Digital Electronics Final Exam 2015
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mhd kdaimatiDigital Electronics Final Exam 2015
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Powered by AIThe Schmitt RC oscillator operates by charging and discharging a capacitor through a resistor, controlled by the switching thresholds (VT+ and VT-) of the Schmitt trigger. The oscillator toggles between high and low outputs at these thresholds, thereby generating a square wave. The duty cycle is influenced by input voltage VOH and VOL, and resistance values, calculated as (time above threshold)/(total period). Frequency depends on the RC time constant and the hysteresis width, calculated from F = 1 / (RC*ln((VOH-VT+)/(VT--VOL))) for a precise waveform control, where larger RC values decrease frequency .
The 4-bit R/2R DAC functions using a resistor ladder network, which provides binary weighted currents for digital-to-analog conversion. Each bit from the digital input controls a switch between a reference voltage and ground. The binary weighted sum of these currents sets the output voltage. Resolution can be determined as the smallest change in analog output for a change in the least significant bit (LSB) and is calculated as V_ref / (2^n - 1), where n is the number of bits. The full-scale output is when all bits are set to 1, calculated as V_ref × (2^n - 1) / 2^n, assuming a reference voltage V_ref .
A 5-bit successive-approximation ADC operates by using a binary search algorithm to convert an analog signal to a digital output efficiently. It starts with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) guessing mid-range value, comparing it to the input using a comparator, and adjusting the DAC's output iteratively until the closest match is found. This method is efficient because it only requires n steps for n-bit conversion, achieving rapid conversions without needing to sample every possible state, making it well-suited for high-speed applications .
A 3-bit flash converter uses 2^n-1 comparators to directly compare input voltage against reference voltages, linedarly spaced using resistors connected to a precision supply voltage. Each comparator outputs high or low based on the input level, with a priority encoder converting these signals into a digital output. This method provides the fastest conversion with resolution equal to the reference voltage divided by the number of levels (V_ref/2^n). For a 10V supply, resolution would be 1.25V per bit, allowing rapid conversion of an analog input .
Drawing a PROM cell is essential because it visually represents the programmable connections that define stored data in read-only memory. Basic structure includes a grid of rows and columns where fuses at intersections can be selectively removed or left intact, creating a binary pattern representative of stored data. Understanding this arrangement reveals how data is stored at manufacturing and becomes non-modifiable, emphasizing PROM's importance in applications requiring permanent data storage .
To design a monostable multivibrator using NAND gates, configure the gates in a feedback loop such that only one stable state (the 'monostable' state) is maintained when no external trigger is applied. Upon receiving a trigger, the circuit temporarily switches to a metastable state, producing a single output pulse. The output voltage waveform involves an initial state determined by setup, followed by a temporary high pulse at the trigger before returning to stable low state. Peaks and troughs correspond to trigger input and positive feedback maintaining pulse length determined by R-C components .
To implement the given logical expressions using a PLD, encode each expression into a programmable array, mapping logic functions to the gates of the device. O1 = ABC + ABC + ABC can be implemented by connecting the inputs through OR gates, O2 = ABC + ABC via a combination of AND-OR array structures, and O3 = ABC directly through an AND gate. For O4 = 1, set an output to high logic state, and O5 = 0 would be constantly low. These mappings need to match the hardware connections on the PLD for creating a functioning circuit .
