Elements of Electrical
Engineering
Lecture – 4
SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVISION
n The equivalent resistance of any number of
resistors connected in series is the sum of the
individual resistances
Equivalent circuit
SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVISION
n Notice that the source voltage v is divided
among the resistors in direct proportion to
their resistances; the larger the resistance,
the larger the voltage drop.
n This is called the principle of voltage division.
n In general, if a voltage divider has N resistors
(R1,R2, . . . , RN) in series with the source
voltage v, the nth resistor (Rn) will have a
voltage drop of
PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION
n The equivalent resistance of two parallel
resistors is equal to the product of their
resistances divided by their sum.
Problem 12
n Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.
Problem 13
n Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.
Problem 14
n Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the
circuit in Fig
Problem 15
n Find Rab for the circuit in Fig.
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
n Situations often arise in circuit analysis when
the resistors are neither in parallel nor in
series.
n Many circuits of the type shown
in Fig. can be simplified by using three-
terminal equivalent networks.
Fig: The bridge network
n These are the wye (Y) or tee (T)
Network and the delta (Δ) or pi (π) network
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
Fig: Two forms of the same network: (a) Y, (b) T.
Fig: Two forms of the same network: (a) Δ, (b) π.
Delta to Wye Conversion
n Suppose it is more convenient to work with a wye
network in a place where the circuit contains a delta
configuration,
n We superimpose a wye network on the existing delta
network and find the equivalent resistances in the
wye network.
n To obtain the equivalent resistances in the wye
network, we compare the two networks and make
sure that the resistance between each pair of nodes
in the Δ (or π) network is the same as the resistance
between the same pair of nodes in the Y (or T)
network.
Delta to Wye Conversion
n Each resistor in the Y network is the product
of the resistors in the two adjacent Δ
branches, divided by the sum of the three Δ
resistors.
Wye to Delta Conversion
n Each resistor in the Δ network is the sum of
all possible products of Y resistors taken two
at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
n If the Y and Δ networks are said to be
balanced when
R1 = R2 = R3 = RY, Ra = Rb = Rc = RΔ
n Under these conditions, conversion formulas
become
Problem 1
n Convert the Δ network in Fig. to an equivalent
Y network.
Problem 2
n Transform the wye network in Fig. to a delta
network.
Problem 3
n Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the
circuit in Fig. and use it to find current i.
Problem 4
n For the bridge network in Fig. find Rab and i.
Problem 5
n Find Req and I in the circuit of Fig.
Problem 6
n If Req = 50 in the circuit in Fig, find R.
Problem 7
n Find the equivalent resistance Rab in each of
the circuits of Fig. Each resistor is 100.
Problem 8
n Find the equivalent resistance Rab in each of
the circuits of Fig. Each resistor is 100.
Problem 9
n Calculate Io in the circuit of Fig
Problem 10
n Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab in each
of the circuits of Fig, all resistors have a value
of 30 .
NODAL ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE SOURCES
n For the circuit shown in Fig. find the node
voltages.
