The category of gender is based on the opposition of personal nouns and non-

personal nouns. Personal nouns are considered to be masculine or feminine gender.

Non-personal nouns can be considered to be of neuter gender. As a result we get a
traditional classification of nouns into feminine, masculine and neuter.

The category of [Link] expresses the relation of a word to another word

in the word-group or sentence (my sister’s coat). The category of case
correlates with the objective category of possession. The case category in
English is realized through the opposition: The Common Case :: The
Possessive Case (sister :: sister’s). However, in modern linguistics the term
“genitive case” is used instead of the “possessive case” because the
meanings rendered by the “`s” sign are not only those of possession. The
scope of meanings rendered by the Genitive Case is the following :

Possessive Genitive : Mary’s father – Mary has a father,

Subjective Genitive: The doctor’s arrival – The doctor has arrived,

Objective Genitive : The man’s release – The man was released,

Adverbial Genitive : Two hour’s work – X worked for two hours,

Equation Genitive : a mile’s distance – the distance is a mile,

Genitive of destination: children’s books – books for children,

Mixed Group: yesterday’s paper

To avoid confusion with the plural, the marker of the genitive case is
represented in written form with an apostrophe. This fact makes possible
disengagement of –`s form fr om the noun to which it properly belongs.
E.g.: The man I saw yesterday’s son, where -`s is appended to the whole
group (the so-called group genitive). It may even follow a word which
normally does not possess such a formant, as in somebody else’s book.

There is no universal point of view as to the case system in English. Different

scholars stick to a different number of cases.

There are two cases. The Common one and The Genitive;

There are no cases at all, the form `s is optional because the same relations
may be expressed by the ‘of-phrase’: the doctor’s arrival – the arrival of the
doctor;
There are three cases: the Nominative, the Genitive, the Objective due to the
existence of objective pronouns me, him, whom;

Case Grammar. [Link] introduced syntactic-semantic classification of

cases. They show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence.
According to him, verbs may stand to different relations to nouns. There are
6 cases:

Agentive Case (A) John opened the door;

Instrumental case (I) The key opened the door; John used the key to open
the door;

Dative Case (D) John believed that he would win (the case of the animate
being affected by the state of action identified by the verb);

Factitive Case (F) The key was damaged ( the result of the action or state
identified by the verb);

Locative Case (L) Chicago is windy;

Objective case (O) John stole the book.

Gender plays a relatively minor part in the grammar of English by

comparison with its role in many other languages. There is no gender
concord, and the reference of the pronouns he, she, itis very largely
determined by what is sometimes referred to as ‘natural’ gender for English,
it depends upon the classification of persons and objects as male, female or
inanimate. Thus, the recognition of gender as a grammatical category is
logically independent of any particular semantic association.

According to some language analysts ([Link], [Link], and

[Link]), nouns have no category of gender in Modern English.
[Link] states that not a single word in Modern English shows any
peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting male or female being.
Thus, the wordshusbandand wifedo not show any difference in their forms
due to peculiarities of their lexical meaning. The difference between such
nouns as actorand actress is a purely lexical one. In other words, the
category of sex should not be confused with the category of sex, because
sex is anobjective biological category. It correlates with gender only when
sex differences of living beings are manifested in the language grammatically
(e.g. tiger – tigress). Still, other scholars ([Link], John Lyons) admit the
existence of the category of gender. [Link] states that the existence of
the category of gender in Modern English can be proved by the correlation of
nouns with personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it). Accordingly,
there are three genders in English: the neuter (non-person) gender, the
masculine gender, the feminine gender. 
1.5. The category of Case
The category of Case shows the relations of living beings, things or
notions denoted by nouns to other living beings, things and notions. In
English this category is characterized by the opposition of the categorial
forms of the Common Case (общий падеж) and the Possessive or
Genitive Case (притяжательный падеж). The strong member of the
opposition is the Possessive Case with the formal mark — '(s) while its
weak or unmarked member is the Common Case. Compare: the man's
wife — the wife of the man I know well; a week's holiday — days of
the week.
Since the category of Case relates nouns to other parts of a sentence it
appears to be syntactically bound. In other words the realization of the
category in the forms of the Common and Possessive Case is
indissolubly connected with the syntactic functions of the noun.
1.5.1. Common Case: the syntactic functions of nouns
The Common Case has a very wide and general meaning and manifests
itself in a number of various syntactic functions of nouns which are
defined by the word order and prepositions.
The first and most typical syntactic function performed by nouns in the
Common Case is the subject — the primary part of the sentence which
precedes the predicate: Man changes in a changing world. The world
is changing.
The second syntactic function of the noun in the Common Case is part
of the compound nominal predicate or predicative when it follows a
link-verb: / am a teacher. It was bad weather yesterday. They have
breakfast at eight о 'clock.
The third syntactic function of nouns in the Common Case is the object
— the secondary part of the sentence which follows the predicate. The
object may be either direct (прямое дополнение), i.e. used immediately
after transitive verbs (переходные глаголы} or indirect (косвенное
дополнение) when placed between a transitive verb and its direct
object. For example: I gave my friend the book. Did you send Susan a
birthday card? In these sentences book and birthday card are the direct
objects while friend and Susan — the indirect objects. With verbs like
give, hand, direct, send and so on direct and indirect objects may
change their places in the sentence: I gave the book to my friend. Did
you send a birthday card to Susan? As the examples show the indirect
objects friend and Susan are used with the preposition and therefore
called prepositional indirect objects.
Not infrequently nouns turn out to be syntactically associated either with
the infinitive or present participle as parts of the pattern called Complex
Object. For example: I saw my friend cross/crossing the street. I heard
the key turn/turning in the keyhole.
Besides, when used with a preposition, nouns in the Common case may
fulfil the function of adverbial modifier, i.e. a word or group of words
that gives additional information about the time, place or circumstances
in which the action is going on: Mary had a holiday in summer. She
went to the seaside by train. She lived in a little cottage by the sea. She
stayed at the cottage for two weeks.
The noun in the Common Case can be used as attribute when a) it is
used with the preposition of. a cup of coffee, a member of the club,
head of the department. sounds of speech: b) it precedes and describes
another noun and forms with it the unstable compound: a coffee pot, a
club bar, a head boy, department stores, speech sounds.
1.5.2. Possessive case
The Possessive case expresses possession in the broadest sense of the
word: a man's coat, a man's hand, a man's life, a dog's bowl, a dog's
tail, etc.
Grammatically the Possessive case is indicated either by a) adding to
nouns 's (apostrophy and 's) or by b) adding -' (apostrophy only). The
apostrophy followed by 's is added to 1) nouns in the singular: a man's
coat, the actress's voice, a dog's bowl, 2) nouns in the plural which form
their plural number by the non-productive means, i.e. without the suffix
— (e)s: women's dresses, children's toys, 3) nouns in the plural which
in singular have the final -5: actresses' voices, The apostrophy without
-s is added to nouns in the plural: teachers' advice, the students ' books,
dogs' bowls.
Some proper names ending in -s admit of both - 's and -': Burns's poems
— Burns'poems, Dickens's novels — Dickens' novels.
Irrespective of the given types of spelling both 's and ' are pronounced in
the same way as the mark of the plural number, i.e. a) [z] after vowels
and voiced consonants: teacher's, dog's, b) Is] after voiceless
consonants: student's, c) [iz] after sibilants: actress's, actresses', fox's,
foxes', Burns', Dickens's.
However, the Possessive case form of plural nouns tends to be
pronounced [iz] to differentiate it from that of singular nouns. Compare:
the politician's wife [z] — the politicians' wives [iz].
As it follows from the examples illustrating the use of the Possessive
case in English, the grammatical form in question is chiefly expressed
by animate nouns — human or more rarely by non-human both common
and proper nouns. Besides, a few groups of inanimate nouns which are
able to take the form of the Possessive case may be singled out. They
are: a) inanimate abstract nouns denoting a certain period of time such
as moment, minute, hour, day, night, morning, evening, week,
year, month
(names of months including), season (names of seasons including),
century and so on; b) personified nouns used in spoken language or in
fiction, mainly in poetry: 1) sun, moon, earth, river, water, ocean,
world, wind, 2) ship, boat, vessel, etc.; 3) country, city, town (names of
towns and countries including); 4) abstract nouns like duty, music,
death. For example: a week's holiday, year's absence, a winter's day,
night's rest, wind's rustle, river's brink, ship's crew, town's busy
streets, duty's call, music's voice.
The possessive 's can be used with no following noun: Whose is that?
— Mary's.
The 's possessive is also used without a following noun in several other
cases. Shops are usually referred to in this way: a baker's, a butcher's,
the barber's, the hairdress's, i.e. л baker's, a butcher's, etc. shop.
People's places of living can be referred to in this way when the host-
guest relationship is meant: at my brother's (i.e. at my brother's place).