Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering

Highway And Bridge

Subject: Calculus II

Lecturer’s Name: Abdulaziz RASHID

Academic Year: 2020/2021

(First Semester)

Core textbook: Thomas, G. B., Maurice D. W.,

Joel H., Christopher H. and Antonio B. Thomas’
Calculus Early Transcendentals. Pearson, 2016.
Websites:
[Link]
[Link]

1
Contents

1 Some important functions and their derivatives and integrals 3

1.1 Review of derivatives and integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . 15

1.4 Derivatives of inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . 17

1.5 Integrals of inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . 21

2
Chapter 1

Some important functions and their

derivatives and integrals

1.1 Review of derivatives and integrals

Example: Find the derivative of the following functions

1.
1 3
y= 2
(x + ex)
x
solution:

0 1 2 x 3 x −2
y = (3x + e ) + (x + e ) ∗
x2 x3
ex 2ex (x − 2)ex
=3+ 2 −2− 3 =1+ .
x x x3

2.
√
5x2 +1
y=e

3
 solution:
√ √
0 5x2 +1 10x 5x 2
y =e ∗ √ =√ e 5x +1
2 5x2 + 1 5x2 + 1

3.
y = ln(sec(lnx))

solution:

0 1 1 tan(lnx)
y = ∗ sec(lnx) ∗ tan(lnx) ∗ =
sec(lnx) x x

4.  ln3!
x+1
y = log3
x−1
solution:
 
ln3! x+1

ln3

x+1 ln x−1
y = log3 =
x−1 ln3

ln3(ln(x + 1) − ln(x − 1))

= = ln(x + 1) − ln(x − 1)
ln3
Hence
0 1 1 −2
y = − = 2
x+1 x−1 x −1

5.
√
y = 8 sec(tanx)

4
 solution:

0
√ 1
y = 8 sec(tanx)∗ln8∗ p ∗sec(tanx)∗tan(tanx)∗sec2x
2 sec(tanx)

6.
(x2 + 1)(x + 3)1/2
y= ,x > 1
x−1
solution:
By taking ln for the both sides, we have
2 1/2
 
(x + 1)(x + 3)
lny = ln
x−1

1
= ln(x2 + 1) + ln(x + 3) − ln(x − 1)
2
Hence
1 dy 2x 1 1 1
= 2 + −
y dx x + 1 2 x + 3 x − 1
 2
(x + 1)(x + 3)1/2
 
dy 2x 1 1
= + −
dx x−1 x2 + 1 2x + 6 x − 1

Exercises: Find the derivative of the following functions

5
(1) (2)
√ 7
y = 2e−x + e3x y = cscx − 4 x + x
e

(3) √ (4)
y=e 4 x+x2 xlnx
y=
1 + lnx

(5)   (6) s
1 (x + 1)5
y = ln √ y=
x x+1 (x + 4)20

(7) √ (8) s
x x2 + 1 7x
ln5
y= y = log5
(x + 1)2/3 3x + 2

(9) (10) r
y = x log3 (e (sinx)(ln3)
) 3 x(x − 2)
y=
x2 + 1

Example: Evaluate the following integrals

1.
7csc2x
Z
I= dx
8 − 7cotx
solution:
let u = 8 − 7cotx, du = 7csc2xdx.
Hence

7csc2x
Z Z
1
dx = du = ln |u|+C = ln |8 − 7cotx|+C
8 − 7cotx u

2.
Z
2 2
I= 2xex sin(ex )dx

solution:
6
 2 2
let u = ex , du = 2xex dx.
Hence
Z Z
x2 x2 2
2xe sin(e )dx = sin(u)du = −cos(u) = −cos(ex )+C

3.
Z π/2
I= 7cos(x)sin(x)dx
0

solution:
let u = cos(x), du = −sin(x)dx.
if x = 0, u = 1
if x = π/2, u = 0
Hence
π/2 1
7u 1
Z Z
cos(x) u 6
7 sin(x)dx = 7 du =  =
0 0 ln7 0 ln7

4.
Z
log2x
I= dx
x
solution:

Z Z
log2x 1 lnx
dx = dx
x ln2 x
let u = lnx, du = x1 dx.

7
 Hence
Z Z
1 lnx 1
dx = udu
ln2 x ln2
1 u2 1 (lnx)2
= +C = +C
ln2 2 ln2 2

5.
Z
secx
I= p dx
ln(secx + tanx)
solution:
let u = ln(secx + tanx), du = secxdx.
Hence
Z Z
secx du
√ dx = √
secx + tanx u
√ p
= 2 u + C = 2 ln(secx + tanx) + C

6.
Z
dx
I= √
2 x + 2x
solution:

Z Z
dx dx
I= √ = √ √
2 x + 2x 2 x(1 + x)
√ 1
let u = 1 + x, du = √
2 x
dx.
Hence

√
Z Z
dx 1
√ √ = du = ln|u| + C = ln|1 + x| + C
2 x(1 + x) u

8
9
1.2 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The six basic trigonometric functions are not one-to-one. How-

ever, we can restrict their domains to intervals on which they are
one-to-one as shown below. Since these functions are one-to-one

, so they have inverses, which denoted by

y = sin−1x, y = cos−1x, y = tan−1x, y = cot−1x, y = sec−1x,
y = csc−1x.
Def inition
10
sin−1x is the number in [−Π/2, Π/2] for which siny = x
cos−1x is the number in [0, Π] for which cosy = x
Notes: The sin−1x is an odd function. that is, sin−1(−x) =
−sin−1x
These inverse trigonometric functions are given below

for more clarification, one can visit [Link]

com/drupal7/node/581

11
1.2.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

The six basic hyperbolic functions are shown below. Since these

functions are one-to-one , so they have inverses, which denoted

by
y = sinh−1x, y = cosh−1x, y = tanh−1x, y = coth−1x, y =
sech−1x, y = csch−1x. These inverse trigonometric functions
are given below
12
13
Identities of hyperbolic Functions:
The hyperbolic functions are defined by the equations:
ex −e−x ex +e−x ex −e−x
sinhx = 2 , coshx = 2 , tanhx = ex +e−x
, cothx =
ex +e−x 2 2
ex −e−x
, sechx = ex +e−x
, cschx = ex −e−x
,
sinh(x + y) = [Link] + [Link],
cosh(x + y) = [Link] + [Link],
sinh(−x) = −sinhx, cosh(−x) = coshx

Table: Identities for the Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

Prove that cosh2x − sinh2x = 1

ex −e−x ex +e−x
Proof: Since sinhx = 2 and coshx = 2
x +e−x x −e−x e2x +2+e−2x 2x −2+e−2x
then ( e 2 )2 − ( e 2 )2 = 4 −e 4
e2x +2+e−2x −e2x +2−e−2x 4
= 4 = 4 =1

14
1.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions

dsinhu
Prove that dx = coshu du
dx

Proof. Since
ex − e−x
sinhx = ,
2
dsinhx ex + e−x
then = = coshx
dx 2
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain
Rule we obtain
dsinhu du
= coshu
dx dx

15
 dcoshu
Prove that dx = sinhu du
dx

Proof. Since
ex + e−x
coshx = ,
2
dcoshx ex − e−x
then = = sinhx
dx 2
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain
Rule we obtain
dcoshu du
= sinhu
dx dx

dcschu
Prove that dx = −[Link] du
dx

Proof. Since
1
cschx =
,
sinhx
dcschx −coshx −1 coshx
then = = . = −[Link]
dx sinh2x sinhx sinhx
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain
Rule we obtain

dcschu du
= −[Link]
dx dx

16
Note: Prove the derivative of the other hyperbolic functions.

1.4 Derivatives of inverse Trigonometric and Hy-

perbolic Functions

Prove that

dsin−1u 1 du
=√ , |u| < 1.
dx 1−u2 dx

Proof. Let y = sin−1x, then x = siny. Using implicit differen-

17
tiation, we have

dy dy 1
1 = cosy ⇔ =
dx dx cosy
p
2 2
now, since sin y + cos y = 1 ⇔ cosy = 1 − sin2y
dy 1 1 1
Hence, = =p =√
dx cosy 1 − sin2y 1 − x2
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain
Rule we obtain
dsin−1u 1
=√
dx 1 − u2

Prove that

dsec−1u 1 du
= √ , |u > |1.
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx

Proof. Let y = sec−1x, then x = secy. Using implicit differen-

tiation, we have

dy dy 1
⇔
1 = [Link]. =
dx dx [Link]
p
2 2
now, since tan y = sec y − 1 ⇔ tany = ± sec2y − 1
dy 1 1 1
Hence, = = p = √
dx [Link] |x| sec2y − 1 |x| x2 − 1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain

18
Rule we obtain

dsec−1u 1 du
= √ , |u > |1.
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx

Note: Prove the derivative of the other inverse trigonometric

functions.
Prove that

dcosh−1u 1 du
=√ , u>1
dx u2 − 1 dx

Proof. Let y = cosh−1x, then x = coshy. Using implicit differ-

entiation, we have

dy dy 1
1 = sinhy ⇔ =
dx dx sinhy
p
2 2
now, since cosh y − sinh y = 1 ⇔ sinhy = cosh2y − 1
dy 1 1 1
Hence, = =p =√
dx sinhy cosh2y − 1 x2 − 1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain
Rule we obtain

dcosh−1u 1 du
=√
dx u2 − 1 dx

19
Prove that

dcoth−1u 1 du
= , |u| > 1.
dx 1 − u2 dx

Proof. Let y = coth−1x, then x = cothy. Using implicit differ-

entiation, we have

dy dy −1
1 = −csch2y. ⇔ =
dx dx csch2y

now, since csch2y = cot2y − 1

dy 1 1
Hence, = =
dx 1 − coth2y 1 − x2
If u is a differentiable function of x, then applying the Chain
Rule we obtain
dcoth−1u 1 du
=
dx 1 − u2 dx

Note: Prove the derivative of the other inverse hyperbolic func-

tions.

20
1.5 Integrals of inverse trigonometric and hyper-
bolic functions

Example: Find the derivative of the following functions

1.
cosx
y=
1 − sinx
solution:

0 (1 − sinx)(−sinx) − cosx(−cosx)
y =
(1 − sinx)2

21
 −sinx + sin2x + cos2x 1 − sinx 1
= = =
(1 − sinx)2 (1 − sinx)2 1 − sinx

2.
y = 9cotx

solution:

0
y = 9cotx ∗ ln9 ∗ (−csc2x) = −ln9 ∗ csc2x ∗ 9cotx

3.
y = cos−1x2

solution:
0 −2x
y =√
1 − x4
4.
−1
√
y = sin 2x

solution: √
2
y=√
1 − 2x2
5.
y = sec−1(2x + 1)

solution:

0 2 1
y = p = √
|2x + 1| (2x + 1) − 1 |2x + 1| x2 + x
2

22
 6.
y = ln(tan−1x)

solution:
0 1 1
y = ∗
tan−1x 1 + x2

7.
y = csc−1(ex)

solution:
0 −ex −1
y = √ =√
|ex| e2x − 1 e2x − 1
8.
√
y = tanh 1 + x2

solution:
0 2
√ x
y = sech 1 + x2 ∗ √
1 + x2
9.
√
y = sinh−1 x

solution:

0 1 1 1
y =√ ∗ √ = p
1 + x 2 x 2 x(1 + x)

10.
y = cosh−1(secx)

23
 solution:

0 1
y =√ ∗secx∗tanx = secx, since sec2x−1 = tan2x
sec2x − 1

Exercises: Find the derivative of the following functions

(1) (2)
cotx
y= y = x2 sin4 x + xcos−2 x
1 + cotx

(3) (4)
2
y = tan (sin ) 3
y = tan−1 (lnx)

(5) (6) √
√ y = xsin−1 x + 1 − x2
tan−1 x2 − 1 + csc−1 x, x > 1

(7) (8)
2
y = (x + 1)sech(lnx) √
y = lnx + 1 − x2 sech−1 x

(9) √ (10) √
−1
y = (1 − x)coth x y = cosh−1 (2 x + 1

Example: Evaluate the following integrals

1.
Z
I= coth5xdx

solution:

Z Z
cosh5x
I= coth5xdx = dxlet
sinh5x
u=sinh5x, du=5cosh5xdx⇒ 15 du = cosh5xdx.
24
 Hence
Z Z
cosh5x 1 1 1 1
dx = du = ln|u|+C = ln|sinh5x|+C
sinh5x 5 u 5 5

2.
Z 1
I= sinh2xdx
0

solution:
1 1
cosh2x − 1
Z Z
2
I= sinh xdx = I = dx
0 0 2
Z 1 
1 1 sinh2x i1
= (cosh2x − 1)dx = − x =?
2 0 2 2 0

3.
Z ln2
I= 4exsinhxdx
0

solution:
ln2 ln2 x
− e−x
Z Z
x xe
I= 4e sinhxdx = 4e dx
0 0 2
Z ln2 iln2
2x 2x
= 2e − 2dx = [e − 2x =?
0 0

4.
Z 1
2dx
I= √
0 3 + 4x2
solution: let u = 2x, du = 2dx, if x = 0 ⇒ u = 0, if

25
 x=1⇒u=2
Z 1 Z 2
2dx du
I= √ = q√
0 3 + 4x2 0 ( 3)2 + (u)2
 
u i2
= sinh−1 √ =?
3 0

5.
Z 2
dx
I= 2
5/4 1 − x

solution:
Z 2
dx −1
i2
I= 2
= coth x =?
5/4 1 − x 5/4

6.
Z 3/13
dx
I= √
1/5 x 1 − 16x2
solution: let u = 4x, du = 4dx ⇒ 41 du = dx,
if x = 1/5 ⇒ u = 4/5, if x = 3/13 ⇒ u = 12/13
Z 3/13 Z 12/13
dx du
I= √ = √
1/5 x 1 − 16x2 4/5 u 1 − u2
i12/13
−1
= −sech (u) =?
4/5

26
 Exercise: Evaluate the following integrals:-
(1) √ (2) Z π
Z 2 3
dx cosxdx
I= √ I= √
0 4 + x2 0 1 + sin2 x

(3) (4)
Z 1/3 Z 1/2
6dx dx
I= √ I=
0 1 + 9x2 0 1 − x2

(5) (6) e
2
Z
dx
Z
dx
I= √ I= p
1 x 4 + x2 1 x 1 + (lnx)2

27