CENG 6102 Concrete Construction

Laboratory Report for

Production of Self Compacting Concrete and C-70MPa

Concrete

By:
Yared Kebede GSR/5367/13
Betelehem Solomon GSR/ 9192/13
Abraham Tesfaye GSR/ 0447/13

Submitted to: - Abebe Dinku, Prof. (Dr.-Ing)

I
 Acknowledgement

The group students would like to express their gratitude to Professor Dr-Ing.
Abebe Dinku and Dr. Biruktawit, for giving us the opportunity to work on this lab
work and who has been teaching and pushing us to become better professionals in our
respective fields. Working on this laboratory report had its challenges and we have
learned a lot not only on the subject matter but also regarding how to write such
papers and that will help us in the future. We would also like to acknowledge the
support and information provided by AAiT Civil Engineering laboratory technicians
specially Abiy and Biniam during our laboratory work.

II
 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement............................................................................................II
Table of Contents............................................................................................III
List of Figure...................................................................................................VI
List of Table....................................................................................................VI
Abstract..........................................................................................................VII
1 Introduction.................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..........................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.....................................................................1
1.3 Objective of the paper..........................................................................1
1.4 Significance of the Paper.....................................................................1
2 Properties of Materials Used for the Production.........................................3
2.1 Cement.................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement....................................3
2.1.2 Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement................................................4
2.2 Fine Aggregate.....................................................................................5
2.2.1 Silt Content of Sand.......................................................................5
2.2.2 Particle Size Distribution of Fine Aggregate.................................6
2.2.3 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregates....7
2.3 Coarse Aggregate.................................................................................9
2.3.1 Particle Size Distribution of Aggregate.........................................9
2.3.2 S.G and Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregates...................10
2.3.3 Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate...............................................11
2.4 Moisture Content of Aggregates........................................................12
2.5 Water..................................................................................................12
2.6 Admixture..........................................................................................13
3 Self-Compacting Concrete........................................................................14
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................14
3.2 Uses of SCC.......................................................................................15
3.2.1 Advantages of Self Compacted Concrete....................................16

III
 3.2.2 Disadvantages of SCC.................................................................17
3.2.3 Ingredients of SCC.......................................................................18
3.3 Properties of SCC..............................................................................19
3.3.1 Fresh SCC Properties...................................................................19
3.3.2 Hardened SCC Properties............................................................20
3.4 Tests to Determine SCC Flow Properties..........................................23
3.4.1 General.........................................................................................23
3.4.2 Slump Flow Test..........................................................................24
3.4.3 U box test method........................................................................25
3.4.4 L box test method........................................................................26
3.4.5 V Funnel Test...............................................................................28
4 C-70 Concrete...........................................................................................30
4.1 General Overview..............................................................................30
4.1.1 Objectives....................................................................................30
4.1.2 Methodology................................................................................31
4.1.3 Introduction..................................................................................31
5 Mix Design................................................................................................32
5.1 Mix Design for SCC..........................................................................32
5.1.1 Determination of Slum Flow Performance Requirement............32
5.1.2 Selecting Coarse Aggregate and Proportion................................32
5.1.3 Estimating the required cementitious content and water.............33
5.1.4 Calculate paste and mortar volume..............................................33
5.1.5 Select Admixture.........................................................................33
5.1.6 Batching the trial mixture............................................................34
5.2 Mix Design for C-70..........................................................................34
5.3 Mixing................................................................................................38
6 Compressive Test Result...........................................................................43
6.1 Preparation of Concrete Cube Specimen...........................................43
6.1.1 Specimen......................................................................................43
6.1.2 Sampling of Cubes for Test.........................................................43
6.1.3 Curing of Cubes...........................................................................43

IV
 6.1.4 Procedure for Concrete Cube Test...............................................44
6.2 Characteristics Compressive Strength Calculations..........................44
6.2.1 For C-70.......................................................................................44
6.2.2 For SCC.......................................................................................44
6.3 C-70 Compressive Strength Test Result............................................44
6.3.1 SCC Compressive Strength Test Result......................................46
7 Conclusion.................................................................................................47
8 Photos during Laboratory Work................................................................48
9 References.................................................................................................52

V
 List of Figure

Figure 2-1 Fine Aggregate Grading..................................................................7

Figure 3-1 Slump Flow Test Procedure...........................................................25
Figure 3-2 U Box Test.....................................................................................26
Figure 3-3 L Box Test.....................................................................................28
Figure 3-4 V Funnel Test................................................................................29
Figure 5-2 Mixing in the lab............................................................................38
Figure 5-3 Slump flow test..............................................................................39
Figure 5-4 L-box test in the laboratory............................................................40
Figure 5-5- V- funnel test................................................................................41
Figure 8-1 Silt content test..............................................................................48
Figure 8-2 Particle size distribution of Fine Aggregates.................................48
Figure 8-3 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregate......48
Figure 8-4 Particle Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate.............................49

List of Table
Table 2-1 Grading of Fine Aggregate...............................................................6
Table 2-2 Particle Size Distribution of Aggregate..........................................10
Table 2-3 Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate...................................................11
Table 2-4 Moisture Content of Aggregates.....................................................12
Table 5-1Batch Weight of Trial Mix...............................................................34
Table 5-2 Tests for SCC Mix..........................................................................42
Table 6-1Compressive strength result of C-70................................................45
Table 6-2 Compressive strength results of SCC-25........................................46

VI
 Abstract
This report discusses about Self Compacted Concrete with C-25 grade and a
high strength concrete with grade of C-70 as an Assignment for Concrete
Construction course in AAiT material laboratory. It contains trial mix designs (mix
requirements and mix proportions) and experimental results (compressive strength) of
two concrete mixes to be used for two different applications (high-strength and self-
compaction).

After preparing the constituent material for concrete, then followed tests to
know constituent material properties. Particle size distribution, Specific gravity and
absorption test were conducted for both coarse and fine aggregate and measured the
silt content for the sand.

Mix 1 is to be used for conditions where there is congested reinforcement bar

faced in structures. SCC concrete has an ability to flow through congested bar and
self-compact itself. The paper also discusses about the tests we can undertake to test
the flowingness and passing ability of the concrete mix. After the constituting
materials prepared and tested, mixing procedures of the SCC has taken place. Slump
flow test, L-box and V funnel test has been conducted on the SCC mix and all have
passed the criteria.

Mix 2 is to be used for high-strength structures. It requires design strength of

80.1 MPa characteristics strength. By using the data from the conducted laboratory
tests, the paper further shows the use of DOE method of mix design for C-70
Concrete.

After curing taking place in the fresh water, the next step was to perform the
compressive test to know the achieved compressive strength. The Self compacting
concrete 28 day mean strength become 35.54 MPa, and the C-70 concrete, the 28th
day compressive strength is 79.62Mpa, which is not that much below the calculated
target-mean strength.

Finally the paper concludes that the achieved compressive strength is

desirable for SCC and an improvement is desirable for C70 concrete since it is below
the desired strength

VII
 Concrete Construction

1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Among the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, the bonding substance most
often used was clay. The Egyptians developed a substance more closely resembling
modern concrete by using lime and gypsum as binders. Lime (calcium oxide), derived
from limestone, chalk, or (where available) oyster shells, continued to be the primary
pozzolanic, or cement-forming, agent until the early 1800s. In 1824 an English
inventor, Joseph Aspdin, burned and ground together a mixture of limestone and clay.
This mixture, called portland cement, has remained the dominant cementing agent
used in concrete production.

Concrete is characterized by the type of aggregate or cement used, by the

specific qualities it manifests, or by the methods used to produce it. In ordinary
structural concrete, the character of the concrete is largely determined by a water-to-
cement ratio. all else being equal; the lower the water content, the stronger the
concrete. The mixture must have just enough water to ensure that each aggregate
particle is completely surrounded by the cement paste, that the spaces between the
aggregate are filled, and that the concrete is liquid enough to be poured and spread
effectively. Another durability factor is the amount of cement in relation to the
aggregate (expressed as a three-part ratio—cement to fine aggregate to coarse
aggregate). Where especially strong concrete is needed, there will be relatively less
aggregate

1.2 Statement of the Problem

We are given a mix design problem of C-25 strength with self-compacting
concrete behavior and C- 70 which is high strength concrete to mix in the lab and
approve the strength and flowing capabilities of the SCC concrete.

1.3 Objective of the paper

The objective of this lab report is to study and achieve the performance and
strength of Self Compacting Concrete with strength of C-25 and high strength
concrete with C70.

1.4 Significance of the Paper

Nowadays in Ethiopia, due to the development of infrastructure and
requirement of high strength concrete, the industry is demanding more of SCC and

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 1

 Concrete Construction

concrete strength with C-40 and above. This project helps to predict the achievability
of these concrete mixes and how to achieve them.

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 2

 Concrete Construction

2 Properties of Materials Used for the Production

2.1 Cement
For Self consolidating concrete, we used Dangote PPC 42.5N cement in order
to have enough filler quantity. For C-70 Concrete, we used Dangote OPC 42.5N
cement since we designed the mix design DOE normal concrete.

2.1.1 Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement

Dangote Pozzolanic Portland cement of grade 42.5N was used for the
production of the concrete.

The choice of Pozzolanic cement over the ordinary one is because filler
materials like the pozzolans in the cement are known to increase workability even
though they might affect the early strength.

The Physical tests done for the cement are Normal consistency of hydraulic
cement and Setting time of hydraulic cement. The procedures taken for these tests are
similar to ones taken for the C60 concrete and in order to reduce redundancy only the
results are presented here.

Equipment

The following apparatus were used to determine the amount of water required
to prepare a standard cement paste: Vicat apparatus, Weight and weighing device,
Graduated Cylinder, Mixing dish, Trowel. (Dinku, June 2002)

Procedure

To determine the amount of water required to prepare a standard cement

paste, we took 300 gm of cement and mixed it with a measured quantity of water for
3 min. using a trowel.

Then after, we tossed the cement paste 6 times in the approximate shape of a
ball from one hand to another through a free path of 15cm so that it became easily
inserted into the vicat ring mold. (Dinku, June 2002)

Immediately after we filled and leveled the paste, we lowered the plunger
gently until it touched the surface of the paste and tighten the screw and set the
movable indicator to the upper zero mark of the scale.

Then we released the plunger then the plunger records its penetration. (Dinku,
June 2002)
Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 3
 Concrete Construction

We repeated the procedure by varying the proportion of water until we

obtained the desired normal consistency of the paste. Finally, the amount of water
required for normal consistency was calculated as a percentage by weight of the dry
cement as follow:

Weight of water ∈ g
% water= X 100
weight of cement ∈ g

78
% wat er= X 100 = 26%
300

2.1.2 Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement

As setting is the consequence of hydration of cement, setting time is affected
by the amount of water used to prepare cement paste, i.e. its water to cement ratio.
Generally, there are two types of setting time to be determined in the laboratory,
initial and final setting times. The initial setting time is the duration of cement paste
related to 25mm penetration of the Vicat needle into the paste in 30seconds after it is
released while the final setting time is that related to zero penetration of the Vicat
needle in to the paste. (Dinku, June 2002)

Equipment

The apparatuses we used to determine the setting time of cement include the
following: Vicat apparatus, Weights, graduated cylinder, Mixing dish, and Trowel.

Procedure

To determine the setting time of the cement we prepared a cement paste of

normal consistency and inserted the paste into the larger end of the conical ring then
we removed the excess paste by a single oblique stroke by a sharpened trowel held at
a slight angle with the top of the ring. Finally, we tighten the screw and set the
indicator at the upper end of the scale, and then we released the rod and allowed the
needle to settle for 30 seconds and took initial reading. Then after we took reading
every 10min thereafter until a penetration of 25mm is obtained and record the results
of all the penetration tests. The final setting time is when the needle does not sink
visibly in to the paste. (Dinku, June 2002)

The type of cement we used was Dangote OPC. According to British

Standard, the maximum initial setting time of Portland cement is 45 minutes. But we
did not get the initial setting time in 45 minutes. Due to lack of Vicat apparatus, we
could not do the final setting time.

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 4

 Concrete Construction

2.2 Fine Aggregate

Similar fine aggregate materials are used for both Self Consolidating Concrete
and C-70 concrete trial mixes.

2.2.1 Silt Content of Sand

Locally available natural sand with 4.75mm maximum size was used as fine
aggregate. The fine aggregates used for this project was taken from the AAiT’s
laboratory.

Sand is the product of natural or artificial disintegration of rocks and minerals.

Sand is obtained from glacial, river, lake, mineral, residual and wind-blown (very fine
sand) deposits. These deposits, however, do not provide pure sand. They often
contain other materials such as dust, loam and clay that are finer than sand. The
presence of such materials on sand used to make concrete or mortar decrease the
bond between the materials to be bound together and hence the strength of the
mixture. The finer particles do not only decrease the strength but also the quality of
the mixture produced resulting in produced in fast deterioration. (Dinku, June 2002).

Therefore, it is necessary to determine the silt content of the sand and check
against permissible limits before it is used either for mortar or concrete making.

According to the Ethiopian Standard it is recommended to wash the sand or

reject if the silt content exceeds a value of 6%.

The apparatuses we used to determine the silt content of sand include the
following: Graduated cylinder, Dish for taking sample, Small size spoon, Sample
sand, Funnel.

Procedure

To determine the silt content of sand we took the sand by random sampling.
We poured 300ml of the sand to the graduated cylinder and filled the water
approximately ¾ of the cylinder. Then we shook the cylinder vigorously for about a
minute and left it for one hour till the silt settled on the layer of the sand. Finally, we
measured the amount of fines formed on top of the washed sand.

Thus, we obtained the following readings

 The amount of silt deposited above the sand, A= 17ml

 The amount of clean sand, B= 283ml
 Therefore,

Silt content (%) = [A/B] x 100 = [15/285] x 100 = 5.26%

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 5

 Concrete Construction

Since the result, we calculated, was approximately equal to the maximum

allowable silt content.

Hence, we washed the sand to have good quality SCC-25 and C - 70 concrete.

2.2.2 Particle Size Distribution of Fine Aggregate

We weigh 2 kg of a sample of fine aggregate and selected a representative
sample by quartering. From the quartered sample, we took 500gm. Then, we
weighted the empty sieves and recorded the data. The 500gm sample was then placed
on the top sieve (having large opening size) and vibrated. After shaking, we weighted
each sieve together with the fine aggregate retained on it. Finally, we calculated the
weight retained on each sieve. (Dinku, June 2002)
Table 2-1 Grading of Fine Aggregate
Sieve
Size Weigh
t of Wt.
Sieve of Weight
Retaine Percentag
e Cumulativ
e Coarser Cumulativ
e Passing lowe
r upper
limits
(mm) Sieve and d (gm) Retained (%) (%) limit
(gm) Retaine (%) s
d (gm)

4.75 426.1 426.59 0.49 0.10 0.10 99.90 90 100

2.36 397.4 438.50 41.10 8.22 8.32 91.68 60 95
1.18 374.1 493.34 119.24 23.85 32.17 67.83 30 70
600µ 325.2 581.98 256.78 51.36 83.52 16.48 15 34
300µ 310.1 360.14 50.04 10.01 93.53 6.47 5 20
150µ 263.8 289.31 25.51 5.10 98.63 1.37 0 10
Pan 336.1 342.94 6.84 1.37 100.00 0.00
Total 500.00 416.27 283.73 200 329.0
0
120

100

80

upper limits
60
Cumulative
Passing (%)
40 lower limits

20

0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Figure 2-1 Fine Aggregate Grading

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 6

 Concrete Construction

F.M = [∑Cumulative Coarser (%)] / 100

(416.27 – 100) / 100 = 3.16

Therefore our sand is coarse sand with zone 1.

2.2.3 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of

Fine Aggregates
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio between the weight of the
substance and that of the same volume of water. This definition assumes that the
substance is solid throughout. Aggregates, however, have pores that are both
permeable and impermeable; whose structure (size, number, and continuity pattern)
affects water absorption permeability, and specific gravity of the aggregates. (Dinku,
June 2002)

Equipment’s

The apparatus used to determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity, and
absorption of fine aggregates includes: Balance, Pycnometer, Mold and Tamper.

Procedure

To determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity, and absorption of fine
aggregates, we took 1000g of the fine aggregate from the sample by the use of sample
splitter then after we oven dried the sample in a suitable pan to constant weight at a
temperature of 100 + 5oC, cooled in air at room temperature for 19hrs, and then
spread it on the flat surface and stirred it to have uniform drying till the sample
approached a free-flow condition. (Dinku, June 2002) Then we introduced 500gm of
the sample in to the Pycnometer and filled with water to approximately 90% of the
capacity.

Finally, we determined the total weight of the pycnometer, sample and water
and record the following data:

Weight of Empty Pycnometer (W1): - 210.7gm

Weight of Pycnometer + Sample (W2): - 699.2gm

Weight of Pycnometer + Sample + Water (W3): - 995.7gm

Weight of Pycnometer + Water (W4): - 705.5gm

Dried sample: - 464gm

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 7

 Concrete Construction

Therefore

W 2−W 1
Specific Gravity=
( W 4−W 1 )−(W 3−W 2)

699.2−210.7
Specific Gravity=
( 705.5−210.7 )−(995.7−699.2)

= 2.47

A = oven dry sample = 464

B = weight of pycnometer filled with water = 705.5

C = weight of pycnometer with sample and water = 995.7

Bulk Specific Gravity

A
Bulk Sp . Gr=
[ ( B+500−C ) ]
464
Bulk Sp . Gr=
[ ( 705.5+ 500−995.7 ) ]
= 2.21

Bulk Specific Gravity at SSD

500
Bulk sp gr ( SSD)= [ B+500−C ]
500
Bulk sp gr ( SSD)= [ 705.5+500−995.7 ]
= 2.4

Apparent Specific Gravity

A
Apparent sp gr= [ B+ A−C ]
464
Apparent sp gr= [ 705.5+ 464−995.7 ]
= 2.67

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 8

 Concrete Construction

Absorption Capacity

500− A
Absorption(%)= [ A ]* 100

= 7.76%

2.3 Coarse Aggregate

Similar coarse aggregate materials are used for both Self Consolidating
Concrete and C-70 concrete trial mixes, Crushed stone with maximum size of
12.5mm as coarse aggregate.

Coarse aggregates used for this project was taken from the AAiT’s laboratory.

2.3.1 Particle Size Distribution of Aggregate

An aggregate, for making concrete, is any hard, inert material composed of
fragments in a wide gradational range of sizes, which is mixed with a cementing
material and water to form concrete.

According to the Ethiopian Standard, coarse aggregates are those between 75

and 4.75mm in size. (Dinku, June 2002).

Sieve Analysis is a procedure for the determination of the particle size

distribution of aggregates using a series of square or round openings starting with the
largest. It is used to determine the grading of aggregates and the fineness modulus, an
index to the fineness and coarseness and uniformity of aggregates. (Dinku, June
2002)

Balance, series of sieves, shovels and sieve bush were used while we conduct
sieve analysis.

From the aggregate we used in the laboratory, we weigh 20 kg of a sample of

coarse aggregate and selected a representative sample by quartering. From the
quartered sample, we took 2 kg. Then, we weighted the empty sieves and recorded
the data. The 2 kg sample was placed on the top sieve (having large opening size) and
vibrated for about 2 minutes in a sieve shaker.

Finally, we calculated the weight retained on each sieve.

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 9

 Concrete Construction
Table 2-2 Particle Size Distribution of Aggregate
Sieve
Size pass
range Weig
ht of Wt.
Sieveof Weigh
t Percenta
ge Cumulati
ve Cumulati
ve
Sieve and Retain Retained Coarser Passing
(gm) Retain ed (%) (%) (%)
ed (gm)
(gm)

19 100% 1387.
6 1387.6 0.00 0% 0% 100%
12.5 90%
100% - 1151.
3 1351.3
0 200.00 10% 10% 90%
9.5 40%
70% - 1158.
8 2548.8
0 1390.0
0 70% 80% 21%
4.75 0% - 15% 1169.
9 1449.9
0 280.00 14% 94% 6%
Pan 0% - 5% 732.3 862.30 130.00 7% 100% 0%

2.3.2 S.G and Absorption Capacity of Coarse

Aggregates
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio between the weight of the
substance and that of the same volume of water. This definition assumes that the
substance is solid throughout. Aggregates, however, have pores that are both
permeable and impermeable; whose structure (size, number, and continuity pattern)
affects water absorption permeability, and specific gravity of the aggregates. (Dinku,
June 2002)

Equipment’s

The apparatus used to determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity, and
absorption of coarse aggregates includes: balance, sample container and suitable
apparatus for suspending the sample container in water from the center of the scale
pan or balance. (Dinku, June 2002)

Procedure

The primary step, to determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity, and
absorption of coarse aggregates, was preparation of the test sample. The sample was
selected by use of sample splitter then after we washed the sample to remove dust
from the surface. The sample then oven dried to constant weight at a temperature of
100 + 5oC, cooled in air at room temperature for 1 to 3hrs, and then immersed in
water at room temperature for 24hrs. The immersed sample then removed from water
and rolled in a large towel until all visible films of water are removed. Then we
record

The following data: (Dinku, June 2002)

 Weigh of pan: - 568.8gm

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 10

 Concrete Construction

 Pan + Aggregate weight: - 2568gm

 Soaked Aggregate inside water: - 1240gm
 Oven dry Aggregate: - 1975gm

2000
Specific Gravity=
2000−1240

= 2.70

2000−1975
absorption capacity=
1975

= 1.26%

2.3.3 Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate

Table 2-3 Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate

Description Unit Sample
Volume of Mold Lit 14.65
Weight of Mold Only (W) Kg 4.85
Weight of Mold loosely with aggregate (W1) Kg 28.53
Weight of the mold Aggregate fully compacted (W2) Kg 29.28
Loose Unit Weight = (W1-W)*1000/V Kg/m3 1616.38
Rod Compacted Unit Weight = (W2-W)*1000/V Kg/m3 1667.58
Again since the procedure used to measure these properties is similar to that
of the C-70 concrete, only the physical quality tests results are given in the following
table

2.4 Moisture Content of Aggregates

It is well known that water-cement ratio affects the workability and strength
of concrete specimens. A design water-cement ratio is usually specified based on the
assumption that aggregates are inert. But in most cases aggregates from different
sources do not comply with this, i.e. wet aggregates give water to the mix and drier
aggregates take water from the mix affecting, in both cases, the design water-cement
ratio and therefore workability and strength of the mix. In order to correct for these
discrepancies, the moisture content of aggregates has to be determined. (Dinku, June
2002)

The apparatuses used while determining the moisture content of aggregates

include: Balance, Dish, Oven and Trowel.

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 11

 Concrete Construction

To determine the moisture content of coarse and fine aggregates we weighted

2000gm and 500gm of each type respectively. Then we let the samples to be oven
dried for 24hrs with a temperature of 105 oc-110 oc. The oven dried samples then
removed from the oven and get cooled for an hour; then after the aggregates are
separately weighted and their weights became 1998gm for coarse aggregate and
495gm for fine aggregate. The moisture content (W) of the aggregates was calculated
as follow. (Dinku, June 2002)

Table 2-4 Moisture Content of Aggregates

Weight of(gm)
Original weight
sampleof dry
(gm) Moisture Content
(%) {[A-
Aggregate Type Sample A B B]/B}*100
Coarse
Aggregate 2000 1971 1.47
Fine Aggregate 1000 968 3.31

2.5 Water
As the rule of the thumb for water quality is, “If you can drink it, you can
make concrete with it”, therefore potable water found in the AAiT compound was
used for all concrete mixes

2.6 Admixture
We have understood that as we decrease water content strength of concrete
increases but this is at the expense of workability. Workability of concrete can be
defined as the ease with which it can be used on field. Generally, on field high
workable concrete is required. So, for meeting both the criteria’s super plasticizers
are used. The super plasticizers (SP) are referred to as high range water reducing
admixture, mainly disperses the water in concrete matrix. There are many types of
SP’s present but a SP has to be selected keeping in view the conditions of the field
and the requirement. Here, we are going to use Sika Viscocrete for both C-70 and
SCC mixes.

Laboratory Report on Production of SCC-25 and C-70 Page 12

 Concrete Construction

3 Self-Compacting Concrete
3.1 Introduction
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is defined as concrete that has an ability to
flow under its own weight, to fill the required space or formwork completely and to
produce a dense and adequately homogenous material without a need for vibrating
compaction,

Self-compacting concrete was first developed in 1988 to achieve durable

concrete structures. Since then, various investigations have been carried out and this
type of concrete has been used in practical structures in Japan, mainly by large
construction companies. Investigations for establishing a rational mix-design method
and self-compactability testing methods have been carried out from the viewpoint of
making self- compacting concrete a standard concrete.

To establish an appropriate mixture proportion for a self- compacting concrete

the performance requirements must be defined taking into account the structural
conditions such as shape, dimensions, reinforcement density and construction
conditions. The construction conditions include methods of transporting, placing,
finishing and curing. The specific requirement of self-compacting concrete is its
capacity for self-compaction, without vibration, in the fresh state. Other performances
such as strength and durability should be established as for normal concrete.

Based on the original concept of Okamura and Ozawa SCC is often classified
as powder type, VMA type or combined type, depending on the method of providing
viscosity (Dehn F, et. al, 2000.)

a) Powder type of self-compacting concrete: This is proportioned to give

the required self-compatibility by reducing the water-powder (material<0.1mm) ratio
and provide adequate segregation resistance. Super plasticizer and air entraining
admixtures give the required deformability.

b) Viscosity agent type self-compacting concrete: This type is proportioned

to provide self-compaction by the use of viscosity modifying admixture to provide
segregation resistance. Super plasticizers and air entraining admixtures are used for
obtaining the desired deformability.

c) Combination type self-compacting concrete: This type is proportioned so

as to obtain self-compatibility mainly by reducing the water powder ratio, as in the
powder type, and a viscosity modifying admixture is added to reduce the quality

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fluctuations of the fresh concrete due to the variation of the surface moisture content
of the aggregates and their gradations during the production. This facilitates the
production control of the concrete.

3.2 Uses of SCC

For several years, the problem of the durability of concrete structures has been
a major problem posed to engineers. To make durable concrete structures, sufficient
compaction is required.

Compaction for conventional concrete is done by vibrating. Over vibration

can easily cause segregation. In conventional concrete, it is difficult to ensure
uniform material quality and good density in heavily reinforced locations.

If steel is not properly surrounded by concrete it leads to durability problems.

This is the problem mainly with heavily reinforced sections where a very high
congestion of reinforcement is seen. In this case, it becomes extremely difficult to
compact the concrete.

Honeycombs are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on the
surface or inside the mass where concrete could not reach. These look like honey
bees nest. Improper vibration and workability of concrete are main causes of
honeycombs in concrete. Honeycombs which are on sides are visible to naked eyes
and can be detected easily as soon shuttering is removed. Honeycombs which are
inside mass of concrete can only be detected by advanced techniques like ultrasonic
testing etc. Then what can be done to avoid honeycombing?

The answer to the problem may be a type of concrete which can get
compacted into every corner of form work and gap between steel, purely by means of
its own weight and without the need for compaction. The SCC concept was required
to overcome these difficulties.

The SCC concept can be stated as the concrete that meets special performance
and uniformity requirements that cannot always be obtained by using conventional
ingredients, normal mixing procedure and curing practices. The SCC is an engineered
material consisting of cement, aggregates, water and admixtures with several new
constituents like colloidal silica, pozzolanic materials, chemical admixtures to take
care of specific requirements, such as, high flowability, compressive strength, high
workability, enhanced resistances to chemical or mechanical stresses, lower
permeability, durability, resistance against segregation, and possibility under dense
reinforcement conditions.

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The properties, such as, fluidity and high resistance to segregation enables the
placement of concrete without vibrations and with reduced labor, noise and much less
wear and tear of equipment.

3.2.1 Advantages of Self Compacted Concrete

1. Improved Concrete Quality:
a. SCC yields homogeneous concrete in situations where the castings
are difficult due to congested reinforcement, difficult access etc.
b. SCC shows a good filling ability especially around reinforcement
c. SCC is very well suited for special and technically demanding
structures such as tunnel linings, as the possibility to compact the
concrete is limited in the closed space between formwork and
rock.
d. Shows narrow variation in properties on site.
e. Most suitable for concrete filled tubes (CFT) technology
construction for high rise buildings.
f. It ensures better quality of in-situ pile foundation.
2. Environmental & Human Health Protection:
a. Reduces noise at sites, the pre-cast factory, and neighborhood,
hence, it is a silent concrete.
b. Eliminates problems with blood circulation leading to “white
fingers” caused by compacting equipment, hence called a healthy
concrete.
c. SCC gives noise protection in precast industry, by introducing no
restrictive measures like ear protection, marked areas, safety
instructions are necessary.
d. Shortens the construction time by accelerating construction
process, especially in pre-cast industry.
3. Economy & Time Reducing: Concrete Construction | Laboratory Report
for Production of SCC & C-70
a. Its ease of placement improves the productivity and the cost saving
through reduced equipment and labor equipment.
b. Reduction in wear and tear of forms, therefore, it extends the
service life of forms.
c. Reduction in the number of worker. Normally one cum requires
1.5 man-hours; with SCC this is reduced to 0.35 man-hours.
d. It reduces the consumption of resources and cost, even considering
a higher price per cubic meter for the concrete. Okamura has
reported that it is possible to reduce the overall bridge cost by 5-
15%.

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e. Because of its high fluidity, this concrete does not need any
vibrations so that it allows to save energy and ensure suitable cost
in place.
f. Reduction of expenses and manpower needed for patching finished
precast elements.
g. It can enable the concrete supplier to provide better consistency in
delivering concrete, which reduces the interventions at the plants
or job sites.
4. Construction with SCC is not affected by the skill of the workers, and
shape and arrangement of reinforcing bars of the structures.
5. SCC use at construction sites reduces the chance of accident by reducing
number of cables needed for the operation of compacting equipment,
hence, reduces the worker’s compensation premiums

3.2.2 Disadvantages of SCC

In spite of above all, following are the some of the disadvantages of SCC:

 The production of SCC places more stringent requirements on the

selection of materials in comparison with conventional concrete.
 An uncontrolled variation of even 1% moisture content in the fine
aggregate will have a much bigger impact on the rheology of SCC at
very low W/C (~0.3) ratio. Proper stock piling of aggregate,
uniformity of moisture in the batching process, and good sampling
 Practices are essential for SCC mixture,
 A change in the characteristics of a SCC mixture could be a warning
sign for quality control and while a subjective judgment, may
sometimes be more important than the quantitative parameters.
 The development of a SCC requires a large number of a trial batches.
In addition to the laboratory trial batches, field size trial batches
should be used to simulate the typical production conditions. Once a
promising mixture has been established, further laboratory trial
batches are required to quantify the characteristics of the mixture.
 SCC is costlier than conventional concrete
 Concrete materials cost due to higher dosage of chemical admixtures,
i.e. high range water reducer and viscosity enhancing admixture
(VEA). Increase in material cost can be easily offset with
improvement in productivity, reductions in vibration cost and
maintenance and proper uses of mineral admixtures

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3.2.3 Ingredients of SCC

The degree of packing of coarse aggregate in SCC is approximately 50% to
reduce the interaction between coarse aggregate particles when the concrete deforms.
In addition, the ratios of fine aggregate volume to solid volume (S/Slim) in the mortar
are shown in the same figure. The degree of packing of fine aggregate in SCC mortar
is approximately 60% so that shear deformability when the concrete deforms may be
limited. On the other hand, the viscosity of the paste in SCC is the highest among the
various types of concrete due to its lowest water-powder ratio.

SCC is something different than the conventional concrete or modification of

conventional concrete it has similar ingredients such as Aggregate binder, however
there blending is changed so as to get the advantage of self-compactness:

a. Cement: - Generally Portland cement is used for SCC.

b. Aggregates: - The maximum size of aggregate is generally limited to
20mm. Aggregate of size 10 mm is desirable for structures having
congested reinforcement. Wherever possible size of aggregate higher than
20 mm could also be used. Well graded cubical or rounded aggregate are
desirable. Aggregates should be of uniform quality with respect to shape
and grading.

Fine aggregate can be natural or manufactured. The grading must be uniform

throughout the work. The moisture content or absorption characteristics must be
closely monitored as quality of SCC will be sensitive to such changes.

Particles smaller than 0.125mm i.e. 125-micron size are considered as FINES
which contribute to the powder content.

c. Mixing water: - Ordinary potable water of normally pH 7 is used for

mixing and curing the concrete specimen.
d. Admixtures for SCC: - An admixture is a material other than water,
aggregates and cement and is added to the batch immediately before or
during its mixing. Admixtures are used to improve or give special
properties to concrete. The use of admixture should offer an improvement
not economically attainable by adjusting the proportions of cement and
aggregates and should not adversely affect any properties of the concrete.

The admixture consists chiefly of those which accelerate and those which
retard hydrations or setting of the cement, finely divided materials which improves
workability, water proofers, pigments, wetting, dispersing and air-entraining agents
and pozzolanas.

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Admixtures ranging from additions of chemicals to waste materials have been

used to improve certain properties of concrete. The admixture is generally added in a
relatively minute quantity. The degree of control must be higher to ensure that over
dosages are unlikely to occur. Excess quantity of admixture may be detrimental to the
properties of concrete. It may be mentioned here that concrete of poor quantity will
not be converted to the good quality concrete by adding admixture.

The effect of each component may be summarized as follows:

 Variations in the powder content affect mainly the yield stress and
some extent the plastic viscosity.
 Air content affects mainly the plastic viscosity.
 Water affects the yield stress and the plastic viscosity.
 Super-plasticizer dosage affects mainly the yield stress and marginally
the plastic viscosity.
 Viscosity modifying admixtures affect mainly the plastic viscosity.

3.3 Properties of SCC

The properties of SCC can be studies in both fresh and hardened state of the
concrete.

3.3.1 Fresh SCC Properties

The 3 main properties of SCC in plastic state are:

1. Filling ability (excellent deformability)

2. Passing ability (ability to pass reinforcement without blocking)
3. High resistance to segregation.
a) Filling ability: - reflects the deformability of SCC, i.e. the ability of fresh
concrete to Change its shape under its own weight (Okamura H, Ouchi M,
1999).
Deformability includes two aspects:
1. The deformation capacity is the maximum ability to deform, that is,
how far concrete can flow; and
2. Deformation velocity refers to the time taken for the concrete to finish
flowing, that is, how fast concrete can flow. Filling ability is a balance
between deformation capacity and deformation velocity.
For example, a concrete with high deformation capacity and very low
deformation velocity tended to be very viscous and would take long
time to fill the formwork (Skarendahl A, Petersson O, 2000).
b) Passing Ability: - is the characteristic of SCC to flow through and around
obstacles Such as reinforcement and narrow spaces without blocking. When

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SCC is placed in the structure with congested reinforcements, it must pass

smoothly between small gaps of reinforcements without blockage due to the
interactions between aggregate particles and /or between aggregate particles
and reinforcement. (Takafumi Niguchi,1998) When concrete approaches a
narrow space, the different flowing velocities of the mortar and coarse
aggregate lead to a locally increased content of coarse aggregate.
c) Segregation Resistance: - is the characteristic of SCC to remain
homogeneous during and after transporting and placing. It is passing ability
that distinguishes SCC from other high consistence concrete. (Domone PLJ,
2000.) Free water, which cannot attach to the solid particles and moves freely
in the concrete, is the main influence on segregation. Segregation which
happens during placing is called dynamic segregation. After placing, if coarse
aggregate settles and the free water rises causing bleeding, this is called static
segregation. Bleeding water reaches the concrete surface or is trapped under
obstacles such as coarse aggregate and reinforcement bars which weakens the
interfacial zone and results in impaired strength and durability. Enhancement
of segregation resistance includes binding extra free water by lower W/P ratio,
use of VMA or a high volume of powder, hence providing proper viscosity to
ensure homogeneous flow. Limiting the size and content of coarse aggregate
are also effective in inhibiting segregation.

3.3.2 Hardened SCC Properties

While some of the fresh properties of SCC differ significantly from those of
conventional concrete, hardened concrete properties of SCC may be designed through
the mixture proportion to be similar, or better than, those of a conventional concrete
mixture.

Hydration

When concrete is subjected to high temperature at early age, many physical

and chemical changes of the hardened concrete can take place. The main factor
contributing to temperature rise in mass concrete is heat evolution due to an
exothermic reaction of cement. Understanding the mechanism of heat generation for
cement is the key to controlling the temperature of mass concrete.

Mechanical properties

Given the same raw material sources and the same specified compressive
strength, the engineering properties of SCC should be similar to those of conventional
concrete. (Kadri EH and Duval R, 2002.)

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I. Compressive strength

Compressive Strength is one of the most important properties specified for

concrete because it is a direct reflection of the capacity of the structure to resist forces
and it is a reasonable indicator of other properties. (Kadri EH and Duval R, 2002.)
SCC requires that the concrete should be highly flow able, yet cohesive enough to
resist segregation. This often necessitates the use of a water cementations material
ratio (w/cm) that is lower than that typically used for comparable conventional
concrete. As a result of a low w/cm, higher compressive strengths are achieved. SCC
typically used for precast can be proportioned with a w/cm of 0.32 to 0.40. Mixtures
with a greater w/cm (higher than 0.40) are sometimes employed for cast-in-place and
repair applications, and have strength characteristics similar to conventional concrete.

Mixture proportion adjustments may be needed to ensure adequate stability.

Because w/cm is a key component in determining the compressive strength of
concrete, other changes in mixture proportions compared with conventional concrete
may affect the rate of development and ultimate compressive strength. These can
include sand total aggregate (s/a) ratio, the type and amount of supplementary
cementitious materials and fillers, and the combination of chemical admixtures. The
lower w/cm that is sometimes selected to enhance fresh concrete characteristics will
normally yield a higher 28-day compressive strength than typical values required by
the design of the concrete structure.

II. Flexural strength

Like conventional concrete, the flexural strength of SCC depends on the

w/cm, coarse aggregate volume, and the quality of the interface between the
aggregate and cement paste. SCC flexural strength may be higher than that of
conventional concrete with similar mixture proportions. (Byun KJ, Kim JK, Song
HW, 1998)

III. Modulus of elasticity

Elastic modulus is used to calculate the elastic deflection, which is a

controlling parameter in design of slabs, pre-stressed and post-tensioned structures.
The elastic modulus is the ratio between stress and strain. For concrete the stress-
strain curve is non-linear, from which different elastic moduli can be determined. It is
known that the elastic modulus of concrete depends on the Young’s moduli of the
constituents and their volume ratio. It decreases with lower aggregate contents, or
with higher cement contents or higher porosity. Since the coarse aggregate content of
SCC is less than NVC, the elastic modulus of SCC might be anticipated to be lower.
This was confirmed by Dehn et al. (2000).

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Holschemacher and Klug (2002) analyzed their database and found that the
elastic modulus of SCC could be 20% lower than that of NVC made of the same
aggregate with the same strength. Another analysis based on a vast amount of
literature showed that the elastic modulus of SCC was 40% lower than that of NVC at
low cube compressive strength; but the difference reduced to less than 5% at higher
strength (90~100 MPa).

IV. Drying and plastic shrinkage

Drying shrinkage results from the loss of water from the cement paste into the
atmosphere. Water held by capillary tension is one of the important factors
influencing the drying shrinkage.

It is related to the water and paste contents, as well as aggregate volume, size,
and stiffness. High paste volumes and reduction in aggregate content can lead to
greater potential for drying shrinkage. Paste volumes can be optimized during the
mixture-proportioning process through the selection of aggregate content,
composition, and admixtures. Drying shrinkage has been reported to be similar to or
lower than that of conventional concrete of similar compressive strength.

Mortsell and Rodum (2001) reported that the drying shrinkage of SCC
developed for housing applications was essentially the same as that of conventional
concrete with the same mixture proportions. For SCC, as for other types of concrete,
the higher the w/cm the lower the autogenously shrinkage, and the higher the drying
shrinkage

V. Creep in compression

Creep is defined as the gradual increase in strain for a constant applied stress.
It is also a timedependent deformation. Creep takes place in the cement paste and is
influenced by porosity which relates to the W/C ratio. As cement hydrates and
porosity decreases, creep decreases. In addition, aggregates restrain the creep of
paste. For this reason, a higher amount of aggregates and a higher elastic modulus of
aggregates will lead to a reduced creep.

VI. Durability

Since vibration makes water accumulate on the surfaces of coarse aggregate

particles, NVC tends to contain a porous matrix and weak interfacial zones which
result in inferiorities in hardened properties. Elimination of the compacting process
and incorporation of powders led to a denser cement matrix and improved interface
between aggregates and paste. (Takafumi Niguchi ,1998)

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Durability is a general analysis of the service life and the performance of

concrete in an aggressive environment. Physical damage to concrete includes
wetting/drying, freeze/thaw or heating/cooling cycles. Chemical damage consists of
sulfate attack, acid attack, and chloride attack and alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in
which water acts as a carrier.

VII. Resistance to freezing and thawing and deicer salt scaling

Saturated concrete exposed to severe environments requires a satisfactory air-

void system, sufficient maturity, and proper aggregates. When a proper air-void
system is provided, SCC can exhibit excellent resistance to freezing and thawing and
to deicing salt scaling.

VIII. Permeability

Concrete used in water- retaining structures, exposed to severe weather, or

exposed to an aggressive environment must be virtually impermeable or watertight.
Water tightness refers to the ability of concrete to hold back or retain water without
visible leakage. Permeability refers to the amount of water migration through
concrete when the water is under pressure, and also the ability of concrete to resist
penetration of any substance, be it a liquid, gas, or chloride ion.

3.4 Tests to Determine SCC Flow Properties

A self-compacting concrete has the properties such as filling ability, passing
ability and segregation resistance. Various workability tests methods are available for
self-compacting concrete such as slump flow tests, V-funnel test, L-box test, U-Box test,
Fill box test etc. The tests methods presented here are devised specifically for self-
compacting concrete. Let’s see them one by one.

3.4.1 General
It is important to appreciate that none of the test methods for SCC has yet
been standardized and the tests described are not yet perfected or standardized. The
methods presented here are descriptions rather than fully detailed procedures. They
are mainly ad-hoc methods, which have devised specifically for SCC. Hence for the
validation of concrete these tests have not been considered.

In considering these tests, there are number of points which should be taken
into account:

 One principal difficulty in devising such tests is that they have to

assess three distinct, though related, properties of fresh SCC – its
filling ability (flowability), its passing ability (free from blocking at

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reinforcement), and its resistance to segregation (stability). No single

test is so far derived which can measure all the three properties.
 There is no clear relation between test results and performance on site.
 There is little precise data, therefore no clear guidance on compliance
limits.
 Repetition of the tests is advised.
 The test methods and values are stated for maximum aggregate size up
to 20 mm; different test values and/or different equipment dimensions
will be appropriate for other aggregate sizes.
 Different test values may be appropriate for concrete being placed in
vertical and horizontal elements.
 Similarly, different test values may be appropriate for different
reinforcement densities.

3.4.2 Slump Flow Test

Introduction

The slump flow is used to assess the horizontal free flow of SCC in the
absence of obstructions. It was first developed in Japan for use in assessment of
underwater concrete. The test method is based on the test method for determining the
slump. The diameter of the concrete circle is a measure for the filling ability of the
concrete.

Assessment of test

This is simple, rapid test procedure, though two people are needed, if the T50
time is to be measured. It can be used on site, though the size of the base plate is
somewhat unwieldy and level ground is essential. It is most commonly used test, and
gives a good assessment of filling ability.

It gives no indication of the ability of the concrete to pass between

reinforcement without blocking, but may give some indication of resistance to
segregation. It can be argued that the completely free flow, unrestrained by any
boundaries, is not representative of what happens in practice in concrete construction,
but the test can be profitably being used to assess the consistency of supply of ready
mixed concrete to a site from load to load.

Equipment required

Mold in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200mm at
the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300mm, confirming to EN12350-
2 Base plate of a stiff non-absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with a
circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric circle

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of 500mm diameter. The states of the test performed in these mix design are
described in chapter 6 Mixing.

Figure 3-2 Slump Flow Test Procedure

(Source:- Gharpedia website Self-Compacting Concrete, Dec. 2018)

3.4.3 U box test method

Introduction

The test was developed by the Technology Research Centre of the Taisei
Corporation in Japan. Sometimes the apparatus is called a “box shaped” test. The test
is used to measure the filling ability of self- compacting concrete. The apparatus
consists of a vessel divided by a middle wall into two compartments.

An operating with a sliding gate is fitted between the two sections.

Reinforcing bars with nominal diameters of 13mm are installed at the gate with
center-to-center spacing of [Link] creates a clear spacing of 35mm between the
bars. The left hand section is filled with about 20 liter of concrete then the gate lifted
and concrete flows upward into the other section. The height of the concrete in both
sections is measured.

Assessment of test

This is a simple test to conduct, but the equipment may be difficult to

construct. It provides a good direct assessment of filling ability-this is literally what
the concrete has to do-modified by an unmeasured requirement for passing ability.
The 35 mm gap between the sections of reinforcement may be considered too close.
The question remains open of what filling height less than 30 cm. is still acceptable.

Equipment Needed

 U box of a stiff non absorbing material.

 Trowel
 Scoop

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 Stop watch.

The Procedure to be taken to carry out the test is summarized as follows.

 About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

 Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and then close it.
 Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water.
 Fill the one compartment of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
 Leave it to stand for 1 minute,
 Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the other
compartment.
 After the concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete in the
compartment has been filled, in two places and calculate the mean (H1).
Measure also the height in the other compartment (H2)
 Calculate H1-H2, the filling height.
 The whole test has to perform within 5 minutes.

Figure 3-3 U Box Test

(Source : - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, R

Srinivas Prabhu, Dec 2020)

3.4.4 L box test method

Introduction

This test, based on a Japanese design for underwater concrete, has been
described by Peterson.

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The test assesses the flow of the concrete, and also the extent to which it is
subjected to blocking by reinforcement. The apparatus is shown in figure.

The apparatus consists of a rectangular section box in the shape of an ‘L’,

with a vertical and horizontal section, separated by a moveable gate, in front of which
vertical lengths of reinforcement bars are fitted.

The vertical section is filled with concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the
concrete flow into the horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the height of
the concrete at the end of the horizontal section is expressed as a proportion of that
remaining in the vertical section (H2/H1 in the diagram). It indicates the slope of the
concrete when at rest. This is an indication passing ability, or the degree to which the
passage of concrete through the bars is restricted.

The horizontal section of the box can be marked at 200 mm and 400 mm from
the gate and the times taken to reach these points measured. These are known as T20
andT40 times and are an indication for the filling ability.

The sections of bar can be of different diameters and spaced at different

intervals: in accordance with normal reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum
aggregate size might be appropriate.

The bars can principally be set at any spacing to impose a more or less severe
test of the passing ability of the concrete.

Assessment of test

This is widely used test, suitable for laboratory, and perhaps site use. It
assesses filling and passing ability of SCC, and serious lack of stability (segregation)
can be detected visually. Segregation may also be detected by subsequently sawing
and inspecting sections of the concrete in the horizontal section. Unfortunately, there
is no agreement on materials, dimensions, or reinforcing bar arrangement, so it is
difficult to compare test results. There is no evidence of what effect the wall of the
apparatus and the consequent ‘wall effect’ might have on concrete flow, but this
arrangement does, to some extent, replicate what happens to concrete on site when it
is confined within formwork.

Two operators are required if times are measured, and a degree of operator
error is inevitable. The states of the test performed in these mix design are described
in chapter 6 Mixing.

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Figure 3-4 L Box Test

Source: - The Effect of Styrofoam Artificial Lightweight Aggregate (ALWA)

on Compressive Strength of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC), Dhiafah Hera
Darayani, sep. 2018)

3.4.5 V Funnel Test

Introduction

The test was developed in Japan and used Ozawa et al. The equipment
consists of a V-shaped tunnel, shown in fig. An alternative type of V-funnel, the O
funnel, with a circular section is also used in Japan.

The described V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability (flow
ability) of the concrete with a maximum aggregate size of [Link] funnel is filled
with about 12 liter of concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus
measured. After this the funnel can be refilled concrete and left for 5 minutes to
settle. If the concrete shows segregation, then the flow time will increase
significantly.

Assessment of test

Though the test is designed to measure flow ability, the result is affected by
concrete properties other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any liability
of the concrete to block to be reflected in the result – if, for example there is too
much coarse aggregate. High flow time can also be associated with low deformability
due to high paste viscosity, and with high inter-particle friction.

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While the apparatus is simple, the effect of the angle of the funnel and the
wall effect on the flow of concrete are not clear.

Equipment: -

 V-funnel
 Bucket (+/- 12 liter)
 Trowel
 Scoop
 Stopwatch

Figure 3-5 V Funnel Test

(Source: - Civil Engineering X website, V Funnel Test)

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4 C-70 Concrete
4.1 General Overview
High strength concrete (HSC) may be defined as concrete with a specified
characteristic cube strength between 60 and 100 N/mm2, although higher strengths
have been achieved and used. Strength levels of 80 to 100 N/mm2 and even higher
are being used for both precast and in-situ work in the USA, France, Norway and
some other countries. The main applications for HSC in-situ concrete construction are
in offshore structures, columns for tall buildings, long-span bridges and other
highway structures. The main advantage is the reduction in size of compression
elements and/or the amount of longitudinal reinforcement required.

The methods and technology for producing high strength concrete are not
substantially different from those required for normal strength concrete. The target
water/cement ratio should be in the range 0.30–0.35 or even lower. HSC can be
produced with all of the cements and cement replacements (additions) normally
available in the UK. A wide range of aggregates can be used though crushed rock
aggregates (of suitably high crushing value) are preferable.

Superplasticisers / high range water reducers should be used to achieve

maximum water reduction, although plasticizers may be adequate for lower strength
HSC (C60 to C70). Silica fume (micro silica) can be used to enhance the strength at
high levels (C80 and above), but is not needed generally at the lower end (C60 to
C80).

The terms "High performance concrete" and "High strength concrete" are
often taken to mean the same thing. However, as indicated, "High performance"
strictly relates to a concrete that has been designed to have good specific
characteristics, such as high resistance to chloride ingress or high abrasion resistance.
As a result it may also have a high strength, but this is not the main consideration.

4.1.1 Objectives
WHY Do We Need High Strength Concrete?

1. To put the concrete into service at much earlier age, for example opening the
pavement at 3-days.
2. To build high-rise buildings by reducing column sizes and increasing
available space.
3. To build the superstructures of long-span bridges and to enhance the
durability of bridge decks.

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4. To satisfy the specific needs of special applications such as durability,

modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength. Some of these applications
include dams, grandstand roofs, marine foundations, parking garages, and
heavy duty industrial floors. (Note that high strength concrete does not
guarantee durable concrete.)

4.1.2 Methodology
Optimum concrete mixture design results from selecting locally available
materials that make the fresh concrete placeable and finishable and that ensure the
strength development and other desired properties of hardened concrete as specified
by the designer. Some of the basic concepts that need to be understood for high
strength concrete are:

1. Aggregates should be strong and durable. They need not necessarily be hard
and of high strength but need to be compatible, in terms of stiffness and
strength, with the cement paste. Generally smaller maximum size coarse
aggregate is used for higher strength concretes. The sand may have to be
coarser than that permitted by ASTM C 33 (fineness modulus greater that 3.2)
because of the high fines content from the cementitious materials.
2. High strength concrete mixtures will have a high cementitious materials
content that increases the heat of hydration and possibly higher shrinkage
leading to the potential for cracking. Most mixtures contain one or more
supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash (Class C or F), ground
granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin or natural pozzolanic
materials.
3. High strength concrete mixtures generally need to have a low water-
cementitious materials ratio (w/ cm). W/cm ratios can be in the range of 0.23
to 0.35. These low w/cm ratios are only attainable with quite large doses of
high range water reducing admixtures (or superplasticizers) conforming to
Type F or G by ASTM C 494. A Type A water reducer may be used in
combination.
4. The total cementitious material content will be typically around 700 lbs/yd3
(415 kg/m3) but not more than about 1100 lbs/yd3 (650 kg/m3).
5. The use of air entrainment in high strength concrete will greatly reduce the
strength potential.

4.1.3 Introduction
High strength concrete is planned to design to achieve the 28 days’
compressive strength required to attain is 70MPa of 15×15×15cm specimen.
Accordingly, mix design process is done as per DOE- Building Research
Establishment Ltd mix design manual.

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5 Mix Design
5.1 Mix Design for SCC

5.1.1 Determination of Slum Flow Performance

Requirement
The Slump flow target is first determined based on the expected property for
the concrete, which depends on the expected purpose of the concrete. The slump flow
target can be determined using the Slump Flow target table present in the ACI 2374-
07 document or using European Federation of National trade association’s
(EFNARC) guideline for Acceptance range of Slum flow value for a self-concrete.
According to them, the slum flow for a self-consolidating concrete should be between
650mm and 800mm. Accordingly, a slump flow target of 700mm was selected for
this Project

5.1.2 Selecting Coarse Aggregate and Proportion

The ACI code requires us to select the Coarse aggregate and Proportion using
the ACI normal concrete Mix design procedure (ACI 211.1) with a special addition.

According to this guide, separate the nominal maximum aggregate into two
categories:

 Category I: 1/2 in. (12.5 mm) and larger nominal maximum size of
aggregate; and
 Category II: nominal maximum size smaller than 1/2 in. (12.5 mm)

The nominal Maximum size for a self-compacting concrete is dependent on

the maximum spacing between reinforcement as well as the required compressive
strength.

For this case, we have assumed that the concrete is to be placed in a highly
congested steel reinforcement and used a maximum aggregate size of 12.5mm.

ACI Recommends an initial proportion of 50% sand and 50% coarse

aggregate by volume would be a reasonable starting point for the first trial batch.
Once the plastic properties of the trial batch are assessed, the sand-aggregate ratio
may be adjusted

Therefore, we have assumed a 50-50 ratio between the sand and coarse
aggregate as our initial mix.

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Given the bulk dry-rodded unit weight of coarse aggregate of 1667 Kg/m 3 ,
the kilograms of dry coarse aggregate are calculated as

0.5 * 1667 Kg/m3 = 833 Kg/m3

As for the coarse aggregate content the ACI recommends that as a starting
point 28-32% of the total absolute volume of the concrete would be coarse aggregate.
Hence we have used 30% as a starting point 800 * 0.32 = 256 kg/m3.

The Fine Aggregate will then also become 256 kg/m3.

5.1.3 Estimating the required cementitious

content and water
To determine this, we are expected to use the ACI 211.1 for normal concretes
and make adjustments on the results found.

Accordingly, the w/c ratio for a compressive strength of 25 KN/m 2 is 0.61.

The ACI 237r-07 then dictates that appropriate powder content for initial trail should
be between 357 - 476 kg/m3. A suggested powder content range with respect to the
slump flow is shown in the table 4.1.

The code also specifies that when performing trial batches, it may be more
prudent to start with higher cement (powder) contents, and then optimize the mixture
for improved economy. Hence we have taken 475 kg/m3 as the cement content for
our first trial batch.

The water content is then: =0.61* 475= 194.75 =289.75 liters

5.1.4 Calculate paste and mortar volume

The ACI recommends a paste fraction of 34-40% of the total mixture volume.
For this case we have taken 38%.

5.1.5 Select Admixture

The super plasticizers (SP) are referred to as high range water reducing
admixture, mainly disperses the water in concrete matrix. There are many types of
SP’s present but a SP has to be selected keeping in view the conditions of the field
and the requirement. Here, we are going to test the effect of Sika Viscocrete on
various properties of concrete i.e. Workability, water/cement ratio and compressive
strength.

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5.1.6 Batching the trial mixture

Table 5-5Batch Weight of Trial Mix

Material Proportion
Water 289.75 liters
Cement 475 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate 833 Kg/m3
Fine Aggregate 256 kg/m3
Admixture 1.50%

5.2 Mix Design for C-70

For the Mix proportioning, we have adopted the DOE mix design Method for
70MPa concrete. The steps taken for the Mix Design According to Building Research
Establishment is outlined as follows: (D C Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy,
Second edition 1997)

1. Determine target mean strength leading to the free-water/cement ratio

2. With workability leading to determining the free-water content
3. Combining the results of 1 and 2 to give the cement content
4. Determine the total aggregate content
5. Select fine and coarse aggregate content

The following requirements are specified and thus entered under the relevant
item on the mix design form,

1. Characteristic compressive strength, 70 N/mm2 at 28 days, Item 1.1

2. Ordinary Portland cement class 42.5R Item 1.5
3. Slump required, 10 mm Item 2.1
4. Maximum aggregate size, 12.5 mm Item 2.2

Minimum cement content is not specified and thus there is no entry under
Item 3.3. There are no previous control data and thus a standard deviation of 8 N/mm 2
obtained from Figure 3 (D C Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy, Second edition
1997) is used in Item 1.2. The fine and coarse aggregates to be used are uncrushed
and crushed respectively, the relative density is unknown and is assumed to be 2.7 as

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stated in 5.4, and the fine aggregate has 16.48% passing a 600 μm sieve. These details
are entered in mix design Table under Items 1.6, 4.1 and 5.1 respectively.

The target mean strength is obtained by assuming 10% defective and

performing calculations C1 and C2 and found to be

S = 8 N/mm2 k = 1.28 M = ks = 8 * 1.28 = 10.24

Fm = fc + M = 70 + 10.24 = 80.24 N/mm2

Table 2 (D C Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy, Second edition 1997)

shows that for the materials being used, the estimated 28-day strength at a free-
water/cement ratio of 0.5 is 49 N/mm2. This value is then applied to Figure 4 (D C
Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy, Second edition 1997), and for the target mean
strength of 80.24 N/mm2 it is found that a free-water/cement ratio of 0.30 (Item
1.7) is required. This is no limitation so; it is thus suitable for the design. This
completes Stage 1

Stage 2 is completed by obtaining the required free water content of 177.5

kg/m3 for crushed aggregate (Item 2.3) from Table 3 (D C Teychenné; R E
Franklin;H C Erntroy, Second edition 1997) appropriate to the specified
requirements.

The cement content 592 kg/m3 (Item 3.1) is obtained from calculation of C3
and, since this is greater than the specified maximum cement content of 550 kg/m3
according to BS, it is suitable for the design. The modified free water to cement ratio
will be

Free water to Cement ratio = 177.5 / 550 = 0.32

This completes Stage 3

Using the relative density of 2.7 and the free water content of 177.5 kg/m3, a
wet density of concrete of 2450 kg/m3 (Item 4.2) is obtained from Figure 5 (D C
Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy, Second edition 1997) of mix design table, and
calculation C4 gives a total aggregate content of 1722.5 kg/m3 (Item 4.3)
completing Stage 4.

Finally, the fine and coarse aggregate contents are obtained in Stage 5 by
selecting the proportion of fine aggregate of 43% (Item 5.2) from Figure 6 (D C
Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy, Second edition 1997) for the given maximum
aggregate size, required slump and derived freewater/cement ratio. The fine and
coarse aggregate contents (Items 5.3 and 5.4) are obtained through calculations C5.

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Thus the quantities of the constituent materials per m3 are:

 Cement 550 kg
 Water 177.5 kg
 Fine aggregate 740 kg (saturated surface-dry)
 Coarse aggregate 982.5 kg (saturated surface-dry)

Assuming that the aggregates are used in a saturated surface-dry condition,

the quantities for a 50 liter (0.05 m3) trial mix are therefore:

 Cement 27.5 kg
 Water 9 kg
 Fine aggregate 37 kg (saturated surface-dry)
 Coarse aggregate 50 kg (saturated surface-dry)

Total aggregate and cement required for 3, 7, 14 and 28 day cubes 3 for each.

4 days by 3 cubes gives the total of 12 cubes to be prepared. Since 0.0405m3

of concrete can make 12 cubes with size of 15 * 15 * 15, we just have to multiply to
get the amount we prepare.

 Cement 22.3 kg
 Water 7.2 kg
 Fine aggregate 30 kg (saturated surface-dry)
 Coarse aggregate 40 kg (saturated surface-dry)

The outline DOE format is attached in the appendix section

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5.3 Mixing
The next step is to test the fresh property of the Batched concrete. From the
tests outlined above, the Slump flow test, V-funnel and L-box tests were conducted
on the mixed concrete to check its flowability and pass-ability.

Figure 5-6 Mixing in the lab

For SCC

Slump flow test

The apparatus usually required for this test are as under-

 Trowel.
 Scoop.
 Ruler.
 Stopwatch

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Procedure:

 About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

 Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone.
 Place base plate on level stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the
base plate and hold down firmly.
 Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level
with the top of the cone with trowel.
 Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
 Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
 Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for the concrete
to reach the 500mm spread circle. (This is T50 time).
 Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular directions.
 Calculate the average of the two measured diameters. (This is slump flow in
mm).

Figure 5-7 Slump flow test

L-Box Test

Equipment’s: -

 L box of a stiff non absorbing material

 Trowel

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 Scoop
 Stop watch

Procedure

 About 14 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

 Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and close it.
 Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water
 Fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
 Leave it to stand for 1 minute.
 Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal
section.
 Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the times taken for the
concrete to reach the 200 and 400 mm marks.

200mm marks =

 When the concrete stops flowing, the distance “H1” and “H2” are measured.
 Calculate H2/H1, the Blocking Ratio.

The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes

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Figure 5-8 L-box test in the laboratory

Procedure of V Funnel Test

 About 12 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

 Set the V-funnel on firm ground
 Moisten the inside surfaces of the funnel.
 Keep the trap door open to allow any surplus water to drain.
 Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.
 Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tamping;
simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
 Open within 10sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to flow
out under gravity.
 Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the
discharge to complete (the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen
from above through the funnel.
 The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.

The result from the tests is shown below.

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Figure 5-9- V- funnel test

All over results are in the mix

Table 5-6 Tests for SCC Mix

Trial 1 Slump flow Slump T5 V Funnel L Box – h2/h1

1 720 3.4 sec 10.5 sec 0.91

The measured workability parameter of fresh SCC is flow-ability, passing-

ability, self-leveling and filling ability. Those are measured by slump flow, J-Ring, L-
box, U-box and V-funnel test. Slump flow test measures the SCC horizontal free flow
without obstruction of bars reinforcement. This uses the conventional test apparatus
with different concrete placement. The recorded of slump flow test is the t500 as
indication of the time needed to pass the 500 mm of a circle mark on flow table and
flow diameter as the longest horizontal distance of spread fresh SCC after lifting up
the filled Abrams cone.

As seen from the above 4 tests our batch passes all the criteria’s stated.
Therefore it is passed to be casted to cubes and pass to the compressive test.

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6 Compressive Test Result

The compressive strength of the concrete cube test provides an idea about all
the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting
has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for general
construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and higher in
commercial and industrial structures.

Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-

cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, and quality control during
the production of concrete, etc.

Test for compressive strength is carried out either on a cube or cylinder.

Various standard codes recommend a concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the
standard specimen for the test. American Society for Testing Materials ASTM
C39/C39M provides Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens.

6.1 Preparation of Concrete Cube Specimen

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the
same concrete lab used in the field.

6.1.1 Specimen
We prepared 12 cubes of 15 cm by 15 cm by 15 cm size for both the SCC-25
and C-70 concrete specimen.

6.1.2 Sampling of Cubes for Test

1. Clean the mounds and apply oil
2. Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick.
3. Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a
tamping rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet-pointed
at lower end) or vibrate using vibrator
4. Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel.

6.1.3 Curing of Cubes

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period
the specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear
freshwater until taken out prior to the test.

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6.1.4 Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

1. Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time and
wipe out excess water from the surface.
2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top
surface of the specimen.
7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously with the
loading rate of 0.28 till the specimen fails

Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

6.2 Characteristics Compressive Strength Calculations

6.2.1 For C-70

The target mean strength is obtained by assuming 10% defective and
performing calculations C1 and C2 and found to be

S = 8 N/mm2 k = 1.28 M = ks = 8 * 1.28 = 10.24

Fm = fc + M = 70 + 10.24 = 80.24 N/mm2

6.2.2 For SCC

The target mean strength is obtained by assuming 10% defective and
performing calculations C1 and C2 and found to be

S = 8 N/mm2 k = 1.28 M = ks = 8 * 1.28 = 10.24

Fm = fc + M = 25 + 10.24 = 35.24 N/mm2

6.3 C-70 Compressive Strength Test Result

Compressive strength is measured by breaking cylindrical concrete specimens
in a compression-testing machine. Compressive strength is calculated from the failure
load divided by the cross-sectional area resisting the load and reported in units of
pound-force per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa).

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Table 6-7Compressive strength result of C-70

Unit
Failure Compresiv
Test Weigh Volume Weight
No Dimensions (cm) Load e Strength
Age t (kg) (cm3) (kg/m3
(KN) (Mpa)
)
0.00337 1745.8
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.34 81.3 2471.1
5 7
0.00337 1690.8
2 28 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.23 80.34 2438.5
5 7
0.00337 1645.8
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.43 77.23 2497.8
5 7
1694.2
Mean 79.62  
0
0.00337
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.21 1456.2 68.33 2432.6
5
0.00337
2 14 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.12 1401.3 62.42 2405.9
5
0.00337
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.34 1512.2 67.45 2471.1
5
1456.5
Mean 66.07  
7
0.00337
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.22 1027.9 48.78 2435.6
5
0.00337
2 7 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.33 947.9 45.3 2468.1
5
0.00337
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.11 1041.5 49.3 2403.0
5
1005.7
Mean 47.8  
7
0.00337
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.43 846.2 40.62 2497.8
5
0.00337
2 3 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.23 530.2 39.9 2438.5
5
0.00337
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.22 793.7 39.22 2435.6
5
723.37 39.91

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6.3.1 SCC Compressive Strength Test Result

Table 6-8 Compressive strength results of SCC-25

Failure Compressive Unit

Test Weight Volume
No Dimensions (cm) Load Strength Weight
Age (kg) (cm3)
(KN) (Mpa) (kg/m3)
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.91 0.003375 885.3 29.11 2343.7
2 28 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.8 0.003375 890 39.4 2311.1
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.99 0.003375 866.5 38.1 2367.4
Mean 880.6 35.54  
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.001 0.003375 690.1 31.23 2370.7
2 14 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.98 0.003375 780.50 33.03 2364.4
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.89 0.003375 691.10 31.10 2337.8
Mean 720.57 31.79  
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.1 0.003375 692.00 31.25 2400.0
2 7 0.15 0.15 0.15 8 0.003375 607.00 27.10 2370.4
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 8.2 0.003375 661.00 29.10 2429.6
Mean 653.33 29.15  
1 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.9 0.003375 498.80 22.22 2340.7
2 3 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.8 0.003375 531.10 22.99 2311.1
3 0.15 0.15 0.15 7.9 0.003375 518.20 23.21 2340.7
516.03 22.81

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7 Conclusion
As it is indicated in our report, we can produce Self Consolidating Concrete
(SCC) and C-70 concrete mix design. In order to produce such mix designs, we used
aggregate from laboratory, Dangote OPC 42.5N for C-70 and SCC. As admixture, we
used super plasticizer (SASplast SP60) for both SCC and C-60.

The result obtained shows that, the 28th day compressive strength of SCC is
35.54 MPa, which is not that greater than the calculated target mean strength,
35.24MPa. This shows that the design mix we prepared is good enough. However, for
the C-70 concrete, the 28th day compressive strength is 79.62Mpa, which is not that
much below the calculated target-mean strength, 80.24Mpa. This indicates that we
need to perform second trial mix proportion.

Apart from this, we have got good experience on how to use laboratory tools
and also be able to perform mix design of any grade.

In general, from our laboratory, we have concluded that the production of high grade
concrete strength, especially from C-70 concrete is highly possible and producing
SCC in controlled process is also possible, if we follow scientific procedure and
selecting good quality materials.

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8 Photos during Laboratory Work

Figure 8-10 Silt content test

Figure 8-11 Particle size distribution of Fine Aggregates

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Figure 8-12 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Fine Aggregate

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Figure 8-13 Particle Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate

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Mixing

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9 References
ACI 237R-07 Self-Consolidating Concrete: reported by ACI Committee
237R- April, 2007

D C Teychenné; R E Franklin;H C Erntroy. (Second edition 1997). Design of

normal concrete mixes. Watford: Building Research Establishment
Ltd.

Dehn F, Holschemacher K, Weibe D. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) time

development of the material properties and the bond behavior. LACER
No-5:pp.115-124, 2000.

Dinku, A. (June 2002). Construction material laboratory manual. Addis

Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press

Domone PLJ. Developments in self-compacting concrete. An analysis of 11

years of case studies. Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites
Vol.28(2): pp.197-208, 2000.

Jacek GOŁASZEWSKI, Grzegorz CYGAN, THE EFFECT OF

TEMPERATURE ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE, Editor(s): A.M. Brandt, J. Olek,
Brittle Matrix Composites 9, Woodhead Publishing, 2009, Pages 359-
368.

Kadri EH, Duval R. Effect of Ultrafine Particles on Heat of Hydration of

Cement Mortars. ACI Materials Journal Vol.99 (2):pp.138-142, 2002.

Okamura H, Ouchi M. Self-compacting concrete development, presents use

and future. In The 1st International RILEM Symposium on Self-
Compacting Concrete. Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors, RILEM
Publications S.A.R.L, France, 1999.

Skarendahl A, Petersson O, Self-compacting concrete, State-of-the-art report

of RILEM technical committe 174-SCC., editors, RILEM Publications
S.A.R.L., France, 2000.

Takafumi Niguchi, Evaluation of fresh properties of self-compacting concrete

in laboratory and on site. In the state of the art report. University of
Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan and Hiroshi Mori, Nagoya University,
Nagoya,Japan ,1998.

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Takafumi Niguchi, Evaluation of fresh properties of self-compacting concrete

in laboratory and on site. In the state of the art report. University of
Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan and Hiroshi Mori, Nagoya University,
Nagoya,Japan ,1998

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