A Technical Seminar Report on
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under
JNTU Hyderabad
By
OSSAMA BIN MOHSIN
18N61A0148
>
Department of Civil Engineering
Vivekananda institute of Technology & Science Karimnagar
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad.)
2021-2022
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS A BONNAFIDE REWARD OF THE TECHNICAL
SEMINAR REPORT DONE BY OSSAMA BIN MOHSIN fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree of bachelor of technology In civil engineering.
Date:
MR MA HALEEM DR TVVSUDHAKAR
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL
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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank respected Mr HALEEM and MRS UJWALA for giving me such a
wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present
a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.
econdly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my
work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized
and well-stacked till the end.
Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped
my work a lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete
my report on time.
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Preface
I have made this report file on the topicINTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM; I have
tried my best to elucidateall the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report.
While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.
My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful
note. I express my sincere gratitude to HALEEM SIR assisting me throughout the preparation
of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly
the track for the topic whenever I needed it.
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Contents
CONTENTS PAGE NUMBERS
CERTIFICATE 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
PREFACE 4
ABSTRACT 6
URBAN SCENARIO 7
RURAL SCENARIO 8
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT 9
TECHNOLOGY
INTELIGENT TRANSPORTATION 13
APPLICATION
DYANMIC TRAFFIC LIGHT 17
SEQUENCE
INTELLIGENT VEHICHLES 19
CONCLUSION 22
REFERENCE 23
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List of figures Page number
1. Urban scenario 7
2. Rural scenario 8
3. Intelligent transport 10
technology
4. Electornic toll collection 13
5. Emergency vehicle 15
notification system
6. Automatic road enforcement 15
7. Dynamic traffic light 17
sequence algorithm using
rfid
8. Dynamic traffic light 2 18
9. Intelligent vehicle initiative 20
10. ITS world congress and 21
exhibition
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ABSTRACT
“Future of transportation infrastructure”
There are many technologies involved in intelligent transportation system,
▪ Wireless communications
▪ Computational technologies
▪ Floating car data/floating cellular data
▪ Sensing technologies
▪ Inductive loop detection
▪ Video vehicle detection
.
Intelligent transportation system i.e. ITS has wide range of applications as,
• Electronic toll collection
• Emergency vehicle notification systems
• Cordon zones with congestion pricing
• Automatic road enforcement
• Collision avoidance systems
• Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence
• Intelligent Vehicle
A broad range of diverse technologies, known collectively as intelligent transportation
systems (ITS), holds the answer to many of our transportation problems. ITS is comprised of a
number of technologies, including information processing, communications, control, sand
electronics Joining these technologies to our transportation system will save lives, save time,
and save money.
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Urban Scenario
In India out of the total population of 1027 million as on 1st March, 2001, about
742 million live in rural areas and 285 million in urban areas.
The percentage decadal growth of population in rural and urban areas during
the 1990-2000 decade was 17.9 and 31.2 percent respectively.
The Ministry of Urban Development is in the process of framing a
National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) to address the various issues involved
in urban transport.
The objective of this policy is to ensure safe, affordable, quick,
comfortable, reliable and sustainable access for the growing number of city
residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within our cities.
This is sought to be achieved by incorporating urban transportation as an
important parameter at the urban planning stage rather than being a
consequential requirement; bringing about a more equitable allocation of road
space - with people, rather than vehicles, as its main focus; investing in transport
systems that encourage greater use of public transport and non-motorized modes
instead of personal motor vehicles; reducing pollution levels through changes in
traveling practices, better enforcement, stricter norms, technological
improvements; building capacity (institutional and manpower) to plan for
sustainable urban transport; and promoting the use of cleaner technologies.
According to the 2001 census, there are 35 metropolitan cities with millionplus
population. There are eight cities in the country with more than 3 million
population, which include Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore and
Kolkata.
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Rural scenario
Out of the total 3.3 million km road network in India, approximately 80 %
are in rural areas.
Upgradation of about 3,70,000 km Rural Roads is estimated at a cost of
Rs.53, 000 Crore (one crore = 10 million). Cost of New Connectivity is
estimated at Rs. 79,000 [Link] total envisaged cost of the project is about
Rs.1,32,000 crore.
As part of the Indian Government’s commitment to develop rural
connectivity, the massive Prime Minister’s Grameena Sadak Yojana
(Prime Minister’s Rural Roads Programme) was launched on25th
December, 2000 to provide all-weather access to unconnected abitations.
The PMGSY is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 50% of the Cess on
High Speed Diesel (HSD) earmarked for this Programme.
Combined with other rural infrastructure, e-governance, electrification
and telecommunication programmes, ITS opportunities for rural
roads in India has great potential.
Some statistics:
Under the 2005-06 budget
• Rs 450 crores special package has been set aside for the North
Eastern region
• Rural infrastructure development fund: A corpus of Rs 8000 crores in
2005-06
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• Telecommunications: A provision of Rs.1,200 crore for Universal Service
Obligation (USO) Fund in 2005-06; 1,687 subdivisions to get support for rural
household telephones; BSNL to provide public telephones in the next three years
to the remaining 66,822 revenue villages.
• Rural Electrification: To cover 1.25 lakh villages in five years; focus to be on
deficient States; creation of a rural electricity distribution backbone envisaged,
with a 33/11 KV substation in each block and at least one distribution
transformer in each village; Rs.1,100 crore provided in 2005-06.
1. Intelligent transportation technologies:
Intelligent transportation systems vary in technologies applied, from basic
management systems such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems;
container management systems; variable message signs; automatic number plate
recognition or speed cameras to monitoring applications, such as security CCTV
systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback
from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information
systems; weather information; bridge deicing systems; and the like. Additionally,
predictive techniques are being developed in order to allow advanced modeling
and comparison with historical baseline data. Some of the constituent
technologies typically implemented in ITS are described in the following
sections.
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1.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS:
Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been
proposed for intelligent transportation systems. Short-range communications
(less than 500 yards) can be accomplished using IEEE 802.11 protocols,
specifically WAVE or the Dedicated Short Range Communications standard
being promoted by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America and the
United States Department of Transportation. Theoretically, the range of these
protocols can be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or Mesh
[Link] range communications have been proposed using
infrastructure networks such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM), or 3G. Long-range communications using
these methods are well established, but, unlike the short-range protocols, these
methods require extensive and very expensive infrastructure deployment. There
is lack of consensus as to what business model should support this
infrastructure.
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1.2 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES:
Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led to a move toward fewer,
more capable computer processors on a vehicle. A typical vehicle in the early
2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked
microcontroller/Programmable logic controller modules with non-real-time
operating systems. The current trend is toward fewer, more costly
microprocessor modules with hardware memory management and Real-Time
Operating Systems. The new embedded system platforms allow for more
sophisticated software applications to be implemented, including model-based
process control, artificial intelligence, and ubiquitous computing. Perhaps the
most important of these for Intelligent Transportation Systems is artificial
intelligence.
1.3 FLOATING CAR DATA/FLOATING CELLULAR DATA:
Virtually every car contains one or more mobile phones. These mobile
phones routinely transmit their location information to the network – even when
no voice connection is established. This allows them to be used as anonymous
traffic probes. As the car moves, so does the signal of the mobile phone. By
measuring and analyzing triangulation network data – in an anonymous format –
the data is converted into accurate traffic flow information. With more
congestion, there are more cars, more phones, and thus, more probes. In
metropolitan areas, the distance between antennas is shorter and, thus, accuracy
increases. No infrastructure needs to be built along the road; only the mobile
phone network is leveraged. Floating car data technology provides great
advantages over existing methods of traffic measurement:
• much less expensive than sensors or cameras
• more coverage: all locations and streets
• faster to set up (no work zones) and less maintenance
• works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain
SENSING TECHNOLOGIES:
Technological advances in telecommunications and information technology
coupled with state-of-the-art microchip, RFID, and inexpensive intelligent
beacon sensing technologies have enhanced the technical capabilities that will
facilitate motorist safety benefits for Intelligent transportation systems globally.
Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle and infrastructure based networkedsystems,
e.g., Intelligent
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on the road, or surrounding the road (buildings, posts, and signs for example) as
required and may be manually disseminated during preventive road construction
maintenance or by sensor injection machinery for rapid deployment of the
embedded radio frequency powered (or RFID) in-ground road sensors. Vehicle-
sensing systems include deployment of infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-
infrastructure electronic beacons for identification communications and may also
employ the benefits of CCTV automatic number plate recognition technology at
desired intervals in order to increase sustained monitoring of suspect vehicles
operating in critical zones.
1.4 INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTION:
Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to detect vehicles as they pass
over the loop by measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The simplest detectors
simply count the number of vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60 seconds
in the United States) that pass over the loop, while more sophisticated sensors
estimate the speed, length, and weight of vehicles and the distance between
them. Loops can be placed in a single lane or across multiple lanes, and they
work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as vehicles moving at high-
speed.
1.5 VIDEO VEHICLE DETECTION:
Traffic flow measurement and automatic incident detection using video
cameras is another form of vehicle detection. Since video detection systems such
as those used in automatic number plate recognition do not involve installing any
components directly into the road surface or roadbed, this type of system is
known as a "non-intrusive" method of traffic detection. Video from black-and-
white or color cameras is fed into processors that analyze the changing
characteristics of the video image as vehicles pass. The cameras are typically
mounted on poles or structures above or adjacent to the roadway. Most video
detection systems require some initial configuration to "teach" the processor the
baseline background image. This usually involves inputting known
measurements such as the distance between lane lines or the height of the camera
above the roadway. A single video detection processor can detect traffic
simultaneously from one to eight cameras, depending on the brand and model.
The typical output from a video detection system is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds,
counts, and lane occupancy readings.
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including gap, headway, stopped-vehicle detection, and wrong-way vehicle
alarms.
2. Intelligent transportation applications:
2.1 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION
Electronic toll collection at "Costanera Norte" Freeway, downtown Santiago,
Chile
Main article: Electronic toll collection
Electronic toll collection (ETC) makes it possible for vehicles to drive
through toll gates at traffic speed, reducing congestion at toll plazas and
automating toll collection. Originally ETC systems were used to automate toll
collection, but more recent innovations have used ETC to enforce congestion
pricing through cordon zones in city centers and ETC lanes.
Until recent years, most ETC systems were based on using radio devices in
vehicles that would use proprietary protocols to identify a vehicle as it passed
under a gantry over the roadway. More recently there has been a move to
standardize ETC protocols around the Dedicated Short Range Communications
protocol that has been promoted for vehicle safety by the Intelligent
Transportation Society of America, ERTICO and ITS Japan.
While communication frequencies and standards do differ around the
world, there has been a broad push toward vehicle infrastructure integration
around the 5.9 GHz frequency (802.11.x WAVE).
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Via its National Electronic Tolling Committee representing all
jurisdictions and toll road operators, ITS Australia also facilitated
interoperability of toll tags in Australia for the multi-lane free flow tolls roads.
Other systems that have been used include barcode stickers, license plate
recognition, infrared communication systems, and Radio Frequency
Identification Tags (see M6 Toll tag).
2.2 EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS
The in-vehicle eCall is an emergency call generated either manually by the
vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors after an
accident. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an
emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency
point (normally the nearest E1-1-2 Public-safety answering point, PSAP). The
voice call enables the vehicle occupant to communicate with the trained eCall
operator. At the same time, a minimum set of data will be sent to the eCall
operator receiving the voice call.
The minimum set of data contains information about the incident,
including time, precise location, the direction the vehicle was traveling, and
vehicle identification. The pan-European eCall aims to be operative for all new
type-approved vehicles as a standard option. Depending on the manufacturer of
the eCall system, it could be mobile phone based (Bluetooth connection to an in-
vehicle interface), an integrated eCall device, or a functionality of a broader
system like navigation, Telematics device, or tolling device. eCall is expected to
be offered, at earliest, by the end of 2010, pending standardization by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute and commitment from large
EU member states such as France and the United Kingdom.
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Congestion pricing gantry at North Bridge Road, Singapore.
2.3 CORDON ZONES WITH CONGESTION PRICING
Cordon zones have been implemented in Singapore, Stockholm, and
London, where a congestion charge or fee is collected from vehicles entering a
congested city center. This fee or toll is charged automatically using electronic
toll collection or automatic number plate recognition, since stopping the users at
conventional toll booths would cause long queues, long delays, and even
gridlock. The main objective of this charge is to reduce traffic congestion within
the cordon area.
2.4 AUTOMATIC ROAD ENFORCEMENT
Automatic speed enforcement gantry or "Lombada Eletrônica" with ground
sensors at Brasilia, D.F.
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A traffic enforcement camera system, consisting of a camera and a
vehicle-monitoring device, is used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a
speed limit or some other road legal requirement and automatically ticket
offenders based on the license plate number. Traffic tickets are sent by mail.
Applications include:
• Speed cameras that identify vehicles traveling over the legal speed limit.
Many such devices use radar to detect a vehicle's speed or electromagnetic
loops buried in each lane of the road.
• Red light cameras that detect vehicles that cross a stop line or designated
stopping place while a red traffic light is showing.
• Bus lane cameras that identify vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for
buses. In some jurisdictions, bus lanes can also be used by taxis or
vehicles engaged in car pooling.
• Level crossing cameras that identify vehicles crossing railways at grade
illegally.
• Double white line cameras that identify vehicles crossing these lines.
• High-occupancy vehicle lane cameras for that identify vehicles violating
HOV requirements.
• Turn cameras at intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red.
This type of camera is mostly used in cities or heavy populated areas.
2.5 COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS
Japan has installed sensors on its highways to notify motorists that a car is
stalled ahead.
2.6 DYNAMIC TRAFFIC LIGHT SEQUENCE
Intelligent RFID traffic control has been developed for dynamic traffic
light sequence. It has circumvented or avoided the problems that usually arise
with systems such as those, which use image processing and beam interruption
techniques. RFID technology with appropriate algorithm and data base were
applied to a multi vehicle, multi lane and multi road junction area to provide an
efficient time management
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for the passage of each column. The simulation has shown that, the dynamic
sequence algorithm has the ability to intelligently adjust itself even with the
presence of some extreme cases. The real time operation of the system able to
emulate the judgment of a traffic policeman on duty, by considering the number
of vehicles in each column and the routing proprieties.
Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence Algorithm Using RFID
The operation of standard traffic lights which are currently deployed
in many junctions, are based on predetermined timing schemes, which are fixed
during the installation and remain until further resetting. The timing is no more
than a default setup to control what may be considered as normal traffic.
Although every road junction by necessity requires different traffic light timing
setup, many existing systems operate with an over-simplified sequence. This has
instigated various ideas and scenarios to solve the traffic problem. To design an
intelligent and efficient traffic control system, a number of parameters that
represent the status of the road conditions must be identified and taken into
consideration. Most of the present intelligent traffic lights are sensor based with
a certain algorithm that controls the switching operation of the system[1,2]. This
approach considers the traffic to be moving smoothly and hence does not require
any management or monitoring of traffic conditions.
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overcome these problems. It employs real-time traffic flow monitoring with
image tracking systems[3,4].
Although this method can give a quantitative description of traffic
flow[5], it involves several limitations. The processing in real time on a large
scale may present prohibitive requirements. Some common problems involved in
image processing system include False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False
Rejection Rate (FRR). Normally, in case of jam-packed traffic, the computer
vision results in erroneous detection[3].The sensor based traffic light control on
the other hand may require sensors that operate with a line of sight detection,
which may present difficulty in detecting vehicles that pass through blind spots
detection range.
CONCLUSION:
The RFID technology may lead to a revolution in traffic management,
when it is properly deployed as an intelligent system with suitable algorithm.
One of its main features is the ability to communicate operation commands from
head-quarters or any other subsidiary command station to any location in the
system via existing infrastructure such as GSM or Internet. This system can
enhance the transportation system of the country, by efficient management. The
dynamic management scheme operates in real-time and emulates the judgment
of a traffic policeman on duty. The efficiency of the system may save many man-
hours usually lost in traffic problems. Accidents may also be prevented and lives
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can be saved as well as property. Priority emergency tags can be deployed on
ambulance, fire, police and other emergency vehicles. The system saves valuable
details in the records of the database, which can provides ample and valuable
information to planners and investigators. However, the integration of the
databases among the local authorities is a challenge that requires decisions at
national level. Data sharing and secure hierarchical access to various levels of
databases and protocols must be designed to integrate new information with
existing systems. The issues of integration and collaboration may be a subject for
future work. The legal issues and privacy laws relating to the monitoring of
drivers all the time may cause a major public concern. Such study would need to
address subjects relating to civil rights and personal freedom issues as well as
social acceptance.
2.7 Intelligent Vehicles:
The Intelligent vehicle initiative
Where the metropolitan, Commercial vehicle and Rural program areas are
focused primarily on the ITS infrastructure, the intelligent vehicle initiative aims
to accelerate the development and availability of advanced safety and information
systems applied to all types of vehicles. The goal is to integrate driver assistance
and motorist information function so that vehicles operate moresafely and
effectively.
The intelligent veinitiative covers applications for passenger vehicles, commercial
trucks, buses and specialized vehicles such as snowplows. Otherspecial
application to emergency response, law enforcement and highway maintenance
vehicle are also included.
Many of these applications are based on ongoing and recently completed
research on crash avoidance, in vehicle safety and automated highway systems.
Continuing research on human factor, and advanced driver warning and vehicle
control systems are a major thrust of the intelligent vehicle initiative.
This initiative seeks to bring together public and private stakeholders to ensure
that in-vehicle systems are technologically, socially.
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Partnership with the motor vehicle industry and its suppliers, states, government
organizations, academic institutions and other interested parties are being
aggressively pursued.
• THE BENEFITS
In-vehicle devices addressing lane-change, rear end and roadway-
departure crashes are estimated to offset crashes per year.
In Urban areas, crashes could be prevented annually by advanced lane-
keeping and collision-avoidance technologies.
Enhancements in night time and bad weather vision applications may
significantly improve driver's ability to stay in lanes and distinguish
hazrds in the road.
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3. ITS World Congress and Exhibition 2009:
The World Congress and Exhibition on Intelligent Transport Systems and
Services, takes place in Stockholm, Sweden in September 2009. The 16th annual
event, which rotates between Europe, the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region,
comes to Sweden for the first time and takes place at Stockholm International
Fairs (Stockholmsmässan), from 21st - 25th September 2009. The theme of this
prestigious event is ‘ITS in Daily Life’, exploring how ITS can improve
everyday mobility with strong emphasis on co-modality.
ITS World Congresses gather some 5,000 participants from around the
world looking to share experiences and build networks. As a decision-maker,
manufacturer, supplier or consultant within the private or public sector, the
World Congress is an opportunity for you to learn more about what ITS can do
to improve the efficiency of your operations. What’s more, it is an excellent
opportunity to show the general public how ITS can help them in their daily
lives.
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Conclusion
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a set of strategies for addressing the
challenges of assured safety and reducing congestion, while accommodating the growth
in transit ridership and freight movement. ITS improve transportation safety and mobility,
and enhance productivity through the use of advanced communications, sensors and
information processing technologies. When integrated into the transportation system’s
infrastructure, and into vehicles themselves, these technologies relieve congestion,
improve safety, and enhance Indian productivity.
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5. Reference:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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