SHS

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 4: Week 2 - Module 2
Chemical Equilibrium and Le
Chatelier’s Principle

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STEM – General Chemistry 2
Grade 11/12: Quarter 4 - Week 2
Module 2: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Cristita C. Ferrer, PhD, MT II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

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 General
Chemistry 2
Quarter 4 – Week 2 - Module 2
Chemical Equilibrium and Le
Chatelier’s Principle

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 Target

When two little siblings, a boy and a girl play in a seesaw, how do you
describe that seesaw if it is along the horizontal and does not move? Yes, it is
balanced or what we call as equilibrium.
Equilibrium, in Physics, occurs when bodies in a system are neither in a
state of motion nor in their internal energy state tends to change with time.
In Economics, equilibrium is the state in which market supply and demand
balance each other, and as a result prices become stable. The balancing effect of
supply and demand results in a state of equilibrium.
When a person does not show any symptoms of an ailment, he/she is
considered as healthy. This is a prior knowledge that some people believe up to this
time especially during this difficult time. According to World Health Organization
(WHO), health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This means that when all aspects of the
human body are in perfect condition or balanced, then the person is said to be
healthy.
Thus, when we say equilibrium, there is a state of balance.
This module will provide you with information and activities that will help
you understand how chemical equilibrium is achieved and how changes in some
factors such as pressure, concentration, and temperature affect it.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the factors affecting chemical equilibrium;
2. identify the dominant reactant/s or product/s in a chemical reaction;
3. explain chemical equilibrium in terms of the reaction rates of the forward
and the reverse reaction (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-145);
4. write the equilibrium constant expressions given the balanced chemical
reactions;
5. calculate equilibrium constant and the pressure or concentration of
reactants or products in an equilibrium mixture (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-
148); and
6. state the Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it qualitatively to describe the
effect of changes in pressure, concentration and, temperature on a
system at equilibrium (STEM_GC11CEIVb-e-149).

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Activity 1: Pre-Test
Choose the CAPITAL letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate paper. (5 points)
1. What does Le Chatelier’s principle state about chemical equilibrium?
A. If a stress (changes in reaction conditions) is applied to a system in
equilibrium, then the systems adjust in order to reduce the cause of
the stress applied.
B. If a stress (changes in reaction conditions) is applied to a system in
equilibrium, then the systems adjust in order to reduce the effect of
the stress applied.
C. If a stress (changes in reaction conditions) is applied to a system in
equilibrium, then the systems adjust in order to increase the cause of
the stress applied.
D. If a stress (changes in reaction conditions) is applied to a system in
equilibrium, then the systems adjust in order to increase the effect of
the stress applied.
2. Which of the following equations for the Law of Mass Action
Expression is CORRECT?
A. B.

C. D.
3. Which of the following factors DOES NOT affect chemical equilibrium?
A. changes in concentration of reactants or product/s
B. changes in the nature of reactants or product/s
C. changes in pressure on gaseous equilibria
D. changes in temperature
4. A team of General Chemistry 1 learners are undergoing a science
laboratory activity on chemical equilibrium. How can they achieve
equilibrium?
A. When the nature of the reactants and products remains constant.
B. When the concentration of the reactants and products remains
constant.
C. When the rate of product reformation is equal to the rate of
reactant formation.
D. When the rate of product formation is greater than the rate of
reactant reformation.

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 5. A mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen in a reaction vessel is allowed to

attain equilibrium at 472°C. The equilibrium mixture of gases was

analyzed found to contain 7.38 atm H2, 2.46 atm N2 and 0.166 atm NH3.
From these data, what is the equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction:

A. 4.98 x 10-1 B. 9.14 x 10-3 C. 1.68 x 10-4 D. 2.79 x 10-5

Jumpstart

Before going on, let’s check how accurate your observation

and analytical skills are as you do the first experiment.

Have fun and good luck! Are you ready? Let’s start!

Activity 2: “Camote-Tops Decoction Experiment!”

Objectives:
A. To be able to determine the effects of an acid or a base on the red camote-
tops decoction
B. To be able to explain how reversible chemical reaction occurs
Materials:
beaker or glass filter paper or “katsa” cloth
vinegar or calamansi extract bleach, “liquid sosa” or soap solution
red camote tops decoction
Procedure:
1. Prepare red camote-tops decoction by boiling red camote tops in water.
2. Filter the mixture using a filter paper or “katsa” cloth.
3. Let the filtrate or liquid to cool.
4. Place 20 mL of filtrate in a beaker or glass.
5. Drop vinegar or calamansi extract into the filtrate. Observe what will
happen. Record your observation.

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 6. Then, drop bleach, “liquid sosa” or soap solution into the mixture.
Observe and record what will happen.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6. Record your observations.

Data Analysis:
1. What happens to the red camote tops decoction when you dropped
vinegar or calamansi extract?

2. What happens to the mixture of red camote tops decoction and vinegar or
calamansi extract when you dropped bleach, “liquid sosa” or soap
solution?

Conclusions:
Based from the activity, explain how reversible chemical reaction occurs.

Did you have fun as a young scientist? You did great

in this science activity! Congratulations!

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 Discover

Chemical equilibrium, also called as dynamic equilibrium, is a state in which

the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction. In other
words, there is no net change in concentrations of reactants and products.
What happens in a reversible reaction? In reversible reactions, the reactants
are not completely converted into products and some of the products may be
converted back into reactants.
How do we distinguish an irreversible reaction from a reversible reaction in a
chemical equation? Unlike in irreversible reactions where a single-headed arrow is
used ( ), reversible reactions use a double-headed arrow ( ) to indicate that
the forward and backward reactions are occurring simultaneously. In general
terms, a reversible reaction may be represented as follows:

where the lower-case letters represent the stoichiometric coefficients of the

reactants and products.

What is chemical equilibrium?

Let us consider Figure 1 below:

Figure 1. The balanced forks (Image credited to Dr. C. Ferrer)

What can you say about the two forks on the brim of an empty glass? Yes,
they are in a state of balance.

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 State of balance is also referred to as a state of equilibrium. In a reversible
reaction, when the reactants start to form the products, the products would then
start to reform the reactants. The two opposing processes happen at different rates
but a certain point in the reaction will be reached where the rates of the forward
and backward reactions are the same (marked by the broken line in Figure 2). This
is the
state of chemical equilibrium.

Figure 2. Changes in the rate of the forward and backward reactions in a reversible reaction.
(Image credited to [Link], [Link], & Dr. C. Ferrer)

In a state of chemical equilibrium, since the rate of product formation is

equal to the rate of the reformation of the reactants, then the concentrations of the
reactants and products becomes constant as gleaned from Figure 3.

Figure 3. Changes in the amount of reactants and products in a reversible reaction. (Image
credited to [Link], [Link], & Dr. C. Ferrer)

The state of chemical equilibrium is a highly dynamic state. This means that
though there are no change in the composition of the reaction mixture and no
visible changes taking place, the particles are continuously reacting. Also, a system

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at chemical equilibrium can be easily disturbed by changes in the reaction
conditions.
The Law of Mass Action Expression/Equilibrium Constant Expression
The relationship between the concentrations of the reactants and products
may be expressed using the law of mass action expression/equilibrium constant
expression. For the general equilibrium reaction:

The law of mass action expression is written as .

where the [ ] is the concentration expressed in molarity and Keq is the equilibrium

constant. If molar concentrations are used, Keq may also be referred to as Kc. The

law of mass action is basically the ratio of the concentrations of the products
raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients to that of the reactants.
Examples:
1. Find the law of mass action expression for the given reaction below:

Answer:

2. What is the law of mass action expression for the given reaction below?

Answer:

Equilibrium constants for homogeneous gaseous equilibria may also be

expressed in terms of partial pressures. The expression is written in much the
same way as described, only that the partial pressure is raised to the coefficient
instead of the molar concentration.
Example: What is the partial pressure expression for the given reaction
below?

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 Answer:

For equilibrium reactions where the reactants and products are in different
phases (heterogeneous equilibria), pure solids and pure liquids are excluded in
writing equilibrium constant expressions.
Example: What is the equilibrium constant expression for the given reaction below?

Answer:

Why do we omit pure solids and pure liquids in the equilibrium constant
expression?
When the mass of a certain pure solid substance is doubled, its volume is
also doubled. Therefore, when the mass and volume is related to get the
concentration, a constant value is obtained. Only reactants and products whose
concentration varies during a chemical reaction are included in the expression.
Examples:
1. What is the equilibrium constant expression of the given reaction below?

Answer:

2. Find the equilibrium constant expression of the given reaction below:

Answer:

The Equilibrium Constant, K

The equilibrium constant, K, is the numerical value that is obtained when
equilibrium concentrations are substituted to the equilibrium constant expression.
The value of K may vary from very large to very small values. This value provides an
idea of the relative concentrations of the reactants and products in an equilibrium
mixture.
How can the value of the equilibrium constant be used to determine the relative
composition of the reaction mixture at equilibrium?

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 Consider the reaction for the production of phosgene (COCl2), a toxic gas
used in the manufacture of certain polymers and insecticides, at 100°C:

Q: If a certain fraction equates to a very large value, then which has a larger value
between the numerator and the denominator?

A: The numerator should have the larger value. The large value of 4.56 × 109

suggests that the concentration of COCl2 must be very large as compared to the

individual concentrations of CO and Cl2. The value suggests that at

equilibrium, the reactions mixture contains more of the product COCl2 than

the reactants CO and Cl2. This is experimentally verified. In other words, the
equilibrium lies to the right or towards the product side based from the
chemical equation given.
Q: Gaseous hydrogen iodide is placed in a closed container at 425°C, where it

partially decomposes to hydrogen and iodine: 2 HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g). At

equilibrium, it is found that [HI] = 3.53 × 10–3 M, [H2] = 4.79 × 10–4 M and

[I2] =4.79 × 10–4 M.

What is the value of Kc at this temperature?

In the second example, the value of Kc is small (< 1). For this to happen, the
value of the denominator must be larger compared to the numerator. In the case of
the given reaction, the equilibrium concentration of HI is higher than the
equilibrium concentrations of the decomposition products. This means that the
equilibrium lies on the left or on the reactant side.

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REMEMBER:
Generally, if K >> 1 (large K value), the equilibrium lies to the right and
the products predominate in the equilibrium mixture.
If K << 1 (small K value), the equilibrium lies to the left and the reactants
predominate in the equilibrium mixture.

To summarize this concept, consider Figure 4 below:

Figure 4. The relationship of K value and the composition of the equilibrium mixture. (Image credited
to Commission on Higher Education & Dr. C. Ferrer)

The Reaction Quotient, Q

Q: What if the concentrations of reactant and products given are not equilibrium
concentrations?
A: If the concentrations given are not equilibrium concentrations, we can calculate
for the reaction quotient.

What is a reaction quotient, Q?

It is the value obtained when product and reactant concentrations or partial
pressures at any point of the reaction is plugged in the equilibrium constant
expression. It is calculated in the same way as K. Thus, for a general equilibrium
reaction .
The reaction quotient can be expressed as:

or if in terms of partial pressures,

.

What is the significance of the reaction quotient?

The reaction quotient may be used to determine if a particular reaction is at
equilibrium, and if not, in which direction the reaction will proceed to attain the
equilibrium.

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Example:

The Kc value for the reaction at 472°C is

0.105. Suppose a mixture of 2.00 mol of H2, 1.00 mol of N2 and 2.00 mol of NH3 is
placed on a sealed 1.00-L container.
Answer:

Interpretation: Since the Qc ≠ Kc, then the given mixture is not in equilibrium.

In what direction will the reaction proceed in order to attain the

equilibrium?
To attain equilibrium in the previous problem, the quotient must decrease to

0.150. This will only happen if the concentration of NH3 will decrease and the

concentrations of N2 and H2 will increase. Thus, the reaction must proceed in the
backward direction until equilibrium is attained.

REMEMBER:
Generally, if Q = K, then the system is already at equilibrium.
If Q > K, the products dominate the reaction mixture so the
products must react to form the reactants; reaction proceeds in the
backward direction until equilibrium is attained.
If Q < K, the reactants dominate the reaction mixture so the
reactants must react to form the products; reaction proceeds in the
forward direction until equilibrium is attained.

Q: How would we know if the reaction is already at equilibrium?

A: We can calculate for the reaction quotient and compare it to the reported
equilibrium constant value.
If the two values are equal, then the mixture is already in equilibrium.
Let us summarize this concept in Figure 5.

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Figure 5. Predicting the direction of equilibrium shift given the values of K and Q. (Image credited to
Commission on Higher Education & Dr. C. Ferrer)

Calculating K when all equilibrium concentrations/partial pressures are

known
Determining equilibrium constants when equilibrium concentrations or
partial pressures are known involves straightforward substitution to the
equilibrium constant expression.
Examples:
1. An aqueous solution of acetic acid is found to have the following

concentrations at 25°C: [CH3COOH] = 1.65 × 10–2M; [H3O+] = 5.44

× 10–4M; and [CH3COO–] = 5.44 × 10–4 M. Calculate the equilibrium

constant Kc for the ionization of acetic acid at 25°C. The reaction is:

Given:
Balanced chemical equation
Equilibrium partial pressures:

[CH3COOH] = 1.65 × 10–2M

[H3O+] = 5.44 × 10–4M

[CH3COO–] = 5.44 × 10–4 M

Strategy:
Using the balanced chemical equation, write the equilibrium constant
expression, Kc, then substitute the given equilibrium concentrations to it.
Solution:

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 2. Gaseous hydrogen iodide is placed in a closed container at 425 °C,
where it partially decomposes to hydrogen and iodine:

At equilibrium, it is found that [HI] = 3.53 × 10–3 M, [H2] =

4.79 ×10–4 M and [I2] = 4.79 × 10–4 M. What is the value of Kc at

this temperature?
Given:
Balanced chemical equation
Equilibrium partial pressures:

[HI] = 3.53 × 10–3 M

[H2]= 4.79 ×10–4 M

[I2] = 4.79 × 10–4 M

Strategy:
Using the balanced chemical equation, write the equilibrium constant
expression, Kc, then substitute the given equilibrium concentrations to it.
Solution:

Calculating K from initial and equilibrium concentrations/partial pressures

In most cases, what is known to the experimenter is the equilibrium
constant at a certain temperature and the initial concentrations or partial
pressures of the species present. This means that equilibrium quantities must be
determined before calculating for K. This can be done by treating the change as a
variable where the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced equation can be
used to denote the relationship between the changes in the concentration/partial
pressure of the reactants and products.
Examples:

1. A closed system initially containing 1.000 × 10–3 M H2 and 2.000 × 10–3

M I2 at 448 °C is allowed to reach equilibrium. Analysis of the equilibrium

mixture shows that the concentration of HI is 1.87 × 10 –3 M. Calculate Kc

at 448 °C for the reaction taking place which is
.
Given:
Balanced chemical equation

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Equilibrium partial pressures:

[H2]= 1.000 × 10–3 M

[I2] = 2.000 × 10–3 M

[HI] =1.87 × 10–3 M

Strategy:
Using the balanced chemical equation, write the equilibrium constant
expression, Kc, then substitute the given equilibrium concentrations to it.
Solution:

Let x = amount of H2 that changes to attain equilibrium

Calculating equilibrium concentrations/partial pressures from initial

concentrations/partial pressures and K values
Example:
For the equilibrium , the equilibrium constant Kp

is 7.0 at 400 K. If a cylinder is charged with BrCl(g) at an initial pressure of 1.00

atm and the system is allowed to come to equilibrium, what is the equilibrium
partial pressure of BrCl?
Given:
Balanced chemical equation
Kp = 7.0 (at 400 K)
Solution:
Let x = amount of BrCl that changes to attain equilibrium

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 (1−2𝑥)2
√7.0 = √ 𝑥2
1−2𝑥
2.65 =
𝑥

2.65𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥
2. 65𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 1
4.65𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥= = 0.215
4.65

Therefore,

(PBrCl)eq = 1.00 atm – {2 (0.215 atm)} = 0.570 atm

REMEMBER:
It is a state of “balance” when the rate of product formation is
equal to the rate of reactant reformation.
It is a “dynamic situation” – the forward and the reverse
processes continue to take place even though it appears to have
stopped because there is no change in the relative concentrations of
the reactants and products.
It is mathematically described by the Law of Mass Action.

The Le Chatelier’s Principle

Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if a stress (changes in reaction conditions)
is applied to a system in equilibrium, then the systems adjust in order to reduce the
effect of the stress applied.
The stress that may affect a system at chemical equilibrium include changes
in the concentration of either products or reactants, changes in temperature and
changes in pressure for gaseous equilibria.
A. Effect of changing the concentration of reactants or products
Consider the formation of FeSCN where its net ionic equation involved is
given below.

Situation: As a chemistry student, you put 5 mL of 0.02 M KSCN and 5 mL of

distilled water into a test tube. Then, added 2 to 4 drops of 0.02 M Fe(NO3)3
solution in to the test tube and gently shook it. You discovered that the color of the

solution that was formed is due to FeSCN2+ complex.

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 You divided the prepared solution in to four test tubes and labeled them as 1
to 4. You used the test tube no. 1 as your reference. Into the test tube no. 2, you
added a small crystal of KSCN. To test tube no. 3, you added 1 drop of 0.02 M

Fe(NO3)3 and to test tube no. 4, you placed 2 drops of 0.02 M NaH2PO4. You
considered this reaction for part 4:
From the activity, you observed the following results:

1. Addition of Fe(NO3)3 solution to KSCN solution produces a deep-red

colored solution. The color is due the formation of the FeSCN2+ complex.

2. Upon addition of KSCN crystal to the FeSCN 2+ solution on test tube 2 and

Fe(NO3)3 solution to test tube 3, the deep-red color intensifies.

3. Upon addition of NaHPO4 solution to test tube 4, the deep-red color of the
solution is lost.

When KSCN crystal is added, the concentration of SCN– increases. There is

an increase in the frequency of collisions of SCN– with Fe3+ forming more FeSCN2+
as indicated by the increase in intensity of the deep red color. The equilibrium
shifts forward toward the direction of the formation of the product.

The same thing is observed when Fe(NO3)3 is added. Since the concentration

of Fe3+ is increased, greater frequency of collisions with SCN– occurs forming more

FeSCN2+ causing the increased intensity of the deep red color. The equilibrium also
shifts forward toward the direction of the formation of the product.

Addition of NaH2PO4 caused the loss of the deep red color of the solution

due to the backward shift of the equilibrium that consumes the FeSCN 2+ complex

to reform the reactants. The added H2PO4– reacts with Fe3+ to form a colorless

complex [Fe(H2PO4)]2+ according to the reaction:

Since Fe3+ concentration was decreased, the equilibrium has to shift

backward to replenish the lost Fe3+ in order to establish a new state of equilibrium.

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REMEMBER:
Increasing the concentration of a substance in an equilibrium mixture
displaces the equilibrium in the direction which consumes some of the added
material. Conversely, decreasing the concentration of a substance favors the
reaction which produces it.
In the context of the Le Chatelier’s principle, the stress referred here is
the change in concentration. When the concentration of either a reactant or a
product is increased, the equilibrium shifts into the direction that would consume
that added component. If the concentration is decreased, then the equilibrium
shifts into the direction that replenishes the lost component.

Effect of changes in temperature

To qualitatively describe changes in temperature on a system at equilibrium,
let us consider this situation.
Situation: A team of General Chemistry 1 class conducted a science activity where

they placed about 30 mL of 10% CoCl2 solution into a beaker, added dropwise
concentrated HCl until the color of the solution changes from pink to violet/lilac,
and then divided the resulting solution equally into three test tubes. They also used
one test tube as the reference. The chemical reaction involved in their activity is:

Afterwhich, they heated one test tube using a hot water bath (not boiling)
while swirling the other tube in an ice bath for five minutes. Finally, they
transferred the tube from the hot water bath to the ice bath and vice versa. Stand
for five minutes.
After conducting the activity, they found out the following results:

1. The CoCl2 solution is pink due to the complex formed by Co 2+ with H2O

which is [Co(H2O)6]2+. Upon addition of HCl, the solution changes from

pink to purple due to the gradual formation of the [CoCl4]2+ complex. If

excess acid was added, the solution turns dark blue. This can be
corrected by adding distilled water dropwise until the desired purple color
is achieved.
2. Upon submerging the tube in a hot water bath, the solution should turn

dark blue indicating the formation of [CoCl4]2+.

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 3. Upon submerging the tube in an ice bath, the solution should turn pink,

indicating that the formation of [Co(H2O)6]2+ is favored.

From these observations, it can be concluded that the forward reaction is
endothermic and is therefore favored upon application of heat.

REMEMBER:
When the temperature is increased, the reaction which consumes
the applied heat is favored i.e. the reaction which is endothermic. When
the temperature is decreased, the reaction which produces heat is
favored i.e. the reaction which is exothermic. When heat is added,
equilibrium shifts to the reaction that consumes it.

To summarize the discussions on the effects of changing the concentration

and temperature of a system at chemical equilibrium, you may use the given video
clip thru this link: [Link]

Effect of Changes in Pressure (or Volume) on Gaseous Equilibria

For gaseous equilibria, changes in pressure due to changes in the volume of
the container affect chemical equilibrium. When the pressure is increased (by
decreasing the volume of the container), the system adjusts by reducing the total
pressure exerted by the gas particles present. This can be done by shifting the
equilibrium towards the formation of a lesser number of gas particles which may be
predicted using a balanced chemical equation.
For example, consider the gaseous equilibrium:

When the volume of the container is decreased, the total pressure inside is
increased and the equilibrium has to shift to the direction that has a lesser number of
gaseous particles in order to relieve the pressure, i.e. towards the formation of

N2O4. According to the balanced equation, there are two moles of N2O on the

reactant side and 1 mole of N2O4 on the product side.

When the volume of the container is increased, then the total pressure is
decreased. When this happens, the equilibrium shifts to the direction that would

produce more gas particles, i.e. towards the formation of N2O.

The total pressure of the gaseous reaction may also be increased by adding
an inert gas which is not involved in the equilibrium reaction. For example,

addition of neon gas on an equilibrium mixture of N 2O and N2O4, will be able to

21
change the total pressure but not the partial pressures of the gases that are
involved in the equilibrium process. This will therefore not affect the value of the
equilibrium constant and will not cause a shift of the equilibrium.

Practical Application of the Le Chatelier’s Principle

Practitioners of chemistry in the industry find Le Chatelier’s principle of
great importance especially in the manufacturing of many products. For a more
efficient production process, they formulate ways by which product yield can be
maximized and waste generation can be minimized. This can be done by examining
the effects of changing the reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure and
concentrations of the substances involved on the yield of the process.
For example, when Fritz Haber developed the process of producing

ammonia, NH3, from N2 and H2 , according to the reaction:

,
he tried to vary the pressure and temperature conditions to determine what
conditions will maximize the yield of ammonia. Study Figure 5 below.

What can you conclude from the graph?

It can be concluded that the yield of ammonia can be maximized with
increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. Both conditions shift the
equilibrium towards the direction of producing more ammonia.
Another way by which the yield of ammonia can be maximized is to
continuously remove the ammonia product from the equilibrium mixture as shown
in Figure 7 below. This can be done by condensing the gas in to a liquid form and
withdrawing it from the reaction. In this way, the equilibrium will shift to the right
favoring the formation of more ammonia.

22
 Explore

To master these concepts, here is your activity! Keep going! You

can do it! Enjoy!

Activity 3: “Fill Me Out!”

Complete the given Table 1 on the next page. Choose the correct
answer from the following choices:
Stress Applied – decreasing, increasing, addition, or removal
Effect - increase, decrease, or no change
Equilibrium Shift – forward, backward, or no shift
The first item is done for you.

23
 Deepen

To deeply apply our lesson, do the next task.

Activity 4. “Solve My Problems!”

Solve the following worded-problems accurately and completely. Write your
answers on a separate paper.

1. When 1.50 mol CO2 and 1.50 mol H2 are placed in a 3.00-L container at 395
°C, the following reaction occurs: . If Kc
= 0.802, what are the concentrations of each substance in the equilibrium
mixture?
2. The reaction has a Kc value of 2400 at 2000 K. If
0.850 M each of N2 and O2 are initially present in a 3.00-L vessel, calculate
the equilibrium concentrations of NO, N2, and O2.

Gauge

You are now on the last part of your module. To

assess how much you have understood the lesson, you
are asked to answer a 15-point Multiple Choices type of
test. Keep going! Good luck!

Direction: Write the CAPITAL letter of the correct answer on a separate paper.
(15 points)

1. What does Le Chatelier’s principle state about chemical equilibrium?

A. If a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, then the systems adjust
in order to increase the cause of the stress applied.
B. If a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, then the systems adjust
in order to increase the effect of the stress applied.
C. If a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, then the systems adjust
in order to reduce the cause of the stress applied.
D. If a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, then the systems adjust
in order to reduce the effect of the stress applied.

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2. What happens to the total pressure when the volume of the container is
increased?
A. decreases B. increases
C. becomes zero D. remains constant
3. When the temperature is decreased, how would you describe a chemical
reaction that produces heat?
A. direct B. endothermic C. exothermic D. inverse
4. Which of the following sets of stress that may affect a system at chemical
equilibrium?
I. changes in the concentration of either products or reactants
II. changes in temperature for gaseous equilibria
III. changes in pressure for gaseous equilibria

A. I only B. II only C. II and III D. I, II, and III

5. If Qc < Kc, to what direction will the chemical reaction proceed?

A. backward B. forward C. center D. all directions

6. Which of the following statements about reaction quotient (Qc) is FALSE?

A. The equation used is .
B. It is used to determine if chemical equilibrium is attained.

C. If Qc < Kc, the products dominate in the chemical reaction.

D. If chemical equilibrium is not achieved, Qc is used to determine where the

direction of reaction will proceed in order to attain the equilibrium.
7. If the computed Kc of an unknown compound is equal to 1.3, where does
chemical equilibrium lie?
A. center B. left C. right D. left to right
8. When the computed Kc of an unknown compound is equal to 0.45,
which of the following will predominate in the equilibrium mixture?
A. direction B. factor C. products D. reactants
9. What is the CORRECT equilibrium constant expression of the given chemical
reaction:

A. B.

C. D.

25
10. What is the CORRECT equilibrium constant expression of the given chemical
reaction:

A. B.

C. D.

11. What is/are dominant in the reaction which is at

equilibrium and with a Kc equal to 1.5 x 10-10?

A. N2(g) B. O2(g) C. NO(g) D. N2(g) + O2(g)

12. What is/are dominant in the reaction which is

at equilibrium and with a Kc equal to 5.8 x 10-18?

A. Br2(g) B. H2(g) C. HBr(g) D. H2(g) + Br2(g)

13. At 900 K, the following reaction has Kp = 0.34:

In an equilibrium mixture, the partial pressure of SO2 and O2 are 0.135

atm and 0.455 atm, respectively. What is the equilibrium partial pressure

of SO3 in the mixture?

A. 0.0353 atm B. 0.0535 atm C. 0.1253 atm D. 0.3553 atm
14. From the given Figure below, what conclusion you make?

A. The forward and backward reactions are equal during the start of the
chemical reaction.
B. The forward and backward reactions are equal at the end of the
chemical reaction.
C. When the rates of forward and backward reactions reach the same
point, chemical equilibrium is attained.

26
 D. When the rates of forward and backward reactions are in the highest
and lowest points respectively, the point, chemical equilibrium is
attained.
15. Consider the given Figure below on the production of ammonia. What
conclusion you make?

A. More ammonia is produced at lesser pressure and temperature.

B. More ammonia is produced at greater pressure and temperature.
C. More ammonia is produced at lesser pressure and at greater temperature.
D. More ammonia is produced at greater pressure and at lesser temperature.

Congratulations!!! You did very well in this

module!!!

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Answer Key

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References
A. Books
Buthelezi, Thandi, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom, and Dina
Zike. Chemistry Matter and Change. Quezon City, Metro Manila: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2013.

B. Government Publications
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General
Chemistry 2. n.d.

C. Online and Electronic Sources

Chan, V. and Alborzfar, L. “Principles of chemical equilibrium.” Accessed February 9,
2021.[Link]
y_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/E
quilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Che
mical_Equilibrium. 2020.

“Equilibrium.” Accessed February 11, 2021

[Link] n.d.

“Health.” Accessed February 9, 2021 [Link]

health-organizationwho-definition-of-health/. 2019.

“Reaction Equation.” Accessed February 17, 2021. [Link]

“Image on temperature and pressure in ammonia production.” Accessed February 17,

2021. [Link] (464×336)
([Link]).
n.d.

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