Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
ECEN 3364-INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND PLC APPLICATIONS
Group Members BEN B. ANDRES, DEM, PECE
Asis, Anthony Professor
Cabuenas, John Ernann
Enoy, Kevin Roy
Estonido, Mar Daniel
Ramirez, Martin John
Panganiban, Julius Vince
Rating
EXPERIMENT 5
PROGRAMMABLE UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To become familiar with the structure, operation, characteristics, parameters and
applications of PUT.
2. To show how to calculate and measure VO and VP, and how to measure IAK and IG.
3. To demonstrate how a PUT is used as a switch in a relaxation oscillator, and to
determine the output frequency.
II. DISCUSSION:
The PUT operation similar to the UJT, but its precise firing point can be determined.
Structure and Schematic Symbol
This consists of four layers of P and N material and it leads are labeled anode (A),
gate (G), and cathode (K).
Figure 5.1
a) Structure b) Equivalent Transistor Circuit c) Schematic Symbol
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Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
Operation of a PUT
The PUT acts like a voltage-controlled diode. It requires a negative going pulse at its
gate to turn it on.
Figure 5.2
At time T1, a negative going pulse at the gate fires the PUT and current flows from K
to A and G. Voltages VA decreases at this time.
At time T2, the pulse is removed from the gate, but current continues to flow from K to
A and G. Voltage VAalso remains low, indicating that the PUT is conducting.
Therefore, the gate can trigger the PUT on, but then loses control.
Current-Voltage Characteristics of a PUT
Figure 5.3
VA decreases because of the negative-resistance "action" of the PUT.
VO also decreases, because of the negative-resistance action. IAK, IA and IG increases.
PUT Relaxation Oscillator
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Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
The VP can be programmed by R1 and R2 to cause the PUT to fire at exactly 63.2% of
+VCC, or one time constant.
Figure 5.4
PUT Definitions
Table 5.1
VCC power supply voltage connected to the anode
VA voltage from anode to ground
VC voltage between R1 and R2 to ground
VD forward voltage drop across PUT's anode to cathode. (≈0.7V)
VP peak voltage on anode at which PUT fires
VV valley voltage across anode and ground after PUT fires (≈0.7V)
IAK current flowing into cathode
IA current flowing out of the anode
IG current flowing out of gate
IP current flowing through PUT before firing
Iq current flow through PUT after firing
PUT Working Equations
R1 V P=V G +V D 1
V G= (V ) f OSC =
R1 + R2 CC R AC A
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Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
III. MATERIALS NEEDED:
1 Fixed +9V power supply 1 Breadboard for constructing
1 Oscilloscope (dual trace circuit
preferred) 1 4.6 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W
1 Standard or digital voltmeter 1 33 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W
1 Standard or digital ammeter 1 56 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W
1 2N6027 PUT or equivalent 1 100 Ω resistor at 0.5 W
1 10 kΩ potentiometer (RA) 1 100 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W
1 47 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W 1 220 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W
1 6.8 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W 1 0.01uF capacitor
1 68 kΩ resistor at 0.5 W 1 0.02uF capacitor
1 0.1uF capacitor
IV. PROCEDURES:
Part 1. This experiment involves calculating VG and VP and then measuring for these
voltages it will be shown how the values of R 1 and R2 influence the total current IAK
and the holding current IH through the PUT.
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 5.5 as shown below using the values R1
and R2 from the first row of the Table 5.2
Figure 5.5
Table 5.2
Data Table
R1 R2 R1 (+V CC ) VG V P=V G +V D VP (VA) IAK IH (mA)
V G=
(kΩ) (kΩ) R1 + R2
6.8 4.6 5.37 5.18 2.24 1.74 1.54mA
47 33 4.11 1.43 2.06 1.36 0.01mA
68 56 4.935 0.9 1.47 0.77 0.01uA
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
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E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
1. Adjust RA until VA reads 0 V.
2. Calculate VG and record on the data table.
3. Measure VG and record in the data table.
4. Calculate VP and record in the data table.
5. By adjusting RA, slowly increase VA until the meter indicates a sudden
decrease. The point just before the meter reading decreases is VP. Slowly
perform this step several times to obtain an accurate measurement for VP.
6. Record VP in the data table.
7. With the PUT fired (at the VP point), measure IAK and record in the data table.
8. With the PUT fired, slowly adjust RA so that IAK decreases. The meter reading
will suddenly decreases to zero. The point just before this sudden decrease is
the PUT’s holding current. Slowly perform this step several times to obtain an
accurate measurement for IH.
9. Record IH in the data table.
10. With the PUT fired, note the meter readings of VA and VC. The PUT is acting
like a switch.
11. Repeat steps 2 through 11 for the other values of R1 and R2 given in the table.
Part 2. Relaxation Oscillator
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 5.6.
2. Using the voltmeter, measure and record VA, VG, and VK in the blank spaces
provided in Figure.
VG = 4.49 VK= 0.15 VA =5.1____
Figure 5.6
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
Table 5.3
RA CA Frequency (Hz)
(KΩ) (uF) Calculated Measured
100 0.01 1000hz 998hz
100 0.1 100hz 98hz
100 0.02 50hz 45hz
47 0.01 2127.66hz 2110.66hz
220 0.01 454.545hz 457hz
3. Using the oscilloscope, examine the voltage waveforms at G, K, and A.
4. Draw these voltage waveforms in the spaces provided and indicate their
peak-to-peak values.
Table 5.4
VG VK VA
5. Calculate the approximate frequency of the oscillator from the values of RK
and CK and record in the proper place in Table 5.3.
6. Place the oscilloscope at A and measure the actual frequency. Remember that
f=1/T, where T is the time period of one cycle. Record this frequency in the
proper place in the data table.
7. Change components RA and CA as indicated by the table and repeat steps 5
and 6.
V. OBSERVATION:
Our remark to this experiment would be accurate was just like UJT, expect PUT is
Accurate in its firing point. Also observe how the proper and exact way of using
PUT as a switch in relaxation oscillator and to know the output frequency.
VI. CONCLUSION:
We conclude that, the Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) is
the switching voltage is easily yarned by changing Vg through the potential
divider. PUT can operate at lower voltages then IC’s. Peak current is lower UJT.
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Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
VII. QUESTIONS:
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) The PUT can be turned on with a negative pulse applied to the gate.
b) The PUT is programmable by selection of the gate resistors, which can
determine the exact firing point.
c) A PUT circuit can produce a sharp pulse to trigger other circuits.
d) The PUT can replace an SCR in a circuit.
2. A sawtooth voltage waveform of PUT oscillator can be seen with an oscilloscope
at:
a) A terminal b) K terminal c) G terminal d) none of the above
3. The condition of PUT as relaxation oscillator when CA is shorted.
a) Oscillates b) Saturates c) Cut-off d) none of the above
4. A positive pulse train is found at the gate of a PUT oscillator (True or False).
*FALSE
5. A negative pulse train is found at the cathode of a PUT oscillator (True or False).
*FALSE
PUT Circuit 1 Operation/Application
In this circuit the two resistors (15K
and 27k) provide this programmed
voltage by a voltage divider action.
This programmed Gate voltage could
be provided in other ways without
using these resistors, for example by
using another voltage source.
PUT Circuit 2 Operation/Application
We can even choose between 2 gates: a
positive gate connected to SWITCH2
and a negative gate connected to
SWITCH1. At power on, SWITCH1
and SWITCH2 are open. Q1 will not
conduct, because it's base is pulled high
by R1. Q2 will not conduct, because it's
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
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E L E C T R O N I C SCollege
E N GofIN EERING (ECE) DEPARTMENT
Engineering
base is floating and does not receive
any current.
PUT Circuit 3 Operation/Application
When the power is connected, the LED
will illuminate, getting it's current via
R1 from the power supply. The PUT
formed by Q1 and Q2 is not active
because the base of Q1 is pulled down
to ground by R4 and the base of Q2 is
pulled up to the voltage over the LED.
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