 2
v ωr
or
head = 2 g 2g ) . Thus at the outlet of the impeller, where radius is more , the rise in
pressure head will be more & the liquid will be more & the liquid will be discharged at the
outlet with a high pressure head. Due to this high pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high
level.

Main Parts Of A Centrifugal Pump:-

The followings are the main parts of a centrifugal pump:

1. Impeller
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe with a foot valve & a strainer
4. Delivery Pipe
All the main parts of the centrifugal pump are shown in Fig 19.1

1. Impeller: The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called ‘impeller’. It consists of a

series of backward curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to
the shaft of an electric motor.

2. Casing: The casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It
is an air-tight passage surrounding the impeller & is designed in such a way that the kinetic
energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy
 before the water leaves the casing & enters the delivery pipe. The following three types of
the casings are commonly adopted:

a. Volute casing as shown in Fig.19.1

b. Vortex casing as shown in Fig.19.2(a)
c. Casing with guide blades as shown in Fig.19.2(b)
a) Volute casing as shown in Fig.3.1the Volute casing, which is surrounding the impeller. It
is of spiral type in which area of flow increases gradually. The increase in area of flow
decrease velocity of flow. Decrease in velocity increases the pressure of water flowing
through casing. it has been observed that in case of volute casing, the efficiency of pump
increases.

Main parts of a centrifugal pump

Fig. 3.1

b) Vortex casing. if a circular chamber is introduced between the casing and impeller as shown
in fig.3.1,the casing is known as vortex casing .by introducing the circular chamber, loss of
energy due to formation of eddies is reduced to a considerable extent. thus efficiency of pump is
more than the efficiency when only volute casing is provided.
c) Casing with guide blades. This casing is shown in fig.3.1 in which the impeller is
surrounded by a series of guide blades mounted on a ring which is known as diffuser. the guide
vanes are designed in which a way that the water from the impeller enters the guide vanes
without stock. Also the area of guide vanes increases, thus reducing the velocity of flow through
guide vanes and consequently increasing the pressure of water. the water from guide vanes then
passes through the surrounding casing which is in most of cases concentric with the impeller as
shown in fig.3.1.

3. suction pipe with foot-valve and a strainer: A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet
of pump and other end dips into water in a sump is known as suction pipe. A foot valve
which is a non-return valve or one –way type valve is fitted at lower end of suction pipe. Foot
valve opens only in upward direction. A strainer is also fitted at lower end of suction pipe.

Different type of casing

Fig: 3.2

4. Delivery pipe: a pipe whose one end is connected to outlet of pump and other end delivers
water at a required height is known as delivery pipe.

Efficiencies of a centrifugal pump: Efficiencies of a centrifugal pump: In case of a centrifugal

pump , the power is transmitted from the shaft of the electric motor to the shaft of the pump &
then to the impeller. From the impeller, the power is given to the water. Thus power is
decreasing from the shaft of the pump to the impeller & then to the water. The following are the
important efficiencies of a centrifugal pump:

a. Manometric efficiencies
ηman

b. Mechanical efficiencies
ηm
 c. Overall efficiencies
ηo

a)
η
Manometric Efficiencies man : The ratio of the manometric head to the head
imparted by the impeller to the water is known as manometric efficiency. It is written
as

ηmax = Manometric head∕Head imparted by impeller to water

Hm gH m
= .. ... .. .. ... .. . ..
V w 2 u2 V w 2 u2
= g

The impeller at the impeller of the pump is more than the power given to the water at outlet of
the pump. The ratio of the power given to water at outlet of the pump to the power available at
the impeller, is known as manometric efficiency.

WH m
kW
The power given to water at outlet of the pump= 1000

The power at the impeller =

W V w 2 u2
× kW
g 1000
WH m
1000 gH m
ηmax = =
W V w 2 u 2 V w 2 ×u2
×
= g 1000

b) Mechanical efficiencies:-

The power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump is more than the power available at the
impeller of the pump . The ratio of the power available at the impeller to the power at the shaft
of the centrifugal pump is known as mechanical efficiency. It is written as

ηm= Power at the impeller∕Power at the shaft

 The power at the impeller in kW=Work done by impeller per second∕10000

W V u
= × w2 2
g 1000
W V w2 u 2
ηm =
( )
g 1000
. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .
S . P.

Where S.P.= Shaft Power

c) Overall efficiencies
ηo

It is defined as the ratio of power output of the pump to the power input to the pump .
The power output of the pump in kW

WH m
= 1000

Power input to the pump =Power supplied by the electric motor

= S.P. of the pump

WH m
1000
ηo =
( ) .. .. ... .. . .... ..
S.P.
= ¿ηman ×ηm .. ... .. . .. ... .. .. ...

Problem 3.1: The internal & external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are
200mm & 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 r.p.m. The vane angles of
the impeller at inlet & outlet are 200 & 300 respectively. The water enters the impeller
radially & velocity of flow is constant. Determine the velocity of flow per metre sec.

Solution: Internal Dia. Of impeller,=D1=200mm=0.20m

External Dia. Of impeller ,=D2=400mm=0.40m

Speed N=1200r.p.m
0
Vane angle at inlet , θ=20
0
Vane angle at outlet, φ=30
 Water enter s radially means, α=90
0
and
V w 1 =0

Velocity of flow , =
V f 1 =V f 2

Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet & outlet are,

ΠD1 N
Π×. 20×1200
u1 = = =12 .56 m/ s
60 60
ΠD N Π×. 40×1200
u2 = 2 = =25 .13 m/s
60 60

From inlet velocity triangle,

Vf 1 Vf 2
tan φ= =
u1 12. 56
V f 1 =12. 56 tan θ=12. 56×tan 20=4 . 57 m/s
V f 2 =V f 1=4 . 57 m/s

Problem 3.2: A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 metres & a design
speed of 1000r.p.m .The values are back to an angle of 300 with the periphery. The impeller
diameter is 300mm & outlet width 50mm. Determine the discharge of the pump if manometric
efficiency is 95%.

Solution: Net head, Hm= 14.5m

Speed, N =1000r.p.m
0
Vane angle at outlet, φ=30
Impeller diameter means the diameter of the impeller at outlet

Diameter, D 2 =300 mm=0 . 30 m

Outlet width, B 2=50 mm=0 . 05 m

Manometric efficiency,
ηman =95 %=0.95

πD2 N π×. 30×1000

u2 = = =15 . 70 m/s
60 60
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet,
Now using equation

gH m
ηmax =
V w 2 u2
9 . 81×14 . 5
0 . 95=
V w2 ×15 .70
0 .95×14 . 5
V w 2= =9 . 54 m/s
0 .95×15 .70

Fig. 3.3

Refer to fig(3.3). From outlet velocity triangle, we have

Vf 2
tanφ=
(u2−V w2 )
V V
tan300= f2 = f2 ¿=π×0.30×0.05×3.556m3/s=0.1675m3/s¿¿
(15.70−9.54) 6.16
V f 2=6.16×tan300=3.556m/s
Discharge=Q=π×D 2×B2×Valignl¿ f 2 ¿¿
3.2 Reciprocating Pump:-

Introduction:-

We have defined the pumps as the hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy to
hydraulic energy which is mainly in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is
converted into hydraulic energy (or pressure energy) by sucking the liquid into a cylinder in
which a piston is reciprocating (moving backwards and forwards ), which exerts the thrust on the
liquid & increases its hydraulic energy (pressure energy), the pump is known as reciprocating
pump.
Main parts of a reciprocating pump:-

The following are the main parts of a reciprocating pump as shown in fig (3.4)

Fig. 3.4

Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump: Consider a single acting reciprocating pump as

shown in fig ().

Let D= dia. Of the cylinder

A= C/s area of the piston or cylinder

r= Radius of crank

N=r.p.m of the crank

L=Length of the stroke=2*r

hs = height of the axis of the cylinder from water surface in sump

hd = Height of the delivery outlet above the cylinder axis (also called delivery head)

Volume of water delivered in one revolution or discharge of water in one revolution

= Area * Length of stroke = A*L

Number of revolution per second, =

Discharge of the pump per second , Q= Discharge in one direction × No. of revolution per
second

= A×L =
…………………………….

ρ gALN
ρ gQ=
Wt. of water delivered per second, W = 60
……………………………

Work done by Reciprocating Pump : Work done by the reciprocating pump per sec. is given
by the reaction as

Work done per second = Weight of water lifted per second × Total height through
which water is lifted

W × ( h s +h d )
=

Where ( h s +h d ) = Total height through which water is lifted

ρ gALN
W=
From equation () Weight, W is given by 60

Substituting the value of W in equation () we get

Work done per second =

ρ gALN
60 ( h s +hd )
…………………………………………

Power required to drive the pump, in kW

ρ×g× ALN ( h s +h d )
= 60×1000

ρ gALN ( hs +hd )
kW
= 60 , 000 …………………………
Classification of reciprocating pumps:

The reciprocating pumps may be classified as:

1. According to the water being in contact with one side or both sides of the piston,
and

2. According to the number of cylinders provided

If the water is in contact with one side of the piston, the pump is known as single-acting. On
the other hand,

If the water is in contact with both sides of the piston, the pump is called double –acting.
Hence, classification according to the contact of water is:

I. Single-acting pump

II. Double –acting pump

According to the number of cylinder provided, the pumps are classified as:

I. Single cylinder pump

II. Double cylinder pump

III. Triple cylinder pump