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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

As life came to existence, many periods and generations of time had passed that

became part of our history and each generation has their own description that would

distinct them from one another. Generation is defined to be the entire body of individuals

born and living at about the same time and also the term of years accepted as the average

period between the birth of parents and the birth of their offspring.

In this study, the involved generations are the Generation X or Gen X and the

Generation Y or commonly known as Millennial which is a term coined by Neil Howe

and William Strauss. Generation X as defined globally are sometimes referred to as the

“lost generation” for this was also the generation where “latchkey” kids or kids who

returns from school to an empty home for reasons that their parents are away at work and

receive little parental supervision. Gen Xers were characterized with high levels of

skepticism, the questioning attitude or doubt towards ones knowledge or belief .Over all

of these, this generation have a record of 29% obtaining a bachelor’s degree which is

higher than the previous generation. On the other hand, Generation Y or Millennial grew

up and were exposed to a world of modern technology and social network that makes

them known as technology wise. It is said that this generation are the most racially and

ethnically diverse one for they tend to be tolerant to difference and being able to follow

through the fast progression of the society. These descriptions about the Generation X

and the Millennial were the ones being accepted and defined globally.
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However, there are still specific and distinct descriptions of these generations in

the culture of the nation, Philippines. Based on an article written by a Filipino Gen Xer,

the generation was a time where conservative culture was observed. There some

instances that happened in that generation such as a man should not touch a woman and if

he does he would have to marry the woman and in that time, technology wasn’t still used

as much as today that let those people live a simple and contented life. In a childhood of a

Gen Xer, their socialization time happens in the streets where there were few vehicles

and played games involving physical activities. Millennial in the Philippines are

described as social-media dependent or the “selfie” generation. They spent more hours on

social media as a way of communicating to the online world and yet as they inform

themselves about issues and politics. It was also stated that Millennial are upbeat, lazy,

materialistic, self-expressive and fun-loving as they are the generation that lives in a

society of modern technology and full of energy to explore every other things of the

world.

Through this changing time of many generations, another aspect of the society

that has changed and evolved is our economy. One good illustration is the value of our

money that has changed since then and up to this time that could interpret the progress or

either regress of our economy. In this economic system, this system runs through all these

businesses and trades and these starts with the initiative of what we call entrepreneurs.

With all these innovations happening in the society, many citizens are also starting to

venture this field, entrepreneurship which is included as a part of the K to 12 Curriculum

taken by most of the present generation and the millennial.

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Entering such field means risking time, money and effort as these aspiring

entrepreneurs invest for an unsure way of living but still statistic shows that the rate of

people entering business or entrepreneurship has increased and still increasing up to this

time. It is ironic of how risky this field as they could possibly face bankruptcy, loss and

problems that are inevitable but still large number are pursuing it at some point of success

and good outcome that they may achieve in the end.

There were significant differences between the two generations in terms of every

aspect but aspects of life that remains and keeps cycling into the lives of every generation

is the problems and stress everywhere and that excepts no one. As discussed above, the

generations have differences and similarities and in this study, the researchers would

want to compare the generations’ coping mechanism as problems arise from situations

considering their history and background as to where generation they belong.

Statement of the Problem

This study would compare the Generation X and millennial entrepreneur in

situations as in handling stress and problems and how they cope up through all of these.

This study sought to answer the following questions:

1. How are the Generation X and the millennial described in terms of:

1.1. Stress tolerance

1.2. Work under pressure

1.3. Decision-making

1.4. Responsibility
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2. How are the factors contributing in coping with the problems described by the

generation X and by the millennial entrepreneur :

2.1. social networks

2.2. communication gadgets

2.3. workplace environment

3. What proposed plan of action can help in coping with problems?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to compare the coping mechanism of Generation X and

millennial entrepreneurs on how they handle and cope up with their problems that arise in

relation to their field as an entrepreneur and to identify the differences and similarities

between generations. The findings of this study can help and give importance to the

students, parents, teachers, entrepreneurs, next generations and future researchers.

To the students. This study would give awareness to students especially of those

who are considered millennial particularly on what their generation is all about and also

how it differs from the other generation. It can give help and advices on those who

aspires to enter in the field of entrepreneurship and as they could encounter problems.

To the parents. This study would introduce and enlighten to them the millennial

and on the other way around how this generation have evolved through the years and the

changes that had happened since their generation.

To the entrepreneurs. This study would give insights and suggestions on how

they could handle problems of being an entrepreneur with the help of other entrepreneurs
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who could have experience problems and challenges in relation to what they are

experiencing.

To the next generation. This study would provide information for the coming

generations and impart to them knowledge of the past generations including learnings and

lessons for them to be guided in the future.

To the future researchers. This study would provide additional information

related to this study that could contribute and help to have background about topic

relating to generations for the study they will be conducting in the future

Scope and Delimitation

This study was conducted to investigate those Generation X and millennial

entrepreneurs on how they are dealing, overcoming and coping up with problems

encountered and present in the field they are into. This study also aims to determine the

struggles and stresses of the entrepreneurs and how they manage and overcome those.

This study only focuses on entrepreneurs specifically must be born within the

range of Generation X and Millennial as subjects and must be within the vicinity of

Tarlac province. Entrepreneurs owning or running their any kind of business within the

area of Tarlac Province are used as subjects for this study. Which they are to be inquired

about their business and their experiences in life in accordance to the generations used as

indicated in this study.

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Definition of Terms

The following words are defined technically and operationally for clearer

understanding. Unfamiliar terms and words are used and their meanings are as follows:

Communication gadgets. These are the machines that assist in transmission of data. The

versatility of a computer gets enhanced considerably when it can communicate with

other devices and computers. A factor that was considered in this study to how it

contributes in coping with problems of both involved generation.

Coping mechanism. In psychology, it means to invest own conscious effort, to solve

personal and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or tolerate stress

and conflict. The ability of the generations that was examined in this study specifically on

their workplace as an entrepreneur.

Decision-making. This is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a

belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Process of identifying

and choosing alternatives based on the values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-

maker.

Entrepreneur. A person who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a

business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Subjects used in the study that may

differ and vary in the generation they belong. Entrepreneurs should be within the range of

the involved generations, generation X and millennial, to be qualified as subject in this

study.

Generation X. The demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the

Millennial. Typically people born from the birth years ranging from the early-to-mid
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1960s to the early 1980s. Subjects from these generation are commonly parents and

professionals.

Millennial. Also known as Generation Y. Typically people born at the early 1980s as

starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years. Subjects who

fall under these generation are mostly students specifically high school students.

Responsibility. The quality or state of being accountable; morally, legally and mentally.

Social network. A network of social interactions and personal relationships. A dedicated

website or other application that enables users to communicate with each other by posting

information, comments, messages, images, etc.

Stress. A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very

demanding circumstances.

Stress tolerance. A person’s ability to do task appropriately with minimal anxiety level

or to be relaxed and composed when faced with difficulties.

Workplace environment.  A key determinant of the quality of their work and their level

of productivity. How well the workplace engages an employee impacts their desire to

learn skills and their level of motivation to perform.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter exhibits the different literatures and studies that discuss the

Generation X and Millennial who are involve in this present study and investigate their

characteristics and description by other researchers that can either be conducted in the

foreign setting or local setting. This chapter also discusses the similarities and differences

of every literatures and studies yet connected with the main topic, generations that would

contribute to the credibility of the present study.

Related Literature

As The Center for Generational Kinetics(2016) defined generation is a group of

people born around the same time and raised around the same place. People in this “birth

cohort” exhibit similar characteristics, preferences, and values over their lifetimes. At

The Center for Generational Kinetics, we believe that generations are not a box; instead,

they are powerful clues showing where to begin connecting with and influencing people

of different ages. There are big differences between the generations and it's important to

know the years when each generation begins and ends.

Based on Business Dictionary, Generation X is a label attributed to people born

during the 1960s and 1970s. Members of Generation X are often described as cynical or

disaffected, though this reputation obviously does not apply to all people born during this

era. This generation has an increased understanding of technology, having grown up

during the age of computers. On the other hand, Millennial are the generation of people

born during the 1980s and early 1990s. The name is based on Generation X, the
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generation that preceded them.

Members of Generation Y are often referred to as "echo boomers" because they are the

children of parents born during the baby boom (the "baby boomers"). Because children

born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell

phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring strategy

in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. Also called millennial, echo

boomers, internet generation, iGen, net generation.

According to Anne K. Halsall (2017), as individuals, Gen Xers are known for

being nihilistic and cynical, and this is certainly understandable considering that they

came of age just in time to experience the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, a series

of economic crises, and the AIDS epidemic, just to name a few. Nomads may be hell-

raisers as youths, but as they move into middle age they have a growing sense of

responsibility to fix the mistakes that the previous generation made in society. Gen X

leaders like former President Obama are pragmatic, cunning, and hard to fool. Compared

to Xers they practically led a charmed life; their parents had ready access to birth control,

so they were generally wanted, nurtured children. They were more sheltered by society

than their predecessors and their family units were more stable. Gen Y is sometimes

known as the Peter Pan Generation because childhood was so good to them that they

have a tendency to delay adulthood. But when they do come of age, Heroes earn their

name. They are more orthodox in their approach than Nomads and as policy-makers they

may be downright conventional, but they are united by a deep-seated idealism and desire

to save the world. Looking at something like climate change or global recession, a

Millennial won’t blame the past but look forward to the solutions of the future. To sum
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up a lot of history in a little bit of space, you can think of Xers as the people who will

tear/are tearing down the entrenched institutions of the Boomers, while the Millennial

will be the ones to rebuild from the rubble and return order to the resulting chaos.

DeChane (2014) described Millennial as he stated that Millennial also saw how

other generations reacted to events and millennial learned from them. Millennial did not

learn what to do, but they learned what not to do.

Based on The Center for Generational Kinetics (2016), about Millennial being

popular and talk of the town for the past years. Millennial have become the largest

generation in the U.S. workforce. Millennial are also the fastest-growing generation of

customers in the marketplace, bringing the greatest lifetime value. In addition, Millennial

exhibit different attitudes toward employment, sales, and marketing, which are

challenging many conventional strategies and approaches.

In an article written by Michael Tan (2013) tackling about Pinoy generations he

defined the two generations, Generation X, those born from 1961 to 1980, are

characterized as “kids of working moms and divorced parents,” growing into adulthood

“marked by a sense of ennui,” with economic prospects somewhat bleak, meaning this is

the first generation that may not be able to earn more than their parents. Then we get to

the millennial, also known as Generation Y, born between 1980 and 2000. This is the

generation that grew up with the Internet, and older ones are now carving out careers, but

still amid an uncertain economic environment.

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According to Susan S. LaMotte (2014), talking about GenXers are the future of

work taking aside the Millennial, as the average child-bearing age increases and life

expectancy expands, Generation X is bearing the burden of raising young children while

also managing aging parents more so than ever before. According to AARP, “in 2012,

42% of Generation X had a financially dependent child along with a parent over 65.”

Like it or not, we can’t ignore the stress, concern and lack of sleep that follows them into

the workplace and into positions of leadership. This also means Generation X is more

likely to use the Family Medical and Leave Act resulting in increased absenteeism from

work for months at a time.

Based on the publication of Carpenter and Wayman (2018), for the most part, Gen

Xers’ minds are overloaded with other concerns. They know planning for retirement is

important because they’ve seen the challenges facing their parents, but they view

retirement as being too far away to save money seriously. They need money now. This

generation started out with high expectations, entering the workforce during a period of

ample job opportunities. They enjoyed signing bonuses and rode the wave of the first dot

com boom. But then they saw the tech bubble burst. And just as they were regaining

stability, the GFC pulled the economic rug from under their feet. They didn’t fall as hard

as the Baby Boomers, but the GFC left many of them financially shaken and wary about

the future.

Carpenter and Wayman (2018) added in their work, as a result, many feel they are

lucky to have a job today and may not have the confidence, opportunity, or flexibility to

make the career changes they’d like. This feeling of “being stuck” due to other forces and

commitments has led more than 50% of employees in this middle age group to be
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disengaged in their work, Adams said, citing results from Mercer’s “Inside Employees’

Minds” research in [Link] some Gen Xers are giving it their all, eager to move up

the career ladder to better meet their many financial obligations, those who have become

disengaged present challenges for employers. “Disengaged employees show up to work

every day, not really giving their best, not giving their all; but they show up because they

have to,” Adams said. “On top of feeling disengaged, Gen Xers are starting to face the

stressful sandwiching that happened to Baby Boomers at the end of the 20th century —

putting their kids through school, saving for college, and caring for ageing parents while

also trying to plan for their own future.” 

According to Richard Whitman (2017), today's Generation Xers are "Generation

Stretched" according to the agency's new report that finds this group under extreme

pressure from family responsibility – caring simultaneously for pre- and school-age

children as well as aging parents. While the agency specifically examines British adults,

the findings have relevance beyond geographic borders. For instance, the agency

recommends brands would be well-advised to inject humor to boost this group's spirits.

Because, you know, there under such pressure. Leo Burnett recommends brands highlight

their abilities–through new products, services and other innovations-- to help Gen Xers

meet these challenges that worry them so.

Pointing out to Millennial, Carpenter and Wayman stated in their work, their

worries, expectations, and goals are different than those of previous generations. They’re

less concerned about health care and retirement and more concerned about landing a

socially conscious job that pays enough to trim down student loan debts and offers

valuable experience. Millennials desire flexibility and mobility — they’re not looking for
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a long rewarding career with one firm, but rather a series of rewarding opportunities that

offer personal and professional satisfaction. For employers, successfully integrating and

supporting this growing Millennial workforce may mean performing a delicate balancing

act. From a career standpoint, the advancement expectations of these young employees

need to be carefully managed. They also may need to be convinced of the importance of

planning for their retirement. But when it comes to researching and choosing health

benefits, they’re ready to be set loose, as long as they’re given access to the right

information and decision tools.

Alice Stapleton (2014) said that millennials are facing one of the toughest

economic climates for many years, and the pressure is starting to show. “The dust settles

and they start to wake up and realise they have started down a path that does not suit

them, their values, or priorities in life.” Social media hasn't helped the situation either. A

constant barrage of messages and photos of 'friends' enjoying themselves, getting

promotions, travelling and partying with their job does nothing to ease the pressure to

succeed in life. We are group animals after all; we hate to feel left out for fear of being

cast out of our social group and being left behind to fend for ourselves - survival of the

fittest and all that. Nonetheless, more and more Millennials are realising that they can still

survive, and be far happier, carving out their own path, making decisions based on their

own timescales and values. 

Based on Rachel (2014) as to her article as a testimony, as soon as or even before

our college years, millennials are taught that we must excel in our studies so that we can

join the workforce. Whether that workforce is blue collar, white collar, or anything in

between, millennial Americans feel a very strong pressure to know what they want to do
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with their lives at a young age. As a recent college graduate, I know the pressures of

getting a job all too well. For younger generations and millennials, I find there is several

types of pressure that factor into the whole equation. They range from societal to familial

to even personal. The most destructive in my opinion has to be the internal pressure we

put on ourselves to find our niche in the world.

According to Kelly Kyer (2017), millennials are undeniably reshaping the

enterprise, but when it comes to technology purchasing decisions, don’t believe the hype

— Millennials and their Gen X counterparts have more in common than you think.  In

fact, today’s technology purchases are influenced, selected, and implemented by a broad

range of younger Millennial, older Millennial, and Gen X constituents. Millennials are

gaining representation on the technology buying committee and holding decision-making

power. Last year, our research highlighted specific attributes of the many roles on the

tech buying committee. This year, we examined their selling characteristics and content

preferences more closely, paying particular attention to the millennial audience.  Our

findings found that both front and back-house functions (ie. marketing, finance, business

development, and IT) across all three cohorts provide feedback and have sway in vendor

selection, implementation, and renewal. They also prefer sales representatives that

demonstrate a clear understanding of their businesses’ needs and provide relevant

content.

Amy Lynch (2014) in explaining “Generation X recognizes multiple options,” as

Xers came of age, they saw institutions and organizations falter and fail. As they

witnessed Watergate, the Enron and WorldCom debacles and the Challenger explosion,

Gen Xers concluded “the bigger they are, the harder they fall.” They put their faith, not in
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groups, but in individuals. Offer a group initiative, and Gen Xers tend to view it

skeptically, asking the hard questions, and welcoming or provoking conflict rather than

easy consensus. Xers assume there are multiple and highly individual ways of achieving

an end. Hoping for success, but half expecting failure, they won’t trust a decision until

they’ve vetted all the options.

On the other hand, Lynch (2014) also explained “Millennials look for what’s

practical,” Millennials know about one thing in spades—change. They grew up when

institutions were (and are) being completely reshaped and reborn. They’ve seen email

and text reshape communication. They’ve seen social media reshape business

relationships and friendship groups. They’ve seen storefront businesses become online

and global. Coming of age with constant and accelerating change makes Millennials look

first for what works now. Float an idea to the group and the Millennials ask,” Is this

practical? Will it work?”

Rob Scott (2012) quoted in his article, Generation Stress: Millennial, Gen-Xers

More Stressed and Cope Poorly, “Given their high stress levels, younger generations

have set goals to reduce and manage their stress, says Ballard, but the survey found that

they are struggling to meet those goals. While a majority of millennial (62 percent) and

gen-Xers (63 percent) say they have tried stress reduction, nearly a quarter of them say

they are not doing enough. Also, younger generations are more likely to take up

unhealthy "coping strategies" to try and reduce stress.”

As stated by Dr. David Ballard, "In terms of stress management techniques,

exercising or walking tends to top the list for all of the generations, but younger

generations are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors," says Ballard. "They'll do
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things like eat unhealthily, drink too much alcohol, smoke cigarettes, and engage in other

coping strategies that actually feed into and may increase their stress levels."

According to Manny Rodriguez (2015), Cultural norms can simply be defined as

a pattern of values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of specific groups. These patterns are

learned from parents, teachers, peers, and the larger society – what can be considered

“the traditional culture.” In addition, generational values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

are becoming as commonly accepted and increasingly talked about as a sub-culture,

better known as “The Generational Culture.” In some cases the two cultures work

together well. However, in other situations challenges arise, resulting in a conundrum for

those interested in behavior change such as leaders of an organization. At the heart of the

challenge are the very differences of the generations. These differences impact how we

manage and lead these individuals, and how we interact with each other every day. It is

critical to have a solid understanding of the generational differences. The benefits of

understanding and adopting methods for managing such differences will lead to positive

results, and help leaders effectively manage what behaviors will be reinforced or

punished, what will be tolerated versus rejected, and what will sustain versus fall to

extinction.

According to K. Costales (2016), lots of entrepreneurs out motivated. Then stress

hits them like a wall. They just started out their company. They start to feel the cash

crunch. Doubt begins, and blame gets passed. Stress can be good for the right type of

task. Entrepreneurs need to make a clear distinction on what types of activities can be

done during duress and what can't. When entrepreneurs are stressed out, problem-focused

coping strategy can use. Attack the problem head-on. Either eliminate the problem or
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reduce its impact. You can also delegate the tasks to an employee or a VA. Emotion-

focused coping strategy can also use. If the problem is inevitable, manage your emotions

by adding positive stimuli. I suggest having decompression rituals in the morning, noon,

and at night. With regards to emotion-focused coping, it's best to look at it using a lens of

a simple input or output model which is calm and frustration as outputs and internal and

external factors in inputs.

Related Studies

A. Foreign

According to Dr. Maynard Brusman (2014), Millennial are the most

technologically adept, fast learners and tend to be impatient. They aren’t interested in

time-honored traditions or “the way things have always been done.” Rather, they’re

single-mindedly focused on what it takes to get ahead and reach their perceived career

destination. Millennial are more likely than the older generation to engage in sedentary

activities to manage stress. They are also significantly more likely to engage in unhealthy

behaviors such as drinking alcohol and smoking. Millennial, Gen Xers and Boomers are

more likely than Matures to say they listen to music in order to manage their stress, to

report playing video games or surf the Internet in response to stress, to meditate or do

yoga to manage their stress.

This study compared the Generation X and Millennial and stated some

characteristics and mechanisms of those generations which is alike to the present study

but as it described the Millennial, it only stated that they are more engage to sedentary

lifestyles which could give a undesirable impression of their generation while as for the
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Generation X, there were compliments that give a good impression of the generation that

shows inconsideration of other factors and variables.

According to the collaboration cause study of Cone Inc. and AMP agency (2010),

the Millennial Generation is by far the most analyzed, most marketed to and most

intriguing generation to date. It is a generation that is comprised of individuals who are

extremely ambitious and not only have high expectations for themselves, but also for

those around them including their friends, families, communities and brands.

Like this study, the researchers of the present study would like to consider how

millennial are viewed in the present time and characterized as a generation. On the

contrary, it focused only on Millennial whereas to the present study that would

differentiate two generations and how it described the millennial in a generalizing way,

where it can be mostly of the generation but not all.

Hannus (2016) found and concluded the millennial generation workers value and

require different traits from their work than the earlier generation. Personal and

professional growth is important for them. Their motivation drivers for organizational

commitment consists of, for example, high level of feedback, personalized attention,

empowerment and need for freedom and flexibility. Meaningfulness seems to be the

dominant motivation driver millennial are looking for of their work.

Hannus used millennial as his respondents and also gave background about the

generation which is similar to the present study. Meanwhile, the only difference is that in

his study of their traits in terms of motivation and leadership while in this present study,

it tackles how would millennial take up and cope up with problems.

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According to Emanuel (2012), Millennial are not only students; they are

becoming academic librarians who believe they can work with new technologies and

evolve libraries in new and exciting ways to meet the needs of students today and into the

future.

In contrary to what was mentioned in the first chapter that Millennial may be

considered as “digital natives” or technology wise, Emanuel stated that even though they

are still used to technologies and innovations, they are still believed to still learn the new

technologies that still evolving up to this time. Yet this study would be of help to the

present researchers to evaluate the performance of millennial.

B. Local

According to Yurong (2016), a Gen Xer, wrote about her experience of being part

of the generation X as she stated they had been raised by the principle that it was enough

to find a work to support for the family. Since technology was absent by then, people

lived simply and contentedly. “I remembered how poor we were, but we did not have any

debt”. It was an option but not prevalent to the community, unlike today. The rich people

by then were the professionals or the degree holders. And in our town, only

approximately ten percent of the population belonged to this group. My parents sent us to

school with the hope that we become professionals one day. Becoming an entrepreneur

was not even heard of. While the Millennial are much exposed with different cultures and

they could copy other’s culture with just a click of the mouse. But the good thing with

them is that they are more open, more accepting and more expressive.

Yurong mentioned the side of the story of her being a Gen Xer which makes a one

side of the current study. She tackled the traditions and beliefs that were present in those
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time and how it affected their characteristics, moral and values and contributed to the rich

culture of the Philippines. Yet she gave an overview of her observation about Millennial

as to compare with her generation.

Based on Cullimore (2017) , in the Philippines, millennial make up a third of the

country’s population, which means that they already occupy a significant portion of the

workforce. In fact, a survey from the Philippines Statistics Authority indicated that the

almost 50% of the Philippine workforce in 2015 is composed of millennial aged 15 to 34

years old. Millennial are known to be tech-savvy, confident, creative, and well-adjusted

individuals with entrepreneurial mindsets. Having grown up in an era where

technological innovations are common, millennial have been known to want instant

gratification. Their attention spans have shortened largely because they’re used to getting

things done quickly with the help of their gadgets. It can be said that the same is true

when it comes to millennial’ attitudes in the workplace. They do things quickly, and they

crave immediate results.

Millennial are currently the trending and popular generation where many

innovations and development were exposed in their time that somehow molded their

personality such as which is stated in the article above. These findings may be of great

help to the present study because of the overview of what are millennial in the workplace

and be connected to what and how they cope up with problems.

In the study of Susana Fernandez (2009), Comparing Generation X To Generation

Y On Work-Related Beliefs, she stated with many Gen Y members already in the

workforce, managers are likely to be required to deal with the generational differences

that appear to exist among employees. Given that Gen Y members are likely to work
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closely with Gen X members, the present study explored possible differences between

Gen X and Gen Y on their work-related beliefs.

Fernandez investigated about the work place beliefs of the generation X and

Millennial which is different from the coping mechanisms yet connected in terms of

respondents and characteristics acquired by every generation that shows in their actions,

moral and values in all places not only in work but in the society as well.

According to the findings of S. Ahmad and S. Xavier (2010), the main elements

that generate stress are business skills required, work pressure, high expectation of others

and responsibilities. The result also revealed that effective communications, disregarding,

diverts thinking (by doing something else) and networking assist Malaysian entrepreneurs

in handling their stress level. To manage stress, the work assigned must be properly

organized; emotions must be kept under control by disregarding unnecessary factors that

can create stress and spending time with friends are all crucial.

Like this study, the researchers aimed to discover the possible elements or factors

that contribute to the stress encountered by the Generation X and Millennial

entrepreneurs as to relate to the workplace they are into and business they are venturing.
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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF DATA

This chapter deals with the methods and procedures that were used in gathering

data needed in the study. It discusses the research design, research instrument and the

subjects of the study, the data gathering procedure and instrument, and the data analysis.

Research Design

The case study method was employed in this study. This method was used to

analyze the coping experience or mechanism on stress of an entrepreneur particularly

those who are under generation X and Millennial in the City of Tarlac. This method was

used to have a detailed analysis on the experience on how Generation X and Millennial

entrepreneurs cope up on challenges and stress present in their workplace as to their daily

living nowadays. A qualitative research approach requires interaction with the subjects.

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted in the vicinity of Tarlac City selected through

convenience sampling technique.

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of this study are generation X entrepreneurs who were born during

the late 1960s and the 1980s and millennial entrepreneurs who were born between the

years of 1980s and 2000s. The researchers found subjects of these generations to gather

information of how they cope up from the problems and stresses happened in their lives

and work as an entrepreneur. Specifically, through the interview guide collaborated by

the researchers which acquired insights that contributed in the problems as stated in this
 23

study. The researchers collected five (5) subjects in each generation to be part of this

study as participants/subjects using purposive sampling.

There were a total of ten (10) subjects in this study where five (5) from the

subjects belong to Generation X and the rest in the Millennial. The following subjects are

under Generation X, first is Iking Enriquez, 42 years old whose business of selling snacks

beside TSU. Second is Amalia Hipolito, 55 years old, the owner of a rice station in the

public market. Third is Danny Ocampo, a 48-year old food store or carinderia owner in

Ligtasan, Tarlac City. The fourth subject is Dorothy Salvatierra, 42 years old whose also

a carinderia owner. Lastly for the Generation X subjects is Ofelia Marquez, 53 years old

with a business of baking pastries.

The subjects who belong to the Generation Y or Millennial are as follows; Rohan

Mercado and Jerico Pilariza, both 18 years old who have a business of creating

commission drawings or portraits through sketching them. The third subject is Jonathan

Aguas, 18 years old with a business of selling variety of food products. Fourth subject is

John Raniel Canlas, 17 years old who does online selling. The fifth subject for millennial

is Rexon Martinez, 19 years old also does commission drawings or portraits.

Research Instrument

This study used an interview guide, camcorder and audio recorder as the

instruments for the collection of data. The researchers used these tools to record and

document the interview done with the subjects. The interview guide which is composed

of a series of questions that is primarily based on the statement of the problem of this

present study is to be use as the guide to what were asked to the subjects and collect the

data and insights of the subjects as needed for the study in investigating the coping
 24

mechanisms of the subjects considering their generation. This interview guide was

validated and evaluated by professionals and expert in the involved field. The camcorder

and audio recorder were used for clear recall of what was stated by the subjects as they

were asked with series of questions that would be used for the presentation and

interpretation of data.

Data Collection Procedure

The data for this study were collected through the use of an interview guide. The

interview guide made by the researchers was used to gather insights and information

from the subjects of each generation. The researchers allotted time for them to interview

the subjects and also interact. Any useful insights and information acquired from the

subjects were listed and noted as to be used for analysis of their generation which was

needed for the solution of the study’s research problems.

Data Analysis

Through the interview guide, the researchers brought out the different problems

the subjects encountered in their everyday life as an entrepreneur. After identifying those,

the researchers categorized them as to their generation and compare their similarities as

well as differences on how they handle and cope up with the problems they have

mentioned. In such way, the answer to the problems of this study about the coping

mechanisms of the two generations in their work were identified and compared.
 25

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter highlights the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered by the researchers with the use of interview guide in inquiring data from the

subjects, Generation X and Millennial entrepreneurs.

Presentation of Data

1. Description about Generation X and Millennial in terms of:

To present the characteristics possessed by generations based on the data

acquired and gathered from the ten (10) entrepreneurs used as subjects for this

study.

1.1. Stress tolerance

Handling both problems and stresses at the same time must be done well

because being carried away by those leaves you a big disadvantage more likely

put your business down. Optimistic attitude must be practiced like a popular

saying goes, “You need to see the bright side of life.” This was how the first

subject of the 5 Gen X who the researchers had a chance to have an interview,

described himself when facing tons of stress in life and as an entrepreneur.

The second subject said that trust must be put into the Lord and also work

out on stress by not giving up and at least try as much as you possibly can

whenever they continuously and suddenly occur in life or in business.

 26

In running a business having a partner to help and assist in fulfilling task

in the business minimize the risk of having stress and illness. Also having a

partner will lessen hardship in doing task such as dealing with mad customer,

washing a lot of dishes and the likes. This statement was uttered by the third

subject, Gen Xer. Another Gen Xer who owns a carinderia that formulating

strategies that could help solve your problems.

The last subject was able to overcome these by starting small and offering

her products to people she knows, who then referred new customers to her. She

also made use of social media to show more people my products. To overcome

the lack of materials, she borrowed money from her sister to buy gas range and

other materials and little by little she paid in returned it in monthly basis. With

regards to the techniques of the design, she watched baking and designing video

online.

Setting the mind with positive thoughts for example in a situation of being

currently stress , think of the stress as something that would trigger the adrenaline

rush and fortunately motivate to create ideas that will help with the business.

First, taking a break is a must in order to think what are the priorities and what

comes first and just focus on that one problem or specific task/thing.

Understanding the side of the customers and clients even if they are wrong

because they always claim that customer is always right and by that there is

nothing to complain about. Focus on what is the hardest in all of the present

problems and giving it corresponding action to immediately solve it. This is how
 27

the 5 millennial subjects responded on how they were handling stress present in

their life and workplace as well.

All subjects of both generations showed a positive response on handling

stress and coping with the problems. They mentioned that they handled stress well

through positivity of it can result to. Their experience on stress has made it easy

for them to handling more stress that occurs in their business and even more in the

future stresses to occur.

In accordance to Halsall (2017) considering Gen Xers to be the age in

experience of the Cold War, where a series of economic crises had happened

that made them nihilistic and cynical as youths yet as they move into middle age

they have a growing sense of responsibility to fix the mistakes that the previous

generation made in society which can be a reason to why they have responded on

how they handle stress. Same as to the Millennial subjects where stated by Halsall

(2017), won’t blame the past but look forward to the solutions of the future.

1.2. Work under pressure

With today’s status, bills, payments and basic needs are inevitably

troublesome for they are too much for people to handle. Focus is needed in your

work and also being passionate about what is done in the business in necessary to

work well even in pressure. Generation X entrepreneurs described working under

pressure is difficult yet exciting as well when all the hard work pays off.

The third subject is the one who will go to the market, in charge in the

kitchen and sometimes the cook. All the little things that people commonly do, for
 28

instances that your employees suffer sudden sickness and illness such as

dysmenorrhea, menstruation and the likes that lead them to absence and tardiness

in work, should be known with those the basic chores in your business such as

washing the dishes, cook dishes and any other roles like cashier, serving food.

Every day you must wake up early as early as 2 am in the morning and you must

practice consistency as to include holidays.

The fourth subject said that being industrious and having a lot of patience

in your business and being responsible is a must. The last subject of Gen X was

able to sustain her business by continuously crafting quality products, both in

taste and presentation. Also, accepting new challenges in design made her learn

more techniques that made her sustain her business she have her sale control in all

aspects of the business-from finance, materials and labor, that is how she

fulfilled /accomplished my tasks

On the other hand, the first millennial responds to work when under

pressure by listening to music is a way to relieve the stress acquired when work is

needed to be done in a certain deadline and under pressure. Coincide with school

works and requirements there will still be spare time to finish at least one or two

portraits that is to be sold to earn money but what brings the pressure for the

second subject is to meet the standards and requests whatever the customer wants

to do in their portrait. Firstly, the third subject cooks and prepares together with

his elder sister which is much easier accomplishing the task with the help of

others. Schedule in school that overlaps with meeting up with customers builds up

the pressure within the online business the fourth subject runs. The last millennial
 29

subject experienced the numerous clients asking for portraits at the same time yet

settling it with appropriate talk with all the clients.

All of the millennial subjects managed to handle and fulfill their work

even though pressure to accomplish it comes along. As well as the Gen X subjects

accomplished their work well through all other duties they must give attention.

As to connect to the work of Carpenter and Wayman (2018), Gen Xers’

minds are overloaded with other concerns where this generation started out with

high expectations, entering the workforce during a period of ample job

opportunities and also the work of Whitman (2017) where Gen Xers are being

stretched according to the agency's new report that finds this group under extreme

pressure from family responsibility – caring simultaneously for pre- and school-

age children as well as aging parents. These works of Carpenter and Wayman

(2018) and Whitman (2017) reflect the duties to be fulfilled by the Generation X

which eventually puts them into great pressure during execution of work.

As for the millennial, worries, expectations, and goals are different than

those of previous generations as they desire flexibility and mobility — they’re not

looking for a long rewarding career with one firm, but rather a series of rewarding

opportunities that offer personal and professional satisfaction(Carpenter and

Wayman, 2018). A constant barrage of messages and photos of 'friends' enjoying

themselves, getting promotions, travelling and partying with their job does

nothing to ease the pressure to succeed in life (Stapleton, 2014). These are some

reasons for millennial to acquire stress and lead them to a great pressure in the

process of accomplishing their tasks.

 30

1.3. Decision-making

Their businesses developed passion for entrepreneurship within them from

the past decades and no one influenced to start this business. Another is the

business was passed on through generations, meaning it was their business since

then. In addition to that, they entered business to provide and support their family

with basic needs. For reasons as stated above by the subjects encouraged them to

make the decision of entering such field of entrepreneurship.

Additional source of income decided the fourth subject to start/enter this

field of entrepreneurship. Having another way of earning even just in small

amount somehow gives her stability and preparedness for emergency funds.

First and second millennial subjects decided to enter the field of

entrepreneurship through influence and discovered hobbies that eventually

improved through the days. It was a need financially for the family was the reason

for the third subject to decide on starting a business. Doing online selling

through social media was easier and a trend then and up to this time which makes

it a simpler way to earn a profit disregarding any age which is the reason for the

fourth subject to start up his business. The last subject entered the field of

entrepreneurship since what he does was his hobby starting when he was a kid

and being at a young age, he cannot find any suitable job that makes this the only

way he can help his parents financially.

Most of the subjects in Generation X decided to enter the field of

entrepreneurship for reasons of inherited from generation, additional income in

 31

order to support the family and passion to start a business. While on the millennial

subjects they basically decided to establish their businesses based on the will to

enhance their hobbies into skills and the influence made by the people

surrounding them and also to help their family financially.

“Generation X recognizes multiple options,” as Xers came of age, they

saw institutions and organizations falter and fail. Xers assume there are multiple

and highly individual ways of achieving an end. Millennial grew up when

institutions were (and are) being completely reshaped and reborn. They’ve seen

email and text reshape communication. They’ve seen social media reshape

business relationships and friendship groups. They’ve seen storefront businesses

become online and global (Lynch, 2014). Gen Xers consider entering a venture of

business to be one of the ways as a source of income with all other multiple ways.

And millennial decides to start having their business through the influence of the

social world with the use of modern technology such as the media.

1.4 Responsibility

The first subject was responsible of cooking and managing their food stall.

The second subject under the Generation X included in their responsibilities as

entrepreneurs such as taking charge of the requirements to maintain their business

and managing their businesses like registering in the government, hands-on

meeting the needs for the business. Like supervising the stocks that enter for the

month and focusing on the items or products within the business to better improve

the quality of the business. The third and fourth subject buys the ingredients and
 32

cooks the dishes that will be served and sold to the customers. The fifth subject

bakes and prepares the delicacies and sweets that were distributed to her

customers and by orders.

For the Millennial subjects, the three of them included responsibilities of

meeting standards for their clients or customers to the extent of their capabilities

and communicating and reaching out for the suggestions and inquiries of

customers to better fulfill their tasks as to their business. The third subject

prepares their products as well as cooking and packaging them to be sold to

customers. Purchasing the goods he sells through ordering from suppliers and

meeting up customers after they finalize their orders is part of the fourth subject’s

job and responsibility in his business.

All of the subjects fulfill their task in accordance to what their business is

all about and its offers to customers. They take a big part in the progress of their

business as they accomplish their duties as an entrepreneur.

2. Factors contributing in coping with the problems described by the generation X

and by the millennial entrepreneur

To identify the factors that can contribute in coping with problems and

stress encountered within the business and as an entrepreneur and also the factors

that brings forth or trigger more stress to the generations.

2.1. Social networks

The first subject claims that they purchase their needs for the business in

the market that makes them no use of any social network for their business. The
 33

three subjects are as well does not require any social networks that much in order

to fully run their business. The fifth subject of Generation X connect and socialize

with her customers of the goods they sell and using the Internet to advertise their

business and simply contact people connected with the business they are having.

Millennial subjects such as the ones creating portraits uses the Internet to

browse and connect to the World Wide Web for purposes of socializing with

citizens also using it and interact with people to also patronize their work and

business which is a huge help for them. As well as the subject who does online

selling as to connect to the interested customers to buy his products and social

network is a basic need for his business to run.

One of the five subjects of the Generation X subjects considered the use of

social networks to advertise goods and products of her business coping up with

the problems encountered in maintaining their sales and business while the rest of

the Gen X does not make use of social networks on their business. On the other

hand, all millennial use social networks to widen their range of businesses

through socializing, interacting, promote and also improve and enhance the skills

used in the business they are into.

2.2. Communication gadgets

In relation to social networks, might as well as they do not need these

communication gadgets for their business instead they consider it to be

destructing for their work because it does not only consume and kill time but

waste effort that could be even more useful to be exerted in work related activities
 34

to increase their sales and profit. Yet most of them use cellular phone for common

and local contacts which is the only reason for them to have those cellular phones.

Millennial subjects having the business of creating and drawing portraits

uses cellular phone as a guide to what he does which they considers to be a huge

help for their business. Also uses it to contact the customers and clients who

would want to inquire about their work. Another is an online seller, where he

sells his goods in the Internet with the use of cellular phone then meets them up to

give the product/s in exchange with their payment.

Only few of the Generation X subjects considers communication gadgets

to be on a ban effect on them and for their business as to they do not have that

much use in relation to their business. As for the millennial subjects, these

gadgets contribute a lot in sustaining their business and also advertise their

products to the social society.

2.3. Workplace environment

The first subject is bothered by hard-headed customers who then bring

stress in the workplace. The second subject is not pleased with the place of her

business with all those noisy people and some who are smoking which she

complains to be dangerous for her health. The third subject problems his

employees who suddenly does not go to work which leaves him all the work and

hassles to be done in the business. The fourth one had challenges or problem

encountered during the start of her business which include how to gain more

customers. Also, one of the challenges is the technique and lack of materials
 35

which is not easy to attain with the busy environment yet eventually, learned it.

The last subject has her store situated in a very busy area where lot of people pass

by which can be an advantage for her business somehow but also a disadvantage

because of the hard-headed ones.

The first millennial subject has a problem of when there are so many

school works and chores that should be done and customers’ orders are set aside

and sometimes he himself is not satisfied with his finished portrait, artworks,

because he is too occupied with other tasks. Time is the biggest problem. The

second subject cannot handle the work especially when there are tons of school

works that result sometimes he tends to focus on his drawings and forgetting that

he have something to do like my thesis and vice versa.

The third subject worries aside from having competitors in the business

but with the increasing value of his products he sells where the higher the price,

the fewer his customers are which makes him think of a creative idea to promote

his products. The fourth subject finds it difficult to deal with complaining

customers and the choosy ones. As for the millennial subjects, the environment

they work on is also a contributor to stress they encounter in their business. Some

of them are to adjust for the sake of their customers such as picky ones and

complaining ones that gives them a hard time fulfilling their tasks within their

business.

Most of the Gen X complains about a destructing environment they work

on specifically unpleasant surroundings and any other annoying happenings

around their workplace including customers giving them a hard time. All of the
 36

millennial subjects pointed out the difficulties in arranging matters with customers

that brings forth stress in to their business and also being a student with school

works to be done coincide with work makes it harder for them to cope with

problems with their workplace.

3. Proposed plan of action in coping with problems

To provide suggestions and advices to aspiring entrepreneurs about the

field they are to enter. Also aware everyone on the difference of the involved

generations and as to have it has evolved and how people can adjust on situations

they may face.

The first subject advises everyone who plans to start a business to focus

and be devoted on it so that it may go well with you and your employees

whenever problems and stress arises in the business flow. Before starting a

business, second subject states that careful planning is needed followed by

determination to continue after preparing for the needs of the business in all

aspects such as physical, emotional, mental, financial, social aspects that needs to

be fully equipped in order to successfully run a business.

The third subject insisted that running his business of carinderia is done

with common sense where you need to prepare dishes that would attract

customers to eat and come back and eventually patronize the foods served with a

mix of dedication and hard work. The fourth subject suggests to aspiring

entrepreneurs to make their skills and interest as their primary investment.

Making something they really want or passionate about to do will give them more
 37

idea and concepts for their business. It is very difficult to focus on something you

really do not want to do.

Positive thinking and attitude is a must to overcome the stress that are

encountered as suggested by the first subject. The second one advised anyone

who aspires to also start a portrait business to use application for drawing and

sketches for easier job. Addition to that is enough patience makes a big difference

in the business. The third subject said that stress and problems are inevitable

usually in this field but the best thing to do is understand your customers and deal

with them nicely and also invest hard work to your business. In business, money

is not the only thing that should be invested but also trust that the business will

grow through the hard work as mentioned by the fourth subject. The last subject

said that everyone must be determined whatever your business is. When you plan

to put up a business always bear in mind that you will need to be open minded,

have a lot of patience and do not expect that you will earn a lot of money every

time, it has also ups and downs. Just be proactive and be optimistic.

All of the subjects suggested that dedication and hard work to the business

started and as to entering the field of entrepreneurship can be the best ingredients

for continuous flow of business and success to be aimed in the end.

 38

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings gathered by the researchers from

the subjects, entrepreneurs of both involved generation in this study in response to the

statement of the problems. It also includes the conclusions and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

1. Description about Generation X and Millennial in terms of:

There are differences in both generation as to consider their span of time

in existence and the gap between them yet there are still obvious similarities in

both generation in terms of stress tolerance, working under pressure, decision-

making and responsibility as they manage their own chosen business in the same

the field of entrepreneurship.

1.1. Stress Tolerance

All subjects of both generations showed a positive response on

handling stress and coping with the problems. They mentioned that they

handled stress well through positivity of it can result to. Their experience on

stress has made it easy for them to handling more stress that occurs in their

business and even more in the future stresses to occur.

1.2. Work under pressure

All of the millennial subjects managed to handle and fulfill their work

even though pressure to accomplish it comes along. As well as the Gen X

 39

subjects accomplished their work well through all other duties they must give

attention.

1.3. Decision-making

Most of the subjects in Generation X decided to enter the field of

entrepreneurship for reasons of inherited from generation, additional income

in order to support the family and passion to start a business. While on the

millennial subjects they basically decided to establish their businesses based

on the will to enhance their hobbies into skills and the influence made by the

people surrounding them and also to help their family financially.

1.4. Responsibility

All of the subjects fulfill their task in accordance to what their business

is all about and its offers to customers. They take a big part in the progress of

their business as they accomplish their duties as an entrepreneur.

2. Factors contributing in coping with the problems described by the

generation X and by the millennial entrepreneur

For most of generation X subjects, factors such as social network and

communication do not have a have good effect on them as they manage to run

their business while for the millennial, it was the complete opposite for them,

instead in was a great need for them to have in running their businesses. For the

last factor, workplace environment, the generations agreed on having difficulties

on this resulting to rather add up to their problems than helping them cope with

stress.
 40

2.1. Social network

One of the five subjects of the Generation X subjects considered the

use of social networks to advertise goods and products of her business coping

up with the problems encountered in maintaining their sales and business

while the rest of the Gen X does not make use of social networks on their

business. On the other hand, all millennial use social networks to widen their

range of businesses through socializing, interacting, promote and also improve

and enhance the skills used in the business they are into.

2.2. Communication gadgets

Only few of the Generation X subjects considers communication

gadgets to be on a ban effect on them and for their business as to they do not

have that much use in relation to their business. As for the millennial subjects,

these gadgets contribute a lot in sustaining their business and also advertise

their products to the social society.

2.3. Workplace environment

Most of the Gen X complains about a destructing environment they

work on specifically unpleasant surroundings and any other annoying

happenings around their workplace including customers giving them a hard

time. All of the millennial subjects pointed out the difficulties in arranging

matters with customers that brings forth stress in to their business and also

being a student with school works to be done coincide with work makes it

harder for them to cope with problems with their workplace.

 41

3. Proposed plan of action in coping with problems

Generation X and millennial subjects suggested that dedication and hard

work to the business started and as to entering the field of entrepreneurship can be

the best ingredients for continuous flow of business and success to be aimed in the

end.

Conclusions

Conclusions were derived from the findings of the study.

1. Stress is inevitable especially in the field of entrepreneurship.

2. Entering the field of entrepreneurship is not an easy career.

3. Generation X and millennial have distinctive differences and similarities in

coping with stress.

4. There are factors that have huge effect in coping with stress to generation X and

millennial entrepreneurs.

5. Through all these stresses and problems present in this industry, dedication and

hard work makes a significant effect on one’s attitude towards pursuing the

business.

Recommendations

Recommendations were derived according to the findings and conclusions of the

study. These recommendations can help Generation X and Millennial handle and cope up

with stresses brought up by having businesses and improve their views and attitude on

facing the stress in today’s time in consideration of the generation they belong to:
 42

1. Proper orientation on starting a business must be presented to any aspiring

entrepreneurs.

2. Entrepreneurs should set a schedule in their everyday activities especially with

regards to their business/ businesses

3. Entrepreneurs should know their priorities in business. They should set aside their

personal problems

4. Entrepreneurs should be properly educated on how to socialize with their

customers to avoid misunderstanding.

 43

REFERENCES
 44

APPENDICES
 45

APPENDIX A

LETTER FOR EVALUATION

February ___, 2018

Tarlac National High School

Sir;

We, the students of 11-Benevolence under the Accountancy and Business Management,
are conducting a research entitled “Coping Mechanisms of Generation X and
Millennials” as a requirement in our subject Practical Research 1.

In this connection, we are asking favor from you as an expert capable of evaluating our
instrument that we are going to use for the conduct of our research, to evaluate and
validate our research instrument.

We appreciate the help that you extend to us, as a beginner in this field of endeavor.

Attach herewith is the evaluation form for your guidance.

Truly yours,

(SGD) Juan Luis C. Alcantara

(SGD) Winnie B. Briones
(SGD) Jemmalee M. Castro
(SGD) Lyka D. Duaqui
(SGD) Karl Lemuel D. Luzung

Signed: Noted:
(SGD) Lea A. Cardinoza (SGD) Lovely G. Taguines
(SGD) Alice Lozano Research Teacher
(SGD) Ofelia M. Marquez
 46

APPENDIX B

EVALUATION FORM

I. OBJECTIVITY 5 4 3 2 1
a. Items are specific
b. Items are measurable
c. Items are attainable
d. Items provide desirable results
e. Items may be answered at minimum
time interval

II. LENGTH OF 5 4 3 2 1
INSTRUMENT
a. Instrument is long enough
b. Respondents/ Participants will answer
similarly across different questions.
c. Instrument measures how well
respondents participants know the
content area.

III. CONTENT VALIDITY 5 4 3 2 1

a. Instructions are easy to follow
b. Questions focus on the topic under
study
c. Questions are stated in precise
manner
d. There are ambiguous items
e. Questions arouse the critical thinking
of the participant/ respondents.

IV. Criterion- Related Validity 5 4 3 2 1

a. The instrument addresses the purpose
of the study.
b. The instrument is projective of the
knowledge of respondents/ participants
about the topic study.

V. Face Validity 5 4 3 2 1
 47

a. The texts are larger enough

b. The print is clear
c. The characters are readable
d. There is enough spacing among the
lines.

[Link] 5 4 3 2 1
[Link] are sequentially presented
[Link] subject/topics for each item are
distributed in random.
c. There is a pattern on the sequence of
the question presented
d. Instructions are logical

VII. PRACTICALITY 5 4 3 2 1
a. The questionnaire contains items
applicable to respondents everyday life.
[Link] are realistic
c. Questions are easy to answer
d. Questions are score
e. Scores from the questionnaire are
easy to interpret

VII. ADAPTABILITY 5 4 3 2 1
a. Questions are modifiable with
changing times
b. Questions fit to present generation
c. The questions portray present reality
d. Respondents/ participants
experienced/ encountered at least one
of the situations given in the questions.

VIII. FAIRNESS 5 4 3 2 1
a. The questionnaire is gender sensitive
b. The questionnaire allows all
situations to be answered equally well.
c. The participants/respondents are
given enough time to answer the
questions.
d. The questionnaire reflects knowledge
 48

equally familiar to students.

VIII. USABILITY 5 4 3 2 1
a. The questionnaire is directed toward
achieving the objectives
b. The questionnaire is appropriate for
the target subjects.
c. The average respondents/participants
may present answers clearly.
d. The questionnaire did not contain
items beyond the context of the topic.

IX. EFFICIENCY 5 4 3 2 1
a. The questionnaire costs low to
reproduce
b. The questionnaire contains evidence
of technical quality.
c. The questionnaire may yield
legitimate score interpretation.

X. LANGUAGE USED 5 4 3 2 1
a. It is clear
b. It is simple
c. It is easy to understand
d. There are many double negatives
e. It is within the comprehension level
of respondents/ participants.

Suggestions and Recommendations to Improve the Instrument

Adapted from the thesis of SERRANO, JOHN PATRICK

Signature of Evaluator
 49

APPENDIX C

CONSENT LETTER

February ___, 2018

Tarlac National High School
Macabulos Drive, San Roque, Tarlac City
Dear Respondent,
We are Senior High School students from Tarlac National High School-Main who
are currently enrolled in the subject Practical Research I. To fulfill our requirements in
this subject, we are conducting a case study entitled “Coping Mechanisms on Stress of
Generation X and Millennial Entrepreneurs”. In line with this, may we ask for your
permission if we can include you as one of the respondents in our study.
We are looking forward for your help and participation.
Thank you and God bless you.

Sincerely yours,
(SGD) Juan Luis C. Alcantara

(SGD) Winnie B. Briones

(SGD) Jemmalee M. Castro

(SGD) Lyka D. Duaqui

(SGD) Karl Lemuel D. Lusung

Researchers
 50

Noted:
(SGD) Lovely G. Taguines
Research Teacher
(SGD) Respondents
Signature of Respondents
APPENDIX D

INTERVIEW GUIDE

1. Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Name

1.2 Age

1.3 Sex

1.4 Address

2. What made you decide to enter this field of entrepreneurship?

3. What are the tasks/works done within your business?

4. How do you fulfill/ accomplish your tasks?

5. What are the problems or challenges encountered in the process of

accomplishing those tasks?

6. What are the possible factors that bring stress in your workplace?

7. How do you respond to problems and situations arising coincide with present

stress, decision-making and managing responsibility?

8. What modern technology do you commonly use in your work? What are the

effects these cause you?

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9. Are there any strategies or plan of action used in accomplishing tasks and

coping with stress? If yes, what are those?

10. What can you suggest to aspiring entrepreneurs as they could possibly

encounter problems which are inevitable in this field of entrepreneurship?

APPENDIX E

INTERVIEW GUIDE

(GABAY SA PAGKALAP NG DATOS)

1. Pagkakakilanlan ng respondante:

1.1 Pangalan

1.2 Edad

1.3 Kasarian

1.4 Address

2. Ano ang nakapaghikayat o nag-impluwensiya aayo upang pasukin ang larangan

ng pagnenegosyo?

3. Ano ang mga kailangan gawin at responsibilidad sa iyong negosyo?

4. Paano mo isinasakatuparan ang iyong mga gawain?

5. Ano ang mga posibleng salik na nakakapagdulot ng stresa sa

pinagtatrabahuhan?

6. Ano ang mga pagsubok /problema na kinakaharap habang isinasakatuparan ang

iyong mga gawain?

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7. Paano mo tinutugunan ang mga problema kasabay ang mga kasalukuyang

stress, pagdedesisyon at reaponsibilidad?

8. Anu-ano ang mga makabagong teknolohiya na madalas mong ginagamit aa

trabaho? Ano ang mga epekto nito sa iyo?

9. Mayroon bang mga stratehiya o mga plano ng aksyon na ginamit sa

pagsakatuparan ng mga gawain at pagsolusyon sa mga problema? Kung oo, ano

ang mga ito?

10. Ano ang maimumungkahi mo sa mga taong mayroong balak pumasok sa

larangan ng pagnenegosyo na kung saan ang mga problemang hindi maiiwasan sa

larangan na ito?
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APPENDIX F

DOCUMENTATIONS
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CURRICULUM VITAE